王琿 葛益嫻 劉清惓 韓上邦 孫啟云
關(guān)鍵詞: 雨滴直徑; 輸出電壓; 導(dǎo)電圓環(huán); BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò); 梯度下降法; Sigmoid函數(shù)
中圖分類號: TN02?34; P412.13 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼: A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文章編號: 1004?373X(2019)03?0180?04
Abstract: In order to reduce the size, weight, and cost of the traditional raindrop spectrometer, and improve the measurement accuracy of the raindrop spectrum, a raindrop spectrometer composed of new raindrop spectrum probe, Cortex?M3 ARM processor, and high?precision and low?noise measurement circuit is proposed, which is based on isometric conductive ring structure. The output voltage difference caused by different raindrop diameter is used in the raindrop spectrometer for measurement. The Sigmoid function is taken as the transfer function, and the gradient descent method is used to establish the BP neural network model of output voltage and raindrop diameter of the raindrop spectrometer. The algorithm based on this model is embedded into the ARM processor to obtain the raindrop diameter. The raindrop spectrometer can realize the observation of raindrop whose diameter within 2.67~5.56 mm, and the measurement error is less than ± 0.1 mm.
Keywords: raindrop diameter; output voltage; conductive ring; BP neural network; gradient descent method; Sigmoid function
雨滴譜反映了雨滴數(shù)量隨直徑的分布情況,是降雨觀測的重要組成部分。文獻[1]在研究層狀云和對流云降水雨滴譜特征時發(fā)現(xiàn),層狀云降水的譜寬小于對流云降水,且對于這兩種降水而言,降雨強度越大,降水中的大粒子越多。文獻[2]在評估人工降雨系統(tǒng)效能時發(fā)現(xiàn),通過提高人工降雨的雨滴直徑和自然狀態(tài)的相似性,可以提高人工模擬降雨的質(zhì)量。此外,雨滴中值粒徑和坡面產(chǎn)沙量具有較高的相關(guān)性,雨滴中值粒徑越大,土壤侵蝕越嚴重[3]。因此,雨滴譜的觀測具有重要意義。
目前,應(yīng)用較為廣泛的雨滴譜儀有沖擊型雨滴譜儀Joss?Waldvogel(JWD)和Parsivel激光雨滴譜儀。JWD沖擊型雨滴譜儀由傳感器、處理器和電纜組成,根據(jù)雨水滴落在傳感器表面產(chǎn)生的電脈沖的大小測量雨滴直徑。其觀測結(jié)果受雨滴的大小、速度、形狀以及背景噪聲的影響,會低估暴雨中小雨滴的數(shù)量[4]。Parsivel激光雨滴譜儀主要由發(fā)射機、接收機、控制、運算和存儲電路組成,根據(jù)雨滴通過采樣區(qū)域時的光信號的變化測量雨滴直徑。激光雨滴譜儀使用簡單,維護方便,但是體積大、成本高,存在重疊誤差[5]。為了減小雨滴譜觀測儀器的體積、重量和成本,提高測量精度,本文設(shè)計一種基于BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)算法的雨滴譜儀,利用等距導(dǎo)電圓環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的雨滴譜探頭、Cortex?M3 ARM處理器及高精度低噪聲測量電路實現(xiàn)對雨滴的觀測。
針對目前市面上雨滴譜儀存在體積大、成本高等問題,結(jié)合BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)算法,本文設(shè)計了一種基于等距導(dǎo)電圓環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的新型雨滴譜探頭、Cortex?M3 ARM處理器及高精度低噪聲測量電路的雨滴譜儀。實驗結(jié)果表明,該雨滴譜儀實現(xiàn)了對直徑為2.67~5.56 mm雨滴的觀測,測量誤差小于±0.1 mm。但該雨滴譜儀仍然存在一些問題,如探頭表面積水也會影響雨滴觀測。因此,比較和分析熱蒸發(fā)、超聲波霧化和機械振動初始等方法,選擇合適的方式對探頭除水是本文未來的研究重點。
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