河南 昝亞娟(特級教師)
眾所周知,定語從句是英語中的重要語法知識,也是高中英語教學(xué)的重點和難點。由于定語從句類試題具有較高的區(qū)分度,因而定語從句這一語法知識備受命題人的青睞,成為高考的高頻考點和熱點。本文擬梳理定語從句考點的必備知識,并分析其高考考查角度。
為了更好地迎接高考,在講解定語從句時,教師應(yīng)從以下幾個方面做起:
定語從句也叫關(guān)系從句或形容詞性從句,是三大主從復(fù)合句中的一種。定語從句通常位于主句中的某個名詞或代詞之后,對其進行修飾、限定或補充說明。這個起修飾或限定作用的從句就叫定語從句。定語從句相當于一個后置定語,具有形容詞的功能,被定語從句修飾的詞叫作先行詞。例如:
(2018 年浙江卷,語法填空,改編)Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
先行詞為Many westerners,加實線的部分為由who/that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,加虛線的部分為主句。
定語從句通常分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句對先行詞進行修飾和限制,從句和先行詞之間通常沒有逗號;非限制性定語從句對先行詞進行補充和說明,通常用逗號把主句和從句隔開。例如:
【例1】(2018 年全國卷Ⅱ,語法填空,改編)...the government started a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers...(限制性定語從句)
【例2】(2018 年天津卷,單項填空2,改編)Kate,whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.(非限制性定語從句)
【例3】(2016 年江蘇卷,單項填空23,改編)Many young people,most of whom were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(非限制性定語從句)
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞:who,whom,whose,that,which,as;關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why。關(guān)系詞的選擇取決于先行詞在從句中所作的句子成分:如果從句中缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語,通常用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句;如果從句中缺少狀語,通常用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如:
【例1】Confucius,who lived from roughly 511 to 479 B.C.,had a great influence on Chinese society.(先行詞為Confucius,在從句中作主語)
【例2】The books on the desk,whose covers are shiny,are prizes for us.(先行詞為The books,在從句中作定語)
【例3】It is a truly delightful place,which looks exactly the same as it was 100 years ago.(先行詞為a truly delightful place,在從句中作主語)
【例4】The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(先行詞為The number,在從句中作主語)
【例5】Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of which has been proved.(先行詞為many theories,在從句中作介詞of 的賓語)
【例6】We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,when the weather may be better.(先行詞為next week,在從句中作時間狀語)
【例7】Opposite is St.Paul’s Church,where you can hear some lovely music.(先行詞為St.Paul’s Church,在從句中作地點狀語)
1.分隔式定語從句
定語從句通常位于先行詞之后。但是,有些定語從句沒有緊跟在先行詞的后面,而是被其他句子成分或插入語隔開。例如:
【例1】(2014 年重慶卷,單項填空9,改編)We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year.(主句中的時間狀語in a month 將先行詞the sales targets 與定語從句分隔)
【例2】(2019 年全國卷Ⅱ,語法填空,改編)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,which she opened with her late husband Les.(主句中的地點狀語in Macclesfield 將定語從句與先行詞the pet shop 分隔)
【例3】I have reached a point in my career where I need to decide which way to go.(主句中的狀語in my career 將定語從句與先行詞a point 分隔)
2.關(guān)系代詞that 與which 的辨析
在限制性定語從句中,當先行詞為表示事物的名詞或代詞,且從句中缺少主語、表語或賓語時,常用關(guān)系代詞that 和which。但在有些情況下,that 和which 不能互換:
(1)只能用that,不能用which 的幾種情況
①當先行詞既有人又有物時;②當先行詞為all,any,every,little,much,few,everything,none,no 等不定代詞時;③當先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時;④當先行詞被the only,the very,the same,the right 等修飾時;⑤當主句是以which 開頭的特殊問句時。例如:
Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.(句中無逗號,為限制性定語從句。先行詞為the information,從句中的動詞have 缺少賓語,因先行詞被all 修飾,故畫線處只能用關(guān)系代詞that)
(2)只能用which,不能用that 的情況
①關(guān)系代詞前有介詞,只能用which;②在非限制性定語從句中,當先行詞為物或指前句陳述的內(nèi)容,且從句中缺少主語、表語或賓語時,關(guān)系代詞只能用which。例如:
【例1】Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.(句中無逗號,為限制性定語從句,先行詞為the fundamental skill,定語從句中的介詞upon 后缺少賓語,故用關(guān)系代詞which)
【例2】Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,which made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.(句中有逗號,為非限制性定語從句,畫線處只能用關(guān)系代詞which,指代主句的內(nèi)容)
3.關(guān)系代詞as 與which 的辨析
關(guān)系代詞as 和which 都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,指代主句中的某個名詞或整個句子的內(nèi)容,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。as 和which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句都可置于主句之后,有時二者可以互換。但二者在用法上又有所不同:(1)as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可位于主句之前、之后或句中,which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能放在主句之后;(2)as 有“正如,正像”之意;(3)在as we know,as often happens,as is often the case,as we all can see,as is/was announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported 等句式中,只能用as,不能用which;(4)在非限制性定語從句中,which可用于指代主句中的某一個單詞,而as不能。(5)在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞(介賓代物)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,只能用which;(6)在“such/the same+名詞...as...”結(jié)構(gòu)中,只能用關(guān)系代詞as,不能用which。例如:
【例1】As is often the case with children,Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.(As引導(dǎo)的定語從句位于句首,關(guān)系代詞as 指代主句的內(nèi)容)
【例2】China today attracts a worldwide readership,which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.(定語從句位于主句之后,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which,指代主句的內(nèi)容)
【例3】Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.(先行詞為such people,as 引導(dǎo)定語從句)
4.一些特殊的先行詞
(1)當抽象名詞case,condition,situation,position,point,stage 等后跟定語從句時,表示“到了某種地步/階段,陷入某種處境/情況”,常用關(guān)系副詞where 引導(dǎo)定語從句。(2)名詞occasion 表示“場合”,其后的定語從句常用when 引導(dǎo)。(3)當way 作“方式”解時,其后的定語從句可用關(guān)系詞that/in which 來引導(dǎo),也可省略。例如:
【例1】(2019 年天津卷,單項填空11,改編)Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.(先行詞為the stage,在從句作地點狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞where 引導(dǎo)定語從句)
【例2】The pilot got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control ever the plane.(先行詞為a dangerous situation,在從句中作地點狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞where 引導(dǎo)定語從句)
【例3】I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.(先行詞為a point,在從句作地點狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞where 引導(dǎo)定語從句)
【例4】Occasions are quite rare when mothers have the time to spend a day with their kids.(先行詞為occasions,意為“特定的時刻,場合”,在從句中作時間狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞when 引導(dǎo)定語從句)
【例5】In hard times,the Spring Festival was the only occasion where a family threw off the old attire and put on new clothes specially made for the festival.(先行詞為occasion,意為“儀式、慶典等重大場合”,在從句中作地點狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞where。)
【例6】I don’t like the way that/in which Peter talks to me.(先行詞是the way,此處表示我不喜歡Peter 和我說話的方式,way 表示“方式”,故用關(guān)系詞that/in which引導(dǎo)定語從句)
5.關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的辨析
選用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)從句,關(guān)鍵是看從句中缺少什么句子成分。如果從句中缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語,應(yīng)選用關(guān)系代詞;如果從句中不缺主語、表語、賓語或定語,而是缺少狀語,應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞。例如:
(1)that/which 與where
①When I arrived,Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying.
②The old town has narrow streets and small houses_______are built close to each other.
【分析】①先行詞為the house,從句中的謂語動詞stay 為不及物動詞,且從句中缺少地點狀語,故空白處應(yīng)填where(相當于in which);②先行詞為small houses,從句為被動句,且從句中缺少主語,故空白處應(yīng)填that/which。
(2)that/which 與when
①The exact year________Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
②That evening,________I will tell you more about later,I ended up working very late.
③Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.
【分析】①為限制性定語從句。先行詞為The exact year,從句中的謂語動詞spent 為及物動詞,缺少賓語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞that/which;②為非限制性定語從句。從句中的介詞about 缺少賓語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞which;③為限制性定語從句。先行詞為the time,從句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu),且從句中缺少時間狀語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞when。
(3)that/which 與why
①What was the reason______he explained at the meeting for his careless in his work?
②What is the reason_______some rivers have been seriously polluted?
【分析】①先行詞為the reason,定語從句中的謂語動詞explained 缺少賓語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞that/which;②先行詞為the reason,從句為被動句,缺少原因狀語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞why。
6.定語從句與其他結(jié)構(gòu)的辨析
(1)定語從句與并列句的辨析
①We have two foreign teachers.Both of______come from the UK.
②We have two foreign teachers,both of______come from the UK.
【分析】①前后句之間為句號,為并列句,故介詞of后應(yīng)填代詞them,指代foreign teachers。②前后句之間為逗號,后句為定語從句。先行詞為two foreign teachers,故介詞of 后應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞whom。
(2)定語從句與同位語從句的辨析
①(2019 年江蘇卷,單項填空25,改編)Scientists have obtained more evidence______plastic is finding its way into the human body.
②The court didn’t accept the evidence______was provided by the lawyer.
【分析】①由空格后的分句句子成分完整可判斷,該句為同位語從句,解釋抽象名詞evidence,故空白處應(yīng)填連接詞that。②第二個分句對先行詞the evidence 進行修飾和限定,且從句中缺少主語,由此可判斷該句為定語從句,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞that/which。
(3)定語從句與強調(diào)句型的辨析
①(2018 年天津卷,單項填空14,改編)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house_____we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
②It was on the farm________they worked that Kate got to know Peter.
【分析】①中含有一個強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)部分為only when the car pulled up in front of our house,故空白處只能填that。②中含有一個強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)部分為on the farm,先行詞the farm 后帶定語從句they worked,從句中缺少地點狀語,故空白處應(yīng)填where。
近年高考著重從以下幾個方面考查定語從句:
1.考查關(guān)系代詞在語境中的應(yīng)用
【例1】(2019 年全國卷Ⅲ,語法填空)They were well trained bytheir masters 64 had great experience with caring for these animals.
【分析】本句含有定語從句,先行詞their masters 指人,且在從句中作主語,故空白處應(yīng)填who/that。
【例2】(2017 年全國卷Ⅰ,語法填空)Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.
【分析】逗號之后為非限制性定語從句,從句中缺少主語,故應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞which,指代主句的內(nèi)容。
【例3】(2019 年北京卷,語法填空)The students benefiting most from college are those 9 are totally engaged(參與)in academic life,...
【分析】本句含有定語從句,先行詞為those,指代前句中的students,在從句中作主語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞who/that。
【例4】(2017 年天津卷,單項填空9,改編)My eldest son,_______work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.
【分析】先行詞為My eldest son,其與定語從句中的名詞work 之間有所屬關(guān)系,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞whose。
2.考查關(guān)系副詞在語境中的應(yīng)用
【例1】(2019 年全國卷Ⅰ,短文改錯)One afternoon where I was in primary school,I was walking by the school playground.
【分析】本句含有定語從句,先行詞為One afternoon,在從句中作時間狀語,故將關(guān)系副詞where 改為when。
【例2】(2018 年江蘇卷,單項填空23,改編)Selfdriving is an area_____China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
【分析】空白處之前為主句,先行詞為an area,在定語從句中作地點狀語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞where。
【例3】(2019 年江蘇卷,單項填空21,改編)We have entered into an age_______dreams have the best chance of coming true.
【分析】空白處之前為主句,先行詞為an age,在定語從句中作時間狀語,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞when。
【例4】(2018 年全國卷Ⅰ,短文改錯)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
【分析】先行詞為a small pond,在從句中作地點狀語,故應(yīng)將which 改為where 或在which 前加in。
3.考查分隔定語從句
(2018 年全國卷Ⅰ,語法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【分析】先行詞為a study,其后置定語published in 2014 將定語從句與先行詞分隔,故空白處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞that/which,在從句中作主語。
4.考查定語從句與名詞性從句的辨析
(2019 年全國卷Ⅰ,語法填空)...there is evidence61 they range all the way across the Arctic,...
【分析】空格后的分句不缺少句子成分,可判斷該句為同位語從句,解釋抽象名詞evidence 的內(nèi)容,因此空白處應(yīng)填連接詞that。
5.考查對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的把握
(2019 年天津卷,單項填空3,改編)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than____who are not.
【分析】連詞than 之后應(yīng)接比較對象。前句中的the students who...對應(yīng)的是名詞或代詞+who...,故空白處應(yīng)填代詞those,相當于those students。先行詞為those 時,通常用關(guān)系代詞who 引導(dǎo)定語從句,that 也是一種可能的答案。
雖然定語從句的知識比較繁雜,考查的角度靈活多樣,但是通過教師的系統(tǒng)梳理和深入研究,學(xué)生可以對定語從句考點有一個系統(tǒng)的、全面的認識。只要學(xué)生養(yǎng)成分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的好習(xí)慣,理順句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,就能熟練掌握定語從句的用法,從而突破難點,避免在考試中失分。