By Belinda Goldsmith

Cairo is the world’s most dangerous megacity for women while London is the best, according to the first international experts’ poll on how females fare in the rising number of cities with over 10 million people.

[2] The Thomson Reuters Foundation survey asked experts in women’s issues in 19 megacities how well women are protected from sexual violence, from harmful cultural practices, and if they have access to good healthcare, finance and education.

[3] Cairo, the capital of the Arab world’s most populous country, fared worst globally, followed by Karachi in Pakistan, Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the Congo, then the Indian capital New Delhi.

[4] London was ranked as the most woman-friendly, then Tokyo and Paris.

[5] Women’s rights campaigners in Cairo said traditions dating back centuries made it a tough city, with discrimination rife.

人口上千萬的城市越來越多，這些大城市中的女性過得怎樣？專家第一次在全球范圍內對此展開的調查顯示，開羅是對女性最危險的城市，倫敦則是最安全的。

[2]湯森路透基金會調查訪問了19個大城市的女性問題專家，問題涉及女性在免遭性暴力和惡俗文化傷害方面受到的保護程度，以及女性是否能夠接受良好的醫(yī)療和教育，是否有良好的經濟狀況。

[3]開羅是阿拉伯世界人口最多之國的首都，卻在這份調查問卷中排名最前，其次是巴基斯坦的卡拉奇、剛果民主共和國的金沙薩和印度首都新德里。

[4]倫敦被列為對女性最友好的城市，其次是東京和巴黎。

[5]開羅的女權運動者稱，數百年的傳統(tǒng)使女性在開羅過得艱難，處處遭受歧視。

[6] “We’re still operating under a conservative country and it’s hard to take any radical progressive steps in the area of women and women’s laws,” said Omaima Abou-Bakr, co-founder of the Cairo-based campaign group Women and Memory Forum.

[7] “Everything about the city is difficult for women. We see women struggling in all aspects. Even a simple walk on the street, and they are subjected to harassment, whether verbal or even physical,” said high-profile Egyptian journalist and women’s rights campaigner Shahira Amin.

Sexual harassment

[8] Delhi and Sao Paulo emerged as the worst cities when respondents were asked if women could live there without the risk of sexual violence, including rape, attacks or harassment.

[9] The fatal gang rape of a woman on a Delhi bus in 2012 led to a wave of public protests and jolted many in the world’s second most populous country out of apathy over the treatment of women, forcing the government to toughen penalties for sex crimes.

[10] Since then a spike in media reports, government campaigns and civil society programmes, have increased public awareness of women’s rights and emboldened victims to register abuses.

[11] Authorities recorded four rapes every hour in India in 2015.

[6]開羅的運動組織“女性與記憶論壇”聯(lián)合創(chuàng)立人奧邁馬·阿布-貝克爾說:“我們仍生活在一個保守的國家，在女性以及與女性相關法律問題上很難取得突破性進展?！?/p>

[7]“女性在這座城市里舉步維艱，在各個方面都遭受困境。即便僅僅走在街頭，她們都會遭受言語或者肢體的騷擾?！卑＜爸浾吆团畽嘀髁x者莎哈拉·阿敏如是說。

性騷擾

[8]根據受訪者的回答，女性在德里和圣保羅遭到強奸、襲擊和性騷擾等性暴力的風險最大。

[9] 2012年德里公交輪奸致死案件引起了一波公眾抗議高潮，將這座世界第二大人口城市的許多人從對女性的冷漠中喚醒，迫使政府嚴懲性犯罪。

[10]至此之后，媒體報道、政府宣傳和民間社會項目等的猛增，增強了公眾對婦女權利的保護意識，并鼓勵受害者舉報其所受虐待。

[11]據印度官方記錄，2015年該國平均每小時就有4起強奸案發(fā)生。

[12] “Even after the Delhi gang rape,we are seeing rising cases of sexual violence. All the measures taken so far are welcome, but they are not enough,” said lawyer Rishi Kant from Shakti Vahini, a charity that supports rape victims.

[13] “These rapists act because they know they won’t get caught. So strengthening the police and courts to effectively investigate, prosecute, convict and punish is key.”

[14] In Sao Paulo, women are increasingly using social media to denounce sexual violence, including writer Clara Averbuck, who launched an online campaign in August after she was sexually assaulted by a taxi driver.

[16] “I’ve never been so violated as in Brazil,” Averbuck told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. “I’m not speaking only about physical rape. In London, in New York, I feel very comfortable because they treat me like a human being.Here they treat you less than a human being.”

[12]“即使在德里輪奸案之后，性暴力案件數量仍持續(xù)攀升?，F(xiàn)有對策雖然可嘉，但仍然不夠。”律師里?！た档抡f道?？档鹿┞氂趲椭鷱娂槭芎φ叩拇壬茩C構夏克提·瓦西里。

[13]“強奸犯之所以敢這樣就是因為他們知道自己不會被抓。因此，增強警力和審判，有效調查、起訴、定罪和懲罰強奸犯是關鍵?！?/p>

[14]在圣保羅，更多女性使用社交媒體聲討性暴力，其中包括作家克拉拉·阿維布克，她曾遭到出租車司機性侵，之后在8月發(fā)起了一場網絡運動聲討性暴力。

[15]《圣保羅報》今年為巴西公共安全論壇開展的民意調查發(fā)現(xiàn)，過去一年中，巴西每三名16歲及以上女性中就有一名遭受過肢體、言語或心理方面的暴力，但52%的人沒有告發(fā)。

[16]“在巴西以外，我從未被如此冒犯過，”阿維布克告訴湯森路透基金會，“我說的不僅僅是強奸。我在倫敦，在紐約，都感到非常舒適，因為那里的人們把我當人看。但在這里，他們不把我當人?！?/p>

研究人員還需考慮具體的引發(fā)形式(elicitation format)，是視覺的(例如以卡通形式呈現(xiàn)的影片，見Félix-Brasdefer 2010: 46-47; Yamashita 2001)，聽覺的，還是筆頭的。不管采用哪種形式，都必須向被試說明交際的情景，讓被試清楚地了解交際雙方的相對權勢、社會地位以及言語行為的強加程度等情景因素。

London best, Tokyo safest

[17] Lima in Peru came out worst when participants were asked if women had good access to healthcare, including control over reproductive health. Abortion is illegal in Peru except to save the life of the mother and the teenage pregnancy rate is high.

[18] Conflict-ridden Kinshasa, where growing violence has sparked fears of a repeat of civil wars two decades ago in which millions died, was the worst city in terms of female access to education, ownership of land and obtaining financial services.

[19] At the other end of the scale,London was named the best city, buoyed by Britain’s free and universal National Health Service, as well as coming top for economic opportunities.

[20] London Mayor Sadiq Khan said women were now leading at every level of society in London—in public service,the arts, politics, science and business—but there was more to do.

[21] “The progress we’re making as a city is not happening fast enough,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.“We must redouble our efforts to remove any barriers to women’s success and to unlock their full potential.”

[22] Tokyo was ranked as the safest city in terms of sexual violence and harassment, though some women’s rights campaigners said sexual violence re-mained a hidden problem.

倫敦最好，東京最安全

[17]據受訪者提供的信息，秘魯首都利馬的女性在醫(yī)保方面的境況最糟，包括生育自主權。除了墮胎挽救孕婦生命的情況外，墮胎在秘魯都是非法的，當地少女懷孕率也居高不下。

[18]在沖突不斷的金沙薩，漸增的暴力事件引起人們對內戰(zhàn)再次爆發(fā)的恐懼。上百萬人在20年前的內戰(zhàn)中喪生。金沙薩的女性在接受教育、擁有土地和獲得金融服務方面的待遇最差。

[19]與之相反，倫敦被認為是對女性最好的城市，這得益于英國免費的全國性的國民醫(yī)療服務體系，以及即將是首屈一指的經濟機遇。

[20]倫敦市長沙迪克·汗說，女性如今在倫敦社會的各個行業(yè)都嶄露頭角，包括公共服務、藝術、政治、科學和商業(yè)，但還有很多不足。

[21]“作為城市，我們的進步不夠迅速，”他告訴湯森路透基金會，“我們必須加倍努力消除阻礙女性成功的障礙，充分釋放她們的潛力。”

[22]東京是女性受到性暴力和性騷擾最少的城市，雖然一些女權運動者稱性暴力仍是隱患。

[23] Moscow outperformed New York on a range of measures, and was named the most female-friendly city judged solely on cultural practice, perhaps a nod to its avowedly egalitarian Soviet past.

Urban jungles

[24] The Thomson Reuters Foundation’s seventh annual perception poll was conducted as cities grow rapidly and the future looks increasingly urban,with 66 percent of people expected to live in urban areas by 2050, up from 54 percent currently.

[25] The United Nations says the number of megacities has tripled since 1990 to 31, including six in China and five in India, and forecast this will rise to 41 by 2030. The poll was only conducted in the largest city in each country.

[26] Campaigners said understanding and preparing for key trends in urbanisation in coming years is crucial to meet the U.N.’s latest set of global goals to end poverty and inequality by 2030. The poll was designed around U.N. targets.

[27] Billy Cobbett, director of the Cities Alliance, a global partnership for urban poverty reduction that promotes the role of cities in sustainable development, said the success of Agenda 2030 would be substantially dependent on the role played by women in cities of all sizes.

[23]莫斯科在很多方面的表現(xiàn)都勝過紐約，其在文化方面對女性最為友好，這可能歸功于其蘇聯(lián)時期人人平等的主張。

城市叢林

[24]湯森路透基金會開展了第七個年度感知調查，因為城市增長迅速，未來城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)模將進一步擴大，預計到2050年將有66%的人居住在城市，比現(xiàn)在提高12個百分點。

[25]據聯(lián)合國資料，1990年以來世界超級大都市的數量已經增長了兩倍，增加到31個，其中中國6個，印度5個，預計到2030年將增加到41個。此項調查僅在每個國家的最大城市開展。

[26]社會運動人士認為，理解并為接下來的城鎮(zhèn)化主要趨勢做好準備，是達到聯(lián)合國最新設立的在2030年前消除貧困和不平等全球目標的關鍵。此項調查圍繞聯(lián)合國的目標設計而成。

[27]城市聯(lián)盟的負責人比利·科貝特說，“2030可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程”成功與否將取決于女性在各種規(guī)模的城市中扮演的角色。城市聯(lián)盟是一家全球組織，致力于減少城市貧窮并促進城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

[28] “The opportunity for women to play a full and leading role cannot be taken for granted, but requires reliable data, sound policy and decisive actions by city leaders,” Cobbett told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

[29] The poll of 380 people was conducted online and by phone between June 1 and July 28 with 20 experts questioned in each of the 19 cities with a response rate of 93 percent. The results were based on a minimum of 15 experts in each city. ■

[28]“女性發(fā)揮多方面作用、展現(xiàn)領導力的機會并非理所當然，必須依賴城市領導者提供的可靠數據、制定穩(wěn)妥的政策和采取果斷的行動?！笨曝愄馗嬖V湯森路透基金會。

[29]湯森路透基金會在6月1日至7月28日期間調查了19個城市的380人。調查者通過網絡和電話詢問了這19個城市中每個城市的20名專家，回復率為93%。根據每個城市至少15位專家的意見得出了調查結果。 □