羅薇 舒斯云 馬林 王斌
[摘要] 粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子作為一種刺激骨髓粒系造血的生長(zhǎng)因子,在臨床上被用于治療各種原因引起的粒細(xì)胞減少癥。然而,越來(lái)越多體內(nèi)外研究實(shí)驗(yàn)及臨床試驗(yàn)表明粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子通過(guò)激活多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷性疾病中發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,包括動(dòng)員外周干細(xì)胞遷移至神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、減輕神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡、平衡炎癥反應(yīng)、促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞再生及血管生成等,但也存在一定的爭(zhēng)議。目前在腦卒中、肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化及脊髓損傷等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中采用粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子治療已進(jìn)入臨床試驗(yàn)階段,在缺氧缺血性腦損傷新生動(dòng)物模型中也證實(shí)其療效?,F(xiàn)將粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用及臨床試驗(yàn)安全性及療效作一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子;神經(jīng)損傷疾??;新生兒缺血缺氧性腦損傷;神經(jīng)保護(hù);臨床試驗(yàn)
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R743.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)14-0164-05
[Abstract] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, as a growth factor that stimulates bone marrow hematopoiesis, is clinically used to treat neutropenia caused by various causes. However, more and more in vitro and in vivo research experiments and clinical trials have shown that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor exerts neuroprotective effects in nervous system injury diseases by activating multiple signal transduction pathways, including mobilizing peripheral stem cells to migrate to the nervous system, reducing nerves apoptosis, balancing inflammatory responses, and promoting neural stem cell regeneration and angiogenesis, but there is also some controversy. Currently, the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy in stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury has entered clinical trials, and its efficacy has also been confirmed in a neonatal animal model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. The neuroprotective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and the safety and efficacy of clinical trials are reviewed.
[Key words] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; Nerve injury disease; Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage; Neuroprotection; Clinical trials
粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)是一種刺激骨髓粒系造血細(xì)胞增殖、分化和存活的生長(zhǎng)因子,在臨床上應(yīng)用廣泛,常用于原發(fā)性或繼發(fā)性中性粒細(xì)胞減少癥。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子易透過(guò)血腦屏障與其受體結(jié)合后發(fā)揮動(dòng)員造血干細(xì)胞及骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞、抗凋亡、抗炎、促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元分化及血管發(fā)生等作用[1]。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外應(yīng)用粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子治療多種神經(jīng)損傷性疾病已進(jìn)入Ⅰ、Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)階段;另外,粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子在多種缺氧缺血性腦損傷新生動(dòng)物模型中被證明在神經(jīng)保護(hù)方面擁有巨大的前景。
1 粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子及其受體
粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子是由四個(gè)反向平行的α-螺旋組成的分子量為19.6 kDa的糖蛋白,由單個(gè)基因編碼,位于17號(hào)染色體q21~22上,可由骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等產(chǎn)生[2]。粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子受體(Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor,G-CSFR)是位于1號(hào)染色體p35~p34.3上的一種Ⅰ型膜蛋白,其胞外區(qū)域是由免疫球蛋白樣結(jié)構(gòu)域、細(xì)胞因子受體-同源結(jié)構(gòu)域和三個(gè)纖連蛋白Ⅲ型結(jié)構(gòu)域組成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。G-CSFR不僅表達(dá)在各種造血細(xì)胞,如嗜中性粒細(xì)胞及其前體、單核細(xì)胞、血小板、淋巴細(xì)胞和白血病細(xì)胞,同時(shí)也表達(dá)在非造血細(xì)胞上,如內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞、惡性實(shí)體腫瘤組織、神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等[3]。而在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,該受體被證明表達(dá)于齒狀回、嗅覺(jué)皮層和嗅球、海馬CA3區(qū)等皮質(zhì)層中的錐體細(xì)胞(尤其是Ⅱ和V層),小腦中的浦肯野細(xì)胞,腦室下區(qū)和小腦中央核等區(qū)域[4]。G-CSF結(jié)合其受體后激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路激活下游底物,從而影響細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和存活,發(fā)揮動(dòng)員造血干細(xì)胞及骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞、抗凋亡、抗炎、誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)發(fā)生及血管生成等神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。
2 G-CSF的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用
2.1 動(dòng)員造血干細(xì)胞及骨髓間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞
G-CSF可動(dòng)員造血干細(xì)胞(hemopoietic stem cells,HSCs)及骨髓間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BM-MSCs)從骨髓進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)中發(fā)揮作用。G-CSF的使用可減少動(dòng)物腦梗死面積,提高存活率,可能與造血干細(xì)胞的動(dòng)員有關(guān)。有研究表明[5-7],造血干細(xì)胞存在于骨髓HSCs龕內(nèi),通過(guò)相互粘附錨定。To LB等[5]研究表明G-CSF可通過(guò)巨噬細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)和腎上腺素能的交感神經(jīng)通路動(dòng)員HSCs,通過(guò)減少骨髓中特定的巨噬細(xì)胞,釋放蛋白水解酶來(lái)切割趨化因子,使其失活,同時(shí)激活補(bǔ)體級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)及溶栓途徑,從而減弱粘附;另一方面,G-CSF可增加交感神經(jīng)通路介導(dǎo)的HSCs釋放的晝夜規(guī)律峰值。Pierce H等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),G-CSF可能通過(guò)骨髓微環(huán)境中毒蕈堿的受體Ⅰ型信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑誘導(dǎo)的HSC遷移,且在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中通過(guò)下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)自骨髓中的HSC動(dòng)員,長(zhǎng)期調(diào)控中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中HSC的遷移,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)保護(hù)。陸英等[9]采用缺血性腦梗死的大鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn),腹腔注射G-CSF可減小大鼠梗死灶體積,同時(shí),在腦梗死部位出現(xiàn)CD34+單個(gè)核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)并有向神經(jīng)樣細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)分化的趨勢(shì)。Wu CC等[10]研究通過(guò)阿爾茲海默病小鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF可動(dòng)員HSC及BM-MSC進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)并滲入大腦,而只有動(dòng)員的BM-MSC參與神經(jīng)發(fā)生,此發(fā)現(xiàn)可能為未來(lái)內(nèi)源性干細(xì)胞應(yīng)用打下了基礎(chǔ)。
2.2 抗凋亡
G-CSF能夠激活多種獨(dú)立抗凋亡途徑,其中包括JAK/STAT、Ras/MAPK和PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路[1]。通過(guò)活化Janus激酶進(jìn)而激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子STAT3,產(chǎn)生信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)級(jí)聯(lián),從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡。Ghorbani M等[11]通過(guò)一氧化碳中毒腦損傷大鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF可減少皮質(zhì)區(qū)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡及Caspase 3的表達(dá),同時(shí)檢測(cè)到STAT3和磷酸化的STAT3表達(dá)水平升高。另外,G-CSF對(duì)PI3K/Akt和細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(ERK)家族的ERK1/2具有激活的作用[12]。另一方面,有研究表明,G-CSF在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中對(duì)T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎性和脫髓鞘性疾病有潛在的保護(hù)作用。Peng W等[13]采用實(shí)驗(yàn)性過(guò)敏性腦脊髓炎小鼠模型研究提示G-CSF可能誘導(dǎo)自身反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期從靜息的G0或G1期進(jìn)入到S期,促進(jìn)自身反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞凋亡從而抑制其增殖。
2.3 抗炎
眾所周知,腦損傷誘發(fā)大腦及外周組織的免疫細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng),來(lái)自外周組織的免疫細(xì)胞如中性粒細(xì)胞、單核及巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)至腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)釋放炎癥因子引起損傷,而小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的免疫細(xì)胞,根據(jù)不同表型在腦損傷引起的炎癥反應(yīng)進(jìn)程中起關(guān)鍵作用,Th1表型小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放促炎因子及氧化介質(zhì)損害神經(jīng)元,而Th2表型小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子促進(jìn)腦功能恢復(fù)[14]。Song S等[15]通過(guò)創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷模型觀察到G-CSF通過(guò)活化小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞向受損部位遷移并產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子實(shí)現(xiàn)修復(fù)功能。眾多研究表明,G-CSF可抑制炎癥介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生[16-18]。Strecker JK等[18]在MCAO小鼠模型中證實(shí),單獨(dú)使用G-CSF治療可使腦功能得到改善、減小梗死體積、增加血管穩(wěn)定性、減少炎癥反應(yīng)。Solaroglu I等[17]研究表明G-CSF治療明顯抑制神經(jīng)元TNFα和IL-1β的表達(dá)。Li L等[16]在新生大鼠缺血缺氧模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)給予G-CSF治療后減少促炎細(xì)胞因子IKKβ、NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-12、增強(qiáng)抗炎細(xì)胞因子IL-10的表達(dá)。Lu F等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)在沙鼠模型中,使用G-CSF可降低TNFα水平抑制炎癥,減輕急性短暫性前腦缺血的感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷,且呈劑量依賴(lài)性,在缺氧缺血早產(chǎn)綿羊模型中也觀察到G-CSF減輕腦部的炎癥反應(yīng)[20]。
2.4 誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)發(fā)生
大腦缺血缺氧后發(fā)生神經(jīng)元的壞死或凋亡,G-CSF與成年神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞表達(dá)的G-CSFR相互作用,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)發(fā)生[21-22]。Song S等[15]在創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF的使用可使海馬新生神經(jīng)元數(shù)量增加,以及大腦兩側(cè)紋狀體和額葉皮質(zhì)中的星形細(xì)胞增多癥和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生,從而改善小鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能。Griva M等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF與豐富的周?chē)h(huán)境聯(lián)合刺激在缺氧缺血的新生大鼠模型中進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)了其認(rèn)知功能。老年缺血性腦卒中小鼠模型研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性期使用G-CSF與干細(xì)胞因子合用增加了梗死區(qū)遠(yuǎn)端樹(shù)突密度,誘導(dǎo)并重新連接神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
2.5 促進(jìn)血管再生
缺血性腦卒中患者通常伴隨血腦屏障的破壞及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷,G-CSF能夠通過(guò)促進(jìn)血管生成及穩(wěn)定血腦屏障,進(jìn)而減少梗死面積,影響神經(jīng)功能的修復(fù)。目前研究表明血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)是血管生成的重要因素[22]。Chu H等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在顱內(nèi)出血的小鼠模型中,G-CSF可通過(guò)上調(diào)血腫周?chē)鶹EGF的表達(dá)水平,發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)的作用。多項(xiàng)大鼠大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞模型研究證實(shí)G-CSF的使用使VEGF及其相關(guān)受體表達(dá)增強(qiáng),提示存在促血管生成作用[26-27]。
3 G-CSF在多種神經(jīng)損傷性疾病中的臨床應(yīng)用
3.1 腦卒中
腦卒中是多種腦血管疾病的嚴(yán)重表現(xiàn)形式,具有極高的致殘率和較高的致死率,是當(dāng)今世界危害人類(lèi)生命健康的最主要疾病之一[28]。多項(xiàng)體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)顯示G-CSF在實(shí)驗(yàn)性卒中模型中可減少病變體積并改善神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能結(jié)局。然而,其目前在腦卒中患者中的療效及安全性仍然不確定。Mizuma A等[29]進(jìn)行了Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn),選取了急性缺血性中風(fēng)患者49例,采用不同劑量的G-CSF進(jìn)行治療,最終根據(jù)梗死面積、神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能評(píng)分等方面進(jìn)行評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF有良好的耐受性,但與對(duì)照組相比,療效方面無(wú)顯著差異。另外,F(xiàn)an ZZ等[30]的薈萃研究納入了10項(xiàng)RCT研究,結(jié)果提示G-CSF的耐受性良好,有助于提高腦卒中患者的美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和改良Rankin量表(mRS)評(píng)分、CD34+和白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)的增加。然而,Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分及嚴(yán)重不良事件方面沒(méi)有顯著差異。Shin YK等[31]采用G-CSF聯(lián)合促紅細(xì)胞生成素(EPO)治療慢性腦卒中患者,隨訪6個(gè)月后觀察到G-CSF聯(lián)合EPO治療組較對(duì)照組提高了優(yōu)勢(shì)手的握力,所有患者未發(fā)生心血管及造血系統(tǒng)的不良事件。
3.2 肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化
肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化是一種運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元進(jìn)行性喪失的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,其臨床表現(xiàn)多為運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷和肌肉消瘦,多數(shù)因呼吸衰竭而死亡,目前仍無(wú)行之有效的治療藥物或方案。Duning T等[32]10例確定性ALS患者進(jìn)行雙盲、對(duì)照的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)研究提示皮下注射G-CSF治療或是可行的。雖然對(duì)臨床資料的探索性分析顯示無(wú)明顯療效,但DTI測(cè)量結(jié)果提示微結(jié)構(gòu)神經(jīng)損傷可得到改善。Chio A等[33]的多中心研究也表明G-CSF治療ALS療效確切且較安全。經(jīng)G-CSF治療的患者促炎細(xì)胞因子MCP-1和IL-17水平降低,表明G-CSF誘導(dǎo)中樞性抗炎反應(yīng),而這些研究可能對(duì)使用生長(zhǎng)因子治療ALS的進(jìn)一步臨床試驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生重大影響。
3.3脊髓損傷
脊髓損傷是一種常見(jiàn)的創(chuàng)傷性疾病,其病理生理表現(xiàn)為直接挫裂和壓迫為特點(diǎn)的初次機(jī)械損傷和隨后數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)即發(fā)生的可以持續(xù)數(shù)天的細(xì)胞、分子水平的二次損傷,包括炎癥滲出、神經(jīng)元壞死和凋亡等,導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)麻痹和癱瘓[34]。急性期時(shí)G-CSF可抑制神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡和炎性細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)[35];亞急性期,Takahashi H等[36]研究表明G-CSF通過(guò)動(dòng)員外周血中的干細(xì)胞抑制脊髓損傷引起的凋亡及脫髓鞘,促進(jìn)血管再生,改善肢體功能。基于這些發(fā)現(xiàn),多項(xiàng)研究[37, 38]進(jìn)行了Ⅰ/Ⅱa期臨床試驗(yàn),提示G-CSF的使用是安全有效的,且能夠改善神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。Ropper AE等[39]在24例胸段脊髓損傷患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,G-CSF組肌肉力量和疼痛感覺(jué)明顯改善。
4 G-CSF在新生兒缺氧缺血性腦損傷實(shí)驗(yàn)中的研究
缺氧缺血性腦損傷(hypoxia ischemia brain damage,HIBD)是由腦血流破壞和缺氧引起的,新生兒的大腦防御功能尚不完善,較成人更容易受到缺血缺氧的影響,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷(如學(xué)習(xí)障礙、癲癇、智力低下、腦癱等)甚至死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。在HIBD的新生動(dòng)物模型中,粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子能通過(guò)抗凋亡、抑制皮質(zhì)酮合成、減輕炎癥、穩(wěn)定血腦屏障等作用改善神經(jīng)功能[16,40,41]。Fathali N等[42]在HIBD新生大鼠模型研究表明,皮下注射G-CSF能夠促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),防止腦萎縮,改善感覺(jué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)性、記憶力等結(jié)局。Charles MS等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF可以通過(guò)激活JAK2 / PI3K / PDE3B通路抑制皮質(zhì)酮合成從而減小新生鼠腦梗死面積。Li L等[16]在HIBD新生大鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF可能通過(guò)激活PI3K/Akt繼而使GSK-3β失活來(lái)下調(diào)炎癥因子的表達(dá)和穩(wěn)定血腦屏障。另外,在Doycheva DM等[43]的研究中證實(shí)G-CSF聯(lián)合抗中性粒細(xì)胞抗體治療能夠減少梗死體積,改善神經(jīng)功能的同時(shí)可減少嗜中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),提高藥物使用安全性。
5 總結(jié)與展望
大量研究表明,G-CSF存在潛在的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,但其背后的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制是相互作用、相互影響的,目前仍知之甚少,有待進(jìn)一步明確。在多種神經(jīng)損傷的動(dòng)物模型中,G-CSF已經(jīng)證實(shí)通過(guò)抗凋亡、抗炎、誘發(fā)神經(jīng)再發(fā)生和血管再生等方面發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)的作用。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外采用G-CSF治療神經(jīng)損傷性疾病已進(jìn)行了Ⅰ、Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn),在肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化、脊髓損傷等疾病中觀察到安全且改善神經(jīng)功能結(jié)局的作用,而缺血性腦卒中方面暫未見(jiàn)到明顯療效,這仍需要進(jìn)行大樣本對(duì)照試驗(yàn)以驗(yàn)證及完善其安全性和療效,進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期的縱向研究來(lái)明確G-CSF的潛在益處。在缺氧缺血性腦損傷新生大鼠模型中,G-CSF的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用已得到了多項(xiàng)研究的證明,但仍有必要進(jìn)一步探索G-CSF使用的安全性、最佳劑量、最佳治療時(shí)間窗、潛在治療靶點(diǎn)及聯(lián)合用藥等方面??傊珿-CSF作為新型神經(jīng)保護(hù)劑之一,在多種神經(jīng)損傷性疾病的治療及改善預(yù)后方面具有強(qiáng)大的臨床前景。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-12)