一、有關(guān)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的基本概念
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)名詞或代詞(作為邏輯主語),加上一個(gè)形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn):
1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨(dú)立存在。
2. 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
3. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開,但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。
二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式
1. 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞
The question being settled, we went home.
問題解決之后,我們就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.
明天假設(shè)天氣好,我們就進(jìn)行比賽。
The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off.
班長病了,我們最好還是延期開會(huì)吧。
2. 名詞(代詞)+過去分詞
The job finished, we went home.
工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
最后一班公車已經(jīng)走了,我們必須走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better.
如果給我們更多的時(shí)間,我們會(huì)把工作做得更好。
3. 名詞(代詞)+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.
如果明天沒有人來,我們將把會(huì)議推遲到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人來幫助他,他一定會(huì)成功的。
4. 名詞(代詞)+介詞短語
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.
士兵們端著槍沖了進(jìn)來。
A girl came in, book in hand.
一個(gè)少女進(jìn)來了,手里拿著書。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back.
他在等著,眼睛望著她的背影。
5. 名詞(代詞)+形容詞或副詞
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
他坐在前排,嘴半開著。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
她坐在桌前,衣領(lǐng)已解掉,頭低了下來,拿好鋼筆,準(zhǔn)備開始寫一封長信。
6. There being +名詞(代詞)
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會(huì)。
7. It being +名詞(代詞)
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故,政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
由于今天是假日,所有商店都關(guān)門了。
比較:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與由介詞 with 引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Dont sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。
I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因?yàn)閶寢層胁。覠o法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。
I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服,我無法出去了。
三、英語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列句。
1. 用作時(shí)間狀語
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.
工作完成后,我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3. 用作原因狀語
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).
他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦后。
5. 表示補(bǔ)充說明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold).
一個(gè)獵人走了進(jìn)來,他的臉凍得通紅。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
我們加倍努力,一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。
注:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末;表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句,通常放于句末。
四、使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾點(diǎn)注意
1. 當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí),可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后,學(xué)生很快離開了課室。
2. 在下列兩種情況下,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being(或having been)不能省略:
(1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如:
It being Sunday, we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔?,我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。
(2) 在There being+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如:
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.
史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室,手里拿著一本書。
比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式。如:
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了,我們開始開會(huì)。
比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.
5. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語時(shí),可用完成時(shí),表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如:
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.
聽眾坐好后,音樂會(huì)開始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
由于湯姆一再遲到,他的老板非常失望。