江蘇 陳傳光
賓語從句是一種名詞性從句,指在復(fù)合句中作及物動(dòng)詞、介詞及某些形容詞(如glad、sorry、sure、happy、afraid等)的賓語的分句。
要學(xué)好英語的賓語從句,必須注意下列幾個(gè)問題:
1.that:陳述句作賓語從句時(shí),用that連接。that無詞意,不作句子成分,??墒÷浴@纾?/p>
The old man felt(that)he could hardly breathe.這位老人感覺自己幾乎不能呼吸。
2.whether/if:一般疑問句、反意疑問句、選擇疑問句作賓語從句時(shí),用whether/if連接。whether/if無詞意,不作句子成分,但不可以省略。例如:
The tiger asked the mousedeer if he could wear the belt.老虎問鼷鹿他能不能系上腰帶。
Do you know whether she has seen him or not?你知道她是否見過他嗎?
3.who、what、which、whose、when、where、why、how:特殊疑問句作賓語從句時(shí),用疑問詞作連接詞,從句用陳述句式。連接代詞(副詞)有詞意,作從句的句子成分,不可以省略。例如:
He asked me when Helen was born.他問我海倫是什么時(shí)候出生的。
Can you tell me what she is doing?你能告訴我她在做什么嗎?
1.陳述句作賓語從句時(shí),用連接詞that連接,that可省略。語序不變,即仍用陳述語序。例如:
I hear (that)he has learned English before.我聽說他以前學(xué)過英語。
2.一般疑問句、反意疑問句、選擇疑問句作賓語從句時(shí),用連接詞whether/if連接,語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。例如:
Can you tell me if Uncle Li lives here?你能告訴我李叔叔是否住在這里?
3.特殊疑問句作賓語從句時(shí),疑問詞變?yōu)檫B接詞,連接詞之后用陳述語序。例如:
Tell me what they look like.告訴我他們長(zhǎng)什么樣。
賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)通常由主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來確定。
1.當(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或主句是祈使句時(shí),從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞可用實(shí)際需要的時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
Do you know where our Chinese teacher is?你知道我們的語文老師在哪里嗎?
He will tell us that he has been able to look after himself.他會(huì)告訴我們他已經(jīng)能夠照顧好自己了。
2.當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞需要用含有“過去”概念的四種時(shí)態(tài)中的一種(即用表示過去的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài))。例如:
I knew he preferred dancing.我知道他更喜歡跳舞。
Tom said he had listened to the music.湯姆說他聽過這個(gè)音樂。
3.當(dāng)賓語從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理或引用格言、諺語時(shí),不論主句用什么時(shí)態(tài),從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
He said that light travels much faster than sound.他說光比聲音傳播得更快。
She said that two heads are better than one.她說三個(gè)臭皮匠頂個(gè)諸葛亮。
當(dāng)主句的謂語為think、guess、suppose、believe等動(dòng)詞且主語為第一人稱時(shí),從句若表示否定,一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語之前。例如:
I don't think that he will come this evening.我想他今晚不會(huì)來。
We don't believe that he can finish this difficult task in half an hour.我們相信他不能在半小時(shí)之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。
【注意】從句時(shí)態(tài)不為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或主語不是第一人稱時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I thought that he wouldn't come back soon.我原以為他不會(huì)回來得這么快。
He thinks that he isn't fit for the job.他認(rèn)為自己不適合這份工作。
含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句可轉(zhuǎn)化為簡(jiǎn)單句,其意思不變。簡(jiǎn)化賓語從句常見的方法:
1.改為“v.+不定式(短語)”形式。當(dāng)主句謂語是hope、agree、choose、wish、decide、promise等動(dòng)詞且主句和從句的主語相同時(shí),賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為“v.+不定式(短語)”形式。例如:
He hopes that he will be back very soon.→ He hopes to be back very soon.他希望他能快點(diǎn)回來。
2.改為“疑問詞+不定式(短語)”形式。
當(dāng)主句的謂語是ask、tell、forget、remember等動(dòng)詞時(shí),賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化成“疑問詞+不定式(短語)”形式。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station?→Could you tell me how to get to the station?你能告訴我車站怎么走嗎?
3.改為“it+形容詞+不定式(短語)”形式。例如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.→I found it difficult to learn English well.我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語是困難的。
4.改為“賓語+v.-ing”形式。例如:
The girl found that there was a watch lying on the ground.→The girl found a watch lying on the ground.那姑娘發(fā)現(xiàn)地上有塊手表。
5.改為名詞(短語)。例如:
I'll take back what I said.→I'll take back my words.我將收回我的話。
Could you tell us how we can get to the museum?→Could you tell us the way to the museum?你能告訴我去博物館的路嗎?
6.改為v.-ing形式。例如:
I remember that I have told her the truth.→I remember telling her the truth.我記得我把真相告訴了她。
7.改為過去分詞(短語)。例如:
Soon they found that the ground was covered with thick snow.→Soon they found the ground covered with thick snow.他們很快發(fā)現(xiàn)地面被厚雪覆蓋了。
The teacher found that the boy was very interested in maths.→The teacher found the boy very interested in maths.老師發(fā)現(xiàn)這男孩對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)很感興趣。
1.—Can you describe ________?
—Yes.I was walking when a bike kncoked me down from behind.
【2018·常州中考題】
A.why did the accident happen
B.when did the accident happen
C.how the accident happened
D.where the accident happened
【答案與解析】C 賓語從句要用陳述語序,可排除A、B兩項(xiàng)。由答語“我正走著的時(shí)候,一輛自行車從后面撞了我。”可知,本句詢問的是“事故是怎么發(fā)生的?”。故選C項(xiàng)。
2.—Could you tell me ________you'd like me to pay you?
—You'd better use mobile payment.I don’t care ________it is Ali Pay or WeChat Pay.
【2018·廣東中考題】
A.how;whether B.how;why
C.what;whether D.what;why
【答案與解析】A句意:——你能告訴我你想要我如何付款嗎?——最好用手機(jī)支付,我不介意你是用支付寶還是用微信。第一空根據(jù)語境可知應(yīng)意為“怎樣(表方式)”,用how;第二空whether...or...意為“是……還是……”。故選A項(xiàng)。
3.—Amy,could you please tell me________the new pen?
—Oh,I bought it in the shop near my home.
【2018·梧州中考題】
A.where did you buy
B.when did you buy
C.where you bought
D.when you bought
【答案與解析】C 賓語從句要用陳述語序,排除A、B兩項(xiàng)。根據(jù)答語“Oh,I bought it in the shop near my home.”可知,問句是詢問買這支新鋼筆的地點(diǎn)。故選C項(xiàng)。
4.We all know that light ________faster than sound.
【2018·天水中考題】
A.travels B.to travel
C.travelling D.travelled
【答案與解析】A 句意:我們都知道光比聲音傳播得更快?!肮獗嚷曇魝鞑サ每臁笔且粋€(gè)客觀事實(shí),賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故選A項(xiàng)。
5.—I wonder ________.
—I'm not sure yet.
【2018·武漢中考題】
A.which is hers
B.which hers is
C.whether is it hers
D.whether hers it is
【答案與解析】A句意:——我想知道哪個(gè)是她的?!疑胁淮_定。此處的which既作引導(dǎo)詞又作賓語從句的主語。連接詞作主語時(shí),主謂不倒裝。故選A項(xiàng)。