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      顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號通路在調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育中的作用

      2019-02-28 07:08:28楊鑫宇賈振偉
      遺傳 2019年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞卵母細(xì)胞

      楊鑫宇,賈振偉

      ?

      顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號通路在調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育中的作用

      楊鑫宇,賈振偉

      內(nèi)蒙古民族大學(xué)動物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,通遼 028043

      動物體內(nèi)卵泡排卵前促黃體素(luteinizing hormone, LH)誘導(dǎo)了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散,并啟動卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂。普遍認(rèn)為,卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)LH受體,卵母細(xì)胞及其周圍卵丘細(xì)胞不表達(dá)LH受體,LH通過作用于卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生信號分子,這些信號分子作用于卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)了LH生物作用。然而,一直以來,關(guān)于排卵前介導(dǎo)LH作用而誘導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞成熟的機(jī)制一直存在爭議。目前研究認(rèn)為,LH作用于卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞后產(chǎn)生了EGF類因子,并與顆粒細(xì)胞的受體結(jié)合,促進(jìn)了卵母細(xì)胞的成熟和發(fā)育。由于體外成熟的卵丘卵母細(xì)胞復(fù)合體來源于生長卵泡,其卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng)不完善,目前的體外成熟培養(yǎng)體系難以模擬卵泡內(nèi)的生理環(huán)境,導(dǎo)致卵母細(xì)胞體外發(fā)育能力較差,限制了這些卵母細(xì)胞的利用效率。本文綜述了顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng)、EGF類因子在調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟中的作用及對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力的影響,為優(yōu)化卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟培養(yǎng)體系,完善卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的EGF類因子的信號系統(tǒng),進(jìn)而提高卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟效率提供理論依據(jù)。

      顆粒細(xì)胞;EGF類因子;卵母細(xì)胞成熟;卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力

      哺乳動物體內(nèi)卵母細(xì)胞生長、成熟和排卵過程十分復(fù)雜,涉及多種激素和生長因子以內(nèi)分泌或旁分泌的方式作用于卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞參與此過程的調(diào)控。動物卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞包括壁層顆粒細(xì)胞和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞,普遍認(rèn)為,排卵前促黃體素(luteinizing hormone, LH)作用于卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞后激活下游信號通路誘導(dǎo)了卵母細(xì)胞生長后期細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核成熟、排卵以及排卵后黃體細(xì)胞的形成。目前研究認(rèn)為,卵母細(xì)胞不表達(dá)LH受體,卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞在卵母細(xì)胞分泌因子的抑制下也不表達(dá)LH受體,但卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)LH受體,這說明LH作用于卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞后將可能激活一些信號分子,將LH的生物作用傳遞至卵母細(xì)胞[1,2]。值得注意的是,目前研究已明確LH作用于卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞后將產(chǎn)生表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)類因子,這些細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)了LH的作用,調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞的成熟和發(fā)育[3]。

      家畜卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟培養(yǎng)是一項(xiàng)重要的繁殖生物技術(shù),在畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)和科學(xué)研究上廣泛應(yīng)用,是體外受精、性別控制、轉(zhuǎn)基因動物生產(chǎn)及動物克隆等技術(shù)開展的前提和關(guān)鍵。由于體外成熟的卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞不表達(dá)LH受體,但表達(dá)促卵泡生成素(follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)受體,因此,卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟期間通過添加FSH而激活卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞內(nèi)調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂的信號通路。但目前普遍認(rèn)為,相對于體內(nèi)成熟的卵母細(xì)胞,體外成熟的卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力較差,影響了其利用效率。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卵母細(xì)胞在卵泡內(nèi)生長后期,LH將誘導(dǎo)EGF類因子的產(chǎn)生,并激活EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng),促進(jìn)卵母細(xì)胞成熟[4]。由于體外成熟的卵母細(xì)胞脫離了卵泡環(huán)境,而且這些卵母細(xì)胞來源于生長卵泡,提示體外成熟的卵母細(xì)胞,卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的EGF類生長因子信號系統(tǒng)可能不完善,不利于卵母細(xì)胞成熟,這可能是導(dǎo)致體外成熟的卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力較差的一個重要因素。因此,本文綜述了顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng)、EGF類因子在調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟中的作用及對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力的影響,為優(yōu)化卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟培養(yǎng)體系,完善卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的EGF類因子的信號系統(tǒng),提高卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟效率提供理論參考。

      1 顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng)

      1.1 EGF類因子及其受體

      哺乳動物表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)類因子,與EGF分子結(jié)構(gòu)和生物學(xué)功能相似,因此被稱為EGF類蛋白家族。目前研究認(rèn)為,動物卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)的EGF類因子主要包括:特指雙調(diào)蛋白(amphiregulin, AREG)、β細(xì)胞素(betacellulin, BTC)和表皮調(diào)節(jié)素(epiregulin, EREG)[5]。這些EGF類因子來源于非活性的跨膜前體糖蛋白,包括信號序列、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域和胞外EGF結(jié)構(gòu)域。EGF類因子的前體蛋白在細(xì)胞膜外被蛋白酶水解而釋放功能性的肽,通過與受體結(jié)合而發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能。EGF類因子的受體與EGF受體(epidermal growth factor- receptor, EGFR)相同,是一種分子量為170 kDa的細(xì)胞膜糖蛋白,屬于酪氨酸激酶受體,由細(xì)胞外的配體結(jié)合區(qū),疏水跨膜區(qū)和細(xì)胞內(nèi)的酪氨酸激酶信號活化區(qū)3部分組成。

      目前研究表明,體內(nèi)卵泡發(fā)育和卵母細(xì)胞成熟期間,排卵前高水平的LH促進(jìn)了壁層顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)EGF類因子,且通過旁分泌的方式作用于卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞EGFR,使其表達(dá)EGF類因子。FSH促進(jìn)了壁層和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)EGFR,而卵母細(xì)胞分泌因子促進(jìn)了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)EGFR[4,6,7](圖1)。而且,研究認(rèn)為,顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子與EGFR胞外區(qū)結(jié)合后,使其細(xì)胞內(nèi)的部分發(fā)生特定酪氨酸殘基磷酸化,從而激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)ERK1/2、PI3K以及JAK/STAT等下游信號通路,其中EGF類因子與EGFR結(jié)合后通過RAS/cRAF/MEK1級聯(lián)反應(yīng)而激活ERK1/2,激活的ERK1/2與CEBPB、c-myc和AP-1等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合而促進(jìn)基因表達(dá),因此,ERK1/2被認(rèn)為是調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂的恢復(fù)、卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的擴(kuò)散和排卵的關(guān)鍵信號分子[8~10]。

      1.2 顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng)功能的完善

      近年來,許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為卵巢小有腔卵泡來源的卵丘卵母細(xì)胞復(fù)合體不能對EGF類生長因子發(fā)生反應(yīng),隨著卵泡發(fā)育,卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞逐漸獲得功能性EGF信號網(wǎng)絡(luò),這與EGF類生長因子是介導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞成熟和排卵的中心調(diào)控因子的觀點(diǎn)一致[11,12]。優(yōu)勢卵泡為了排卵,排卵前卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞能夠?qū)GF類生長因子發(fā)生反應(yīng),而次要卵泡缺乏這種能力。為了了解生長階段卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞對EGF類生長因子反應(yīng)能力較低的原因,許多學(xué)者開展了相關(guān)研究。其中一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,相對于大卵泡,小卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類生長因子受體基因mRMA表達(dá)量較低,導(dǎo)致其對EGF類生長因子反應(yīng)能力較低[13~15]。另外一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,小卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類生長因子受體基因mRMA表達(dá)量與大卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞一致,但其翻譯能力及翻譯后蛋白磷酸化水平較低,導(dǎo)致這些小有腔卵泡對EGF類生長因子反應(yīng)和顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散能力較低[12]。這些結(jié)果說明,體內(nèi)隨著卵泡的生長,卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng)功能逐漸完善,并獲得支持卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育的能力。同時提示,小的有腔卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子信號系統(tǒng)功能不健全,這可能是小卵泡來源卵丘卵母細(xì)胞復(fù)合體(cumulus-oocyte complex, COCs)體外培養(yǎng)后,導(dǎo)致卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力較低的一個重要因素。

      2 EGF類因子在調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟的作用

      2.1 EGF類因子介導(dǎo)了LH信號

      EGF主要由卵泡內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生。研究表明,體外卵母細(xì)胞成熟期間,EGF促進(jìn)多種哺乳動物卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散和卵母細(xì)胞成熟[16~18]。研究認(rèn)為,EGF通過卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟,因?yàn)槌墒煊星宦雅輥碓吹穆涯讣?xì)胞表達(dá)EGF受體數(shù)量很少,而卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擁有大量的EGF受體[19,20]。而且,已有的研究證明,LH促進(jìn)了排卵前卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞EGF的表達(dá),這說明EGF通過介導(dǎo)LH信號,并作用于顆粒細(xì)胞而調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育[18]。

      然而,Inoue等[21]研究LH調(diào)控排卵前卵泡發(fā)育機(jī)制時發(fā)現(xiàn),LH峰值后EGF表達(dá)以及在卵泡液積累的量沒有發(fā)生顯著變化,暗示EGF可能不是介導(dǎo)LH作用的關(guān)鍵因子。特別重要的是,在多種哺乳動物上的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),排卵前EGF家族成員的EGF類生長因子(AREG, EREG和BTC)不表達(dá),而LH峰啟動后,這些EGF類生長因子表達(dá)量迅速增加[21~23]。研究已證明,在LH刺激下,EGF類生長因子首先在卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞上表達(dá),然后分別以自分泌或旁分泌的方式作用于壁層顆粒細(xì)胞和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞EGFR,增強(qiáng)了前列腺素-過氧化物酶合成酶2 (prostaglandin- peroxidase synthase 2, PTGS2)表達(dá),且促進(jìn)了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)EGF類生長因子。壁顆粒細(xì)胞和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞PTGS2表達(dá)增加后,促進(jìn)了前列腺素E2 (prostaglandin E2, PGE2)的合成,PGE2作用于卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞上的受體,激活p38MAPK而進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)EGF類生長因子表達(dá),這些EGF類生長因子與卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞EGF受體結(jié)合后,激活了ERK1/2、PI3K等信號通路,促進(jìn)了調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散基因的表達(dá),進(jìn)而放大LH信號,使LH刺激信號從卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞外圍向內(nèi)傳遞至卵母細(xì)胞[24,25]。綜上所述,EGF類生長因子介導(dǎo)了排卵前LH信號,由于EGF類生長因子受體和EGF受體相同,因此EGF體外可能與其受體結(jié)合而模擬了EGF類生長因子的功能,而體內(nèi)EGF可能不是LH信號的主要介導(dǎo)者。

      圖1 EGF類因子及其受體在壁層和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞上的表達(dá)

      2.2 EGF類因子調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂

      體內(nèi)有腔卵泡生長期間,顆粒細(xì)胞為卵母細(xì)胞提供cAMP/cGMP而使其減數(shù)分裂阻滯在生發(fā)泡階段。目前,研究已明確,C型尿鈉肽(C-type natriuretic peptide, CNP)激活卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞上的受體(NPR2)產(chǎn)生cGMP,進(jìn)入卵母細(xì)胞通過抑制磷酸二酯酶(PDE3A)的活性,降低cAMP的水解,高水平的cAMP激活蛋白激酶A而抑制MPF的活性,進(jìn)而將抑制減數(shù)分裂[26]。體內(nèi)LH峰刺激后,降低了顆粒細(xì)胞cGMP的產(chǎn)生,使cGMP進(jìn)入卵母細(xì)胞的量減少,激活了PDE3A,使cAMP水平下降,卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂。目前研究表明,LH峰刺激后,AREG和EREG等EGF類因子表達(dá)量增加,激活其受體后,抑制CNP表達(dá)量,導(dǎo)致cGMP生產(chǎn)水平下降,同時增強(qiáng)間隙連接蛋白磷酸化,進(jìn)而關(guān)閉間隙連接,最終導(dǎo)致cGMP進(jìn)入卵母細(xì)胞的量減少,解除其對卵母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂的阻滯[27](圖2)。

      此外,體外研究表明EGF信號網(wǎng)絡(luò)的激活也參與了哺乳動物卵母細(xì)胞成熟的調(diào)控。例如,體外cAMP調(diào)控劑維持了卵母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂阻滯,而添加EGF誘導(dǎo)了其恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂[28]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)SH體外由EGF類生長因子介導(dǎo),誘導(dǎo)了卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散[29]。cAMP是FSH信號通路的下游信號分子,高水平的cAMP也能夠通過促進(jìn)EGF類生長因子表達(dá)而誘導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂。另外,外源的AREG、EREG和EGF也能誘導(dǎo)多種哺乳動物卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散。特別注意的是,在小鼠()上的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),利用含有AREG的卵泡液培養(yǎng)卵母細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)了卵母細(xì)胞成熟和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散,而免疫耗竭AREG后其作用消失[30]。在小鼠中,COC體外培養(yǎng)期間,使用EGF類生長因子受體抑制劑,阻滯了AREG誘導(dǎo)的卵母細(xì)胞成熟,但培養(yǎng)前去除卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞后,并沒有干擾卵母細(xì)胞成熟,揭示EGF類生長因子不是直接作用卵母細(xì)胞,而是通過作用卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞而影響卵母細(xì)胞成熟[31]。綜上所述,排卵時EGF信號網(wǎng)絡(luò)降低了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的cGMP進(jìn)入卵母細(xì)胞,同時體內(nèi)LH或體外FSH激活EGF信號網(wǎng)絡(luò),導(dǎo)致卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞發(fā)生一系列的生理變化而誘導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞成熟。

      圖2 EGF類因子對卵母細(xì)胞細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂恢復(fù)的調(diào)控作用

      2.3 EGF類因子對卵母細(xì)胞代謝的調(diào)控

      COC代謝是影響卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育的一個重要因素。研究表明,相對于FSH,EGF類生長因子增強(qiáng)了牛()卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的糖酵解[32]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于FSH,EGF類生長因子誘導(dǎo)了小鼠卵母細(xì)胞線粒體較高水平的膜電位,增強(qiáng)了卵母細(xì)胞氧化磷酸化,促進(jìn)了ATP的產(chǎn)生,而且,AREG和EREG提高了卵丘卵母細(xì)胞復(fù)合體氨基己糖通 路代謝活性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)透明質(zhì)酸的合成,增強(qiáng)卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散,同時促進(jìn)了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的糖基 化[33,34]。對牛、小鼠和豬()的研究表明,顆粒細(xì)胞增強(qiáng)糖基化與體外成熟的卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力相關(guān)[35~37],但AREG和EREG等EGF類生長因子誘導(dǎo)的顆粒細(xì)胞糖基化是否會影響卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力,目前尚不確定,仍需進(jìn)行深入研究。綜上所述,EGF類生長因子在調(diào)控卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的糖酵解和卵母細(xì)胞氧化磷酸化方面發(fā)揮了重要作用,這可能是影響卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育能力的關(guān)鍵因素。

      3 EGF類因子對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力的影響

      3.1 EGF類因子對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力的影響

      由于EGF信號系統(tǒng)在誘導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞成熟和顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散方面發(fā)揮了重要作用,因此,將EGF納入體外成熟培養(yǎng)體系,有可能提高卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力。目前許多研究已證明,相對于體內(nèi)成熟的COC,體外成熟的COC顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類生長因子表達(dá)量較低。例如,Richani等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于小鼠體內(nèi)成熟的COC,F(xiàn)SH誘導(dǎo)體外成熟的COC,顆粒細(xì)胞AREG基因mRNA表達(dá)量及其蛋白的分泌較低。而且,基因芯片研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,相對于小鼠體內(nèi)成熟的COC,F(xiàn)SH誘導(dǎo)體外成熟的COC,顆粒細(xì)胞基因表達(dá)差異最顯著的是AREG,EREG和BTC這3個EGF類生長因子[39]。體內(nèi)LH峰刺激后EGF類因子主要由卵泡壁層顆粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,是COC接受的誘導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂的早期信號因子,導(dǎo)致卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞自動放大EGF信號網(wǎng)絡(luò)。由于卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟培養(yǎng)期間,脫離了卵泡環(huán)境,COC缺少來自于壁層顆粒細(xì)胞傳遞的EGF類因子的作用,不能激活EGF類因子受體,因此,顆粒細(xì)胞不能接受ERK1/2- PGE2-p38MAPK自動放大的信號。體外成熟的COC一般來自于小的生長卵泡,其卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞EGF信號系統(tǒng)尚處于發(fā)育階段,體外培養(yǎng)期間,培養(yǎng)液內(nèi)添加FSH可能部分克服EGF信號系統(tǒng)的缺陷。盡管如此,卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟培養(yǎng)期間,添加EGF類因子仍有利于卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育。

      鑒于體外成熟的COC顆粒細(xì)胞EGF信號系統(tǒng)缺陷,許多研究檢驗(yàn)了體外成熟期間補(bǔ)充EGF類因子對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力的影響(表1)。例如,在小鼠上的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卵母體外成熟期間,相對于FSH和EGF,培養(yǎng)液添加EREG顯著提高了卵母細(xì)胞成熟和受精后囊胚率,而且EREG和AREG結(jié)合使用顯著提高了囊胚內(nèi)細(xì)胞團(tuán)細(xì)胞數(shù),并增加了胎兒的數(shù)量[38]。Prochazka等[10]研究報道,豬卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟期間,補(bǔ)充EREG或AREG,相對于FSH和LH,顯著提高孤雌激活后的胚胎數(shù)量。這些結(jié)果揭示,生物活性的EGF類因子作為卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟的添加因子可能比FSH和EGF更適合,但具體的分子機(jī)制仍不清楚。這些研究說明,體內(nèi)FSH和EGF不是誘導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞成熟的直接生理性因子,而體外成熟培養(yǎng)體系使用EREG和/或AREG可能模擬了體內(nèi)卵母細(xì)胞成熟期間的發(fā)生的生理事件,進(jìn)而提高了卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力。另外,Richani等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),EREG和AREG體內(nèi)刺激了EGF類生長因子的表達(dá),而FSH促進(jìn)這些因子的表達(dá)能力有限。而且在卵母細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)期間,相對于FSH,EREG和AREG顯著提高了EGF類生長因子的表達(dá)量,這些研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證明EGF類因子是體內(nèi)影響卵母細(xì)胞成熟的關(guān)鍵因子[40]。

      一般認(rèn)為EGF類因子對顆粒細(xì)胞基因表達(dá)、信號通路和細(xì)胞功能影響的能力低于促性腺激素,但其調(diào)控卵細(xì)胞發(fā)育的能力卻高于促性腺激素的潛在機(jī)制是什么?目前研究認(rèn)為,EGF類因子的優(yōu)勢作用可能是影響了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞和卵母細(xì)胞代謝。例如,用AREG處理牛COC,相對于FSH,能顯著提高葡萄糖消耗量、乳酸的產(chǎn)量以及乳酸的產(chǎn)量/葡萄糖吸收量的比率[32]。對小鼠的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于FSH和EGF,EGF類因子增強(qiáng)了線粒體的活性,氨基己糖生物合成通路代謝活性,進(jìn)而提高了透明質(zhì)酸的產(chǎn)量和蛋白質(zhì)β-O-連接糖基化的水平[33]。另外,EGF類因子可能通過調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞翻譯而影響其發(fā)育能力。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EGF或 AREG作用于卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的信號分子,可能介導(dǎo)了FSH調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞中一些對胚胎發(fā)育起關(guān)鍵作用的基因mRNA的翻譯[41]。但目前關(guān)于EGF類因子激活卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞何種信號通路而調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞mRNA的翻譯仍不確定,尚需進(jìn)行深入研究。

      3.2 EGF類因子協(xié)同多種信號分子提高了卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力

      目前人們普遍認(rèn)為,卵母細(xì)胞成熟期間,促性腺激素激活了COC多種信號通路,可能與EGF類因子信號通路協(xié)作影響卵母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂成熟和發(fā)育能力。這些受促性腺激素調(diào)控的眾多信號通路,其中被卵母細(xì)胞分泌因子激活的信號通路能夠延長卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞和卵母細(xì)胞間隙連接的通訊。GDF9和BMP15是主要的卵母細(xì)胞分泌因子,能夠增強(qiáng)COC對EGF類因子的敏感性而提高卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育能力(表1)。例如,在牛上研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AREG與BMP15結(jié)合使用提高了體外成熟的卵細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力,BMP15增強(qiáng)了顆粒細(xì)胞之間的間隙連接功能,AREG增強(qiáng)了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的糖酵解,BMP15維持了細(xì)胞間隙的通訊,進(jìn)而使顆粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的代謝物進(jìn)入卵母細(xì)胞,提高其發(fā)育能力[32]。

      另外,促性腺激素作用于COC后將產(chǎn)生大量的cAMP,cAMP水平的增加不僅能夠延長卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞和卵母細(xì)胞間的通訊,也能增強(qiáng)對COC對EGF類因子的敏感性。例如,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),cAMP調(diào)控劑(forskolin+IBMX)前成熟處理COC后進(jìn)行體外成熟,體外成熟液中添加AREG 和EREG顯著提高了卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育能力[42]。

      表1 EGF類因子對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育的影響

      此外,發(fā)育能力較低的豬卵母細(xì)胞,雙丁酰環(huán)腺甘酸與GDF9和BMP15蛋白前體結(jié)合使用,增強(qiáng)了AREG誘導(dǎo)的卵母細(xì)胞成熟、囊胚形成以及顆粒細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散相關(guān)基因(HAS2, TNFAIP6和PTGS2)的表達(dá),而且,相對于促性腺激素,這些因子的結(jié)合使用促進(jìn)了EGF類因信號通路的下游因子ERK1/2的磷酸化[43]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CNP和GDF9結(jié)合使用增強(qiáng)了小鼠COC對AREG的反應(yīng)能力,提高了腔前卵泡來源的卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力,這些結(jié)果進(jìn)一步說明EGF類因信號系統(tǒng)在調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育過程中的重要作用[44]。綜上所述,體外成熟期間,EGF類因子刺激卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂,過早的使卵母細(xì)胞和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞失去間隙連接功能,結(jié)合使用卵母細(xì)胞分泌因子和cAMP調(diào)控劑能夠維持卵母細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞之間的間隙連接通訊功能,并能增強(qiáng)EGF信號系統(tǒng)功能,進(jìn)而提高卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力。

      4 結(jié)語與展望

      EGF類因子信號網(wǎng)絡(luò)是體內(nèi)是排卵級聯(lián)反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵參與者,卵母細(xì)胞從卵泡排出期間,EGF類因子將LH信號從卵泡周邊顆粒細(xì)胞傳遞至卵母細(xì)胞,調(diào)控了卵丘卵母細(xì)胞代謝,促進(jìn)了卵母細(xì)胞成熟,而且,體外卵母細(xì)胞成熟期間,添加外源的EGF類因子能夠提高卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力,這說明其在優(yōu)化卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟培養(yǎng)體系方面具有重要的利用價值。

      目前研究認(rèn)為EGF類因子增強(qiáng)了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞糖酵解和卵母細(xì)胞氧化磷酸化功能,這可能是其提高卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力的一個重要原因。而且,EGF類因子也增強(qiáng)了卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞的糖基化,但其誘導(dǎo)顆粒細(xì)胞的糖基化是否會影響卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力尚不確定,仍需深入研究。另外,EGF類因子通過作用于卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的信號分子,調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞中一些對胚胎發(fā)育起關(guān)鍵作用的基因mRNA的翻譯,這也可能是其提高卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育能力的另一個原因,但EGF類因子激活卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞何種信號通路而調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞mRNA的翻譯亦不確定,尚需深入研究。

      此外,卵母細(xì)胞成熟期間,EGF類因子信號通路可能和多種信號通路協(xié)作影響卵母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂成熟和發(fā)育能力。而且,體外成熟期間,EGF類因子刺激卵母細(xì)胞恢復(fù)減數(shù)分裂,過早的使卵母細(xì)胞和卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞失去間隙連接功能,通過添加卵母細(xì)胞分泌因子和cAMP水平的調(diào)控劑(dbcAMP或CNP)維持了間隙連接功能,增強(qiáng)了EGF類因子在調(diào)控卵母細(xì)胞成熟和發(fā)育方面的作用。因此,為了模擬體內(nèi)的環(huán)境,在完善卵丘顆粒細(xì)胞EGF類因子的信號系統(tǒng)的同時,使用間隙連接功能的增強(qiáng)劑,將可能建立理想的家畜卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟體系。

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      The role of EGF-like factor signaling pathway in granulosa cells in regulation of oocyte maturation and development

      Xinyu Yang, Zhenwei Jia

      The surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in preovulatory ovarian follicles triggers the resumption of meiosis in oocytes and induces the proliferation of surrounding cumulus granulosa cells. It is believed that LH receptors are expressed in the mural granulosa cells, but not the oocytes and the surrounding cumulus cells, suggesting that the LH signaling is mediated by factors produced by the granulosa cells. However, the mechanism underlying oocyte maturation induced by LH before ovulation has been controversial. Current studies suggest that LH binds on to its receptor on granulosa cells of the follicular wall to promote the production of EGF-like factors, which activate various signaling cascades and induce oocyte maturation and development. Since thematuration system is difficult to simulate thephysiological environment,cultured follicles are likely to be de?cient in the EGF-like factors, which could result in the poor developmental competency ofcultured oocytes and restrict their efficient utilization. In this review, we summarize the EGF-like factor signaling system in granulosa cells and its regulation of oocyte maturation and development. It aims to optimize thematuration culture system of oocytes and increase the EGF-like factor signaling system in cumulus granulosa cells, thereby providing a framework for improving the efficiency onmaturation of oocytes.

      granulosa cells; EGF-like factor; oocyte maturation; oocyte developmental competency

      2018-10-07;

      2019-01-10

      國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號:31760670)資助 [Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31760670)]

      楊鑫宇,在讀碩士,專業(yè)方向:配子與胚胎生物技術(shù)。E-mail: 2609447363@qq.com

      賈振偉,博士,副教授,研究方向:配子與胚胎生物技術(shù)。E-mail: zhenwei1999@sina.com

      10.16288/j.yczz.18-193

      2019/1/17 12:17:31

      URI: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1913.R.20190117.1217.002.html

      (責(zé)任編委: 史慶華)

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