文/唐老雅
在上一期,老雅告訴大家應(yīng)該選擇適合自己模仿的范文來研習(xí),那么,當(dāng)拿到一篇范文后,到底該怎樣研習(xí)?應(yīng)該研習(xí)范文中的什么東西才能對自己的寫作產(chǎn)生積極影響?
老雅認(rèn)為,面對一篇優(yōu)秀而且適合自己的范文,應(yīng)該從兩個方面去研習(xí):(1)范文的論證思路;(2)范文的語言使用。大家可以先問問自己:如果遇到這個題目,自己會怎么去論證,怎么去表達(dá)?然后對比范文仔細(xì)揣摩,看看范文的優(yōu)點在哪里,哪些是值得模仿和學(xué)習(xí)的。不少同學(xué)片面認(rèn)為,研習(xí)范文就是背誦其中的好詞好句,但實際上,作者使用這些詞句是有上下文的,即這些詞句是用來表達(dá)作者思想的,如果沒有弄清楚作者思路,就沒辦法理解作者為什么使用這些詞句,因而也就談不上對范文的有效模仿。
論證思路方面,首先要弄清楚范文的整體結(jié)構(gòu),每一段承擔(dān)的功能是什么,然后要進(jìn)入到每一段中,看每個句子承擔(dān)什么功能,句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系是什么,這些句子合在一起怎樣為本段的中心意思服務(wù)。語言使用方面,要看作者在表達(dá)自己思想時使用了什么樣的詞匯和句型,哪些自己還比較陌生因而值得去記憶,除此之外還要關(guān)注句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系怎樣通過語言手段得到實現(xiàn)。
下面以2016年2月13日雅思大作文真題以及老雅原創(chuàng)的范文為例【原載“唐老雅英語寫作工作室”(ieltswriting4u),2016年2月15日】,來說明如何在思路和語言兩個層面學(xué)習(xí)7分范文。
In some countries, there has been an increase in the number of parents who educate their children themselves at home instead of sending them to school. Do you think the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
本題是教育類老題目。問題的核心是“孩子在家接受教育好,還是到學(xué)校接受教育好”。這個話題大家一定有很多話可說。比如,在家接受教育,父母能更了解自己的孩子,父母和孩子之間可以建立更加深厚的感情,孩子接受外面環(huán)境壞影響的可能性更低等;但是另外一方面,在家接受教育也使孩子學(xué)不會與人相處的基本能力,這對孩子的未來又很不利。老雅建議本題采用雙面討論模式,最后提出:家庭教育固然重要,但最好還是讓孩子接受學(xué)校教育。
Contrary to the conventional practice of sending their kids to school, more and more parents today choose to educate their children themselves at home.While this “home-education” model may be bene ficial in some ways, home can never replace school as the major place for the education of kids.
作文開頭往往是很多同學(xué)的難點所在。
作文開頭有多種方法,但萬變不離其宗:首先是引入話題(introduction),然后是重述題目觀點(restatement),最后提出自己的觀點(overall view)。引入話題的方式很多,各種模板也很多,比如“when asked about..., people...”“when it comes to..., people...”,應(yīng)該說這些模板都是可行的,在想不到其他辦法時,可以使用,但如果能找到更為新穎的話題引入方法,要盡量避免使用模板。老雅的建議是:如果可能,烤鴨可學(xué)會使用描繪的辦法引入話題,而不是簡單地提出某個話題。
重述題目觀點的核心是避免過多重復(fù)題目原話,一般不應(yīng)該簡單粗暴地重復(fù),而是要對題目的表述進(jìn)行改寫。這里涉及很多辦法,比如:把原文的單詞替換為詞組或其他同義詞,把原文的主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài),調(diào)整原文句型,增加細(xì)節(jié),等等。
本題的原文是:... there has been an increase in the number of parents who educate their children themselves at home instead of sending them to school.(……在家教育孩子而不是將孩子送到學(xué)校的父母的數(shù)量在增加。)老雅范文的開頭是:Contrary to the conventional practice of sending their kids to school, more and more parents today choose to educate their children themselves at home. (與將孩子送到學(xué)校的傳統(tǒng)做法相反,越來越多的父母選擇在家自己教育孩子。)可見,無論是句型,還是詞匯表達(dá),老雅都對原句進(jìn)行了一定程度的改造,同時保持基本意思沒有變化。有些同學(xué)可能會問:這種替換能力從何而來?老雅認(rèn)為:首先你得有這種替換的意識,然后多做句型轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí),只有這樣才能獲得這種能力。
Admittedly, home-education can bring about great bene fits. With only one kid to teach, the parents will be able to know completely about the problems the kid has. In contrast, the teachers in school can not spend that much time on the same kid because they have dozens of others to take care of. The natural result of this is that the home-educated kid may be given full attention to while his counterpart in school may well be ignored by his teachers. It is, therefore, very possible that a kid receiving home education excels a kid in school in terms of test scores.
本段先揚,論述家庭教育的好處。寫這種段落的時候,學(xué)生不要著急,不要一上來就寫具體的好處,而是要先寫一句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段的話。這里老雅寫的是:Admittedly, home-education can bring about great bene fits. 接下去,你當(dāng)然可以寫“ first, ..., secondly, ..., finally, ...”,但老雅沒有這樣做,而是開始有順序地論述在家教孩子的好處?!爸唤桃粋€孩子,父母能夠知道孩子的所有問題。相反,學(xué)校的老師無法在一個孩子身上花大量的時間,因為他們需要照顧眾多孩子?!保╓ith only one kid to teach, the parents will be able to know completely about the problems the kid has. In contrast, the teachers in school can not spend that much time on the same kid because they have dozens of others to take care of.)請仔細(xì)揣摩老雅這里的論說方式:抓住一個核心點(家庭教育只教一個孩子),然后由這個核心點往下滲透(父母知道孩子的所有問題),由這點再朝下挖掘,這么做的好處是什么呢?就是孩子能夠得到全部的關(guān)注(the kid may be given full attention to),而得到全部關(guān)注的結(jié)果是什么呢?那就是孩子的考試成績可能高于去學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的孩子(the kid excels others in terms of test scores)。老雅這里使用的是一種典型的“自然接續(xù)法”,從一個點逐漸滲透,直到講清楚這個點帶來的最終結(jié)果。自然接續(xù)法可以確保論證富有邏輯性,也容易講清楚。
語言表達(dá)方面,老雅注意到了句型變化:
(1)With only one kid to teach, the parents will be able to...(獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu))
(2)The natural result of this is that the home-educated kid may be given full attention to while his counterpart in school may well be ignored by his teachers.(while引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折)
(3)It is, therefore, very possible that a kid receiving home education excels a kid in school in terms of test scores.(it is引導(dǎo)的主語從句)
Nevertheless, test score is not the only objective of education. As far as I understand, education is more about telling a kid to become a better person and the first step towards this aim is learning to get along with people. In this regard,home-education can do very little. However, when the kid is sent to school, he will learn how to work out a problem in cooperation with his peer classmates and in this process, he will understand the art of cooperation and leadership. A home-educated kid, however much he achieves in tests, is just like a flower in greenhouse which easily withers away when exposed to the rain outside.
本段后抑,轉(zhuǎn)折回來論述孩子去學(xué)校的好處。第一句承接上段結(jié)尾的test score,說明考試分?jǐn)?shù)不是教育的唯一目標(biāo)。那教育的目標(biāo)還有哪些呢?很自然就寫出:As far as I understand, education is more about telling a kid to become a better person and the first step towards this aim is learning to get along with people.(在我看來,教育更應(yīng)教會孩子怎樣成為一個好的人,而實現(xiàn)這個目標(biāo)的第一步就是學(xué)會與人相處。)這里就引出了“與人相處”這個話題。接下來就要具體說清楚在這方面學(xué)校為什么比家要好:… when the kid is sent to school, he will learn how to work out a problem in cooperation with his peer classmates and in this process, he will understand the art of cooperation and leadership. 最后用一句大家都熟悉的話結(jié)尾:在家教育的孩子,無論成績有多好,都不過是溫室中的花朵,一旦暴露在外面的風(fēng)雨中就容易凋謝。這里老雅使用的仍然是自然接續(xù)法:先說教育的目的是為了讓學(xué)生成為更好的人,為了成為更好的人,學(xué)生要學(xué)會與人相處,在這方面,學(xué)校教育就比家庭教育更有優(yōu)勢,因為在學(xué)校學(xué)生可以學(xué)會與同學(xué)一起解決問題,這樣就能學(xué)到合作和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的才能,而家庭教育的孩子則像溫室花朵。
語言方面,老雅在本段尤其注意到了論證過程中的節(jié)奏。首先是一短句,很清楚地表達(dá)教育的目的不僅是考試分?jǐn)?shù),接著用一長句說明教育更重要的目的以及如何實現(xiàn)這個目的,接下來再一短句說明家庭無法實現(xiàn)這個目的,然后用長句論證學(xué)校如何可以實現(xiàn)這個目的,最后再用一個較長句將接受學(xué)校教育的孩子和家庭教育的孩子進(jìn)行比較。本段長短句錯落有致,配合使用,觀點部分很明確,論證部分顯得很豐富。
Unlike many worried parents who prefer to educate their kids at home, I believe school is the best place for kids’ education. While there may be some bad in fluences outside home, there are also many excellent people who could be role models for kids. Most important of all, it is just in not so pure a place as school that kids can learn to tell right from wrong, good from bad and eventually become a physically and psychologically sound person when he grows up.
本段提出自己的觀點:學(xué)校比家庭教育好。雙邊討論的寫作中,最后一段需要提出自己的觀點或立場,而為了提出這個觀點,就需要說出你的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這里,老雅提出學(xué)校比家庭好的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:學(xué)校里有優(yōu)秀的榜樣(role models)供孩子學(xué)習(xí),以及學(xué)校雖然不及家庭單純,但正因如此,孩子才能學(xué)會辨別是非的能力(tell right from wrong),這樣長大后才能身心健康(physically and psychologically sound)。
表達(dá)方面,老雅使用的句型有:
(1)Unlike many worried parents who prefer to educate their kids at home,I believe... (介詞短語置于句首,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句)
(2) While there may be some bad in fluences outside home, there are also...(While轉(zhuǎn)折句)
(3)... it is just in not so pure a place as school that kids can learn to tell right from wrong... (強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
下期老雅將用實際范文與各位烤鴨繼續(xù)分享研習(xí)范文的方法,請繼續(xù)關(guān)注本欄目。 □
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