姚智聰 黃禮治 榮福
【摘要】 目的:對(duì)無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣對(duì)急性呼吸衰竭成人患者的插管率及住院死亡率的影響進(jìn)行薈萃分析。方法:通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)EMbase、Cochrane圖書(shū)館、PubMed、Wanfang、CNKI、VIP、CBM,檢索時(shí)間從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)到2018年8月有關(guān)急性呼吸衰竭患者應(yīng)用無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣的文獻(xiàn)。由兩名研究人員分別對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)提取與文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量獨(dú)立進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并使用Stata 12.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果:共納入11篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)研究。薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,與常規(guī)氧療對(duì)比,臨床上對(duì)ARF患者使用無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣能有效地降低了插管率[OR=0.357,95%CI(0.208,0.614),P=0.000],降低住院死亡率[OR=0.561,95%CI(0.430,0.732),P<0.01]。在對(duì)無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣對(duì)急性呼吸衰竭患者插管率分析中,結(jié)果顯示存在一定的異質(zhì)性。進(jìn)行亞組分析,患者的插管率可能與不同地區(qū)相關(guān),不同地區(qū)的結(jié)果均顯示使用無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣的患者插管率低于常規(guī)氧療的患者。進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行敏感性分析,結(jié)果顯示異質(zhì)性可能來(lái)源于Zhu的研究,排除Zhu的研究后重新進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性較前下降和OR值較前增大。采用漏斗圖和Begg法檢測(cè)各個(gè)研究的發(fā)表偏倚,結(jié)果顯示所納入研究的發(fā)表偏倚均較小。結(jié)論:與常規(guī)氧療對(duì)比,無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣能夠降低急性呼吸衰竭患者插管率和住院死亡率,研究結(jié)論仍需更多大樣本、高質(zhì)量研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步確定無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣的療效。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣; 急性呼吸衰竭; 隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn); 插管率; 住院死亡率; 薈萃分析
【Abstract】 Objective:To systematically review the efficacy of non-invasive ventilation on intubation rate and in-hospital mortality in adult patients with acute respiratory failure.Method:Computer searches Embase,the Cochrane Library,PubMed,Wanfang,VIP,CNKI,CBM to collect article of non-invasive ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure from inception to August 2018.Data extraction and literature quality evaluation were performed independently by two researchers.Meta analysis was performed using Stata 12.0 software.Result:A total of 11 articles of randomized controlled trials were included.The results showed that non-invasive ventilation could significantly reduce tracheal intubation rate[OR=0.537,95%CI(0.208,0.614),P<0.000]and in-hospital mortality[OR=0.561,95%CI(0.430,0.732),P<0.01].Heterogeneity was found in the analysis of intubation rate of non-invasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure.Subgroup analysis showed that the intubation rate may be related to different regions.And the results in different regions all showed that the intubation rate of patients using non-invasive ventilation was lower than that of patients using conventional oxygen therapy.Further sensitivity analysis showed that the heterogeneity may be derived from Zhus study.After excluding Zhus study,it was found that the heterogeneity decreased and the OR increased.Funnel plot and Beggs method were used to evaluate publication bias of each study,and the results showed that the publication bias of the included studies were all small.Conclusion:Non-invasive ventilation can reduce intubation rate and in-hospital mortality.More large samples and high-quality studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy of non-invasive ventilation.
【Key words】 Non-invasive ventilation; Acute respiratory failure; Randomized controlled trial; Intubation rate; In-hospital mortality; Meta-analysis
First-authors address:Guangdong Medical University,Zhanjiang 524000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.09.002
急性呼吸衰竭(acute respiratory failure,ARF)是臨床上常見(jiàn)的由多種病因?qū)е路瓮饣?和肺換氣障礙的危急綜合征,有多種并發(fā)癥[1],對(duì)患者生命安全構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅,重癥患者應(yīng)及時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)入重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房。近年來(lái),無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣(non-invasive ventilation,NIV)逐漸成為治療ARF其中一種有效的治療方法[2-3]?;颊呓?jīng)鼻/面罩行NIV,無(wú)須建立有創(chuàng)人工氣道,在臨床上簡(jiǎn)便易行,改善氣體交換,降低ARF發(fā)病率和死亡率,避免氣管插管書(shū)或氣管切開(kāi)術(shù)[4-5]。NIV逐漸成功應(yīng)用于慢性阻塞性疾病急性加重期[6-8]、心源性肺水腫[9-10]、肌肉骨骼疾病[11]、血液系統(tǒng)[12]等ARF方面,其中有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在疾病過(guò)程中盡早應(yīng)用無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣可達(dá)到最佳療效[13]。但有研究顯示,NIV對(duì)各種病因ARF患者的療效結(jié)論不完全一致[14-24],考慮到單個(gè)研究的樣本量較小及影響各個(gè)研究的因素不盡相同,因此,本文將通過(guò)對(duì)NIV對(duì)ARF患者插管率及住院死亡率的影響進(jìn)行Meta分析來(lái)評(píng)估NIV的療效?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)ARF患者,年齡≥18歲;(2)研究類型為隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial,RCT);(3)治療組采用NIV,對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)吸氧治療;(4)結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括插管率和住院死亡率。
1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)重復(fù)發(fā)表、樣本數(shù)量少、研究質(zhì)量低等文獻(xiàn);(2)沒(méi)有提供全文;(3)數(shù)據(jù)描述不詳或不完整的文獻(xiàn);(4)綜述、指南、病例報(bào)告等。
1.3 檢索策略 采用主題詞和自由詞結(jié)合的方式。檢索時(shí)間為各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)從建庫(kù)到2018年8月1日。以“無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣、呼吸衰竭、急性呼吸衰竭、呼吸功能不全、低氧血癥”等為中文檢索詞,通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Wanfang、CNKI、VIP、CBM。以“non-invasive ventilation、acute respiratory failure、respiratory insufficiency、ARF、hyoxemia”等為英文檢索詞,通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)檢索EMbase、Cochrane圖書(shū)館、PubMed。
1.4 資料提取 研究由兩位研究人員分別獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,首先根據(jù)上述的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行篩選與排除,然后對(duì)可能符合條件的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)閱讀全文;如有異議,通過(guò)討論或由第三位研究員協(xié)助判斷。提取資料主要包括:文獻(xiàn)來(lái)源、作者相關(guān)信息、出版時(shí)間、研究設(shè)計(jì)類型、研究地區(qū)、樣本量、治療組和對(duì)照組的治療方案、結(jié)局指標(biāo)(插管率和住院死亡率)。
1.5 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)估 由兩位研究員分別獨(dú)立使用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè)對(duì)所有納入的RCT偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估;如有異議,通過(guò)討論或由第三位研究員協(xié)助判斷,評(píng)估內(nèi)容包括以下7個(gè)方面:隨機(jī)分配方案的產(chǎn)生(選擇偏倚)、隱蔽分組(選擇偏倚)、對(duì)醫(yī)生和患者施盲(實(shí)施偏倚)、研究結(jié)局盲法評(píng)價(jià)(測(cè)量偏倚)、數(shù)據(jù)的完整性(隨訪偏倚)、選擇性地報(bào)告研究結(jié)果(報(bào)告偏倚)及其他偏倚(其他偏倚)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用Stata 12.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料使用比值比(odds ratio,OR)為效應(yīng)指標(biāo),每個(gè)效應(yīng)指標(biāo)均以95%可信區(qū)間(95% confidence interval,95%CI)表示。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。各個(gè)納入文獻(xiàn)通過(guò)I2檢驗(yàn)分析來(lái)評(píng)估各個(gè)研究結(jié)果間異質(zhì)性的大小,當(dāng)I2>50%時(shí),可認(rèn)為各個(gè)研究間異質(zhì)性較高,并且采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析;當(dāng)I2≤50%時(shí),可認(rèn)為各個(gè)研究間異質(zhì)性較低或者不存在異質(zhì)性,并且采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。若研究之間的異質(zhì)性較為明顯,則進(jìn)行亞組分析或敏感性分析以闡明產(chǎn)生異質(zhì)性的原因及來(lái)源。使用漏斗圖和Begg法對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚檢測(cè)。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索 根據(jù)檢索策略,通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)初檢得到文獻(xiàn)1 281篇,并根據(jù)上述納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)一步篩選了文獻(xiàn),最終符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的11篇文獻(xiàn),均為RCT,所有研究為NIV組和常規(guī)氧療組,結(jié)局指標(biāo)為ARF患者插管率和住院死亡率,共1 303例患者。納入研究的基本特征,見(jiàn)表1。文獻(xiàn)檢索,見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果(插管率)
2.2.1 合并分析 共納入了11個(gè)研究[14-24]進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)存在異質(zhì)性[Heterogeneity chi-squared=31.92(d.f.=10)P=0.000,I2=68.7%]。根據(jù)Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè),I2=68.7%>50%,存在一定的異質(zhì)性,使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果顯示使用NIV相對(duì)于常規(guī)氧療,能降低ARF患者的插管率,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.357,95%CI(0.208,0.614),P=0.000],見(jiàn)圖2。
2.2.2 亞組分析 在上述插管率Meta分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(I2=68.7%)。因此,按不同的地區(qū)進(jìn)行亞組分析,增加研究結(jié)果的可靠性。根據(jù)地區(qū)的不同,分為歐洲(n=8)、南美洲(n=1)和亞洲(n=2)。結(jié)果提示使用NIV的ARF患者插管率低于常規(guī)氧療的患者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[歐洲組:OR=0.567,95%CI(0.411,0.783),P<0.05;南美洲:OR=0.083,95%CI(0.009,0.764),P<0.05;亞洲:OR=0.067,95%CI(0.026,0.171),P<0.05],見(jiàn)圖3。
2.2.3 敏感性分析 為了檢驗(yàn)?zāi)骋谎芯繉?duì)總體合并效應(yīng)指標(biāo)的影響,逐一剔除每個(gè)研究重新分析整體研究的異質(zhì)性變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性可能來(lái)源于Zhu等[24]的研究。排除Zhu等[24]的研究后再重新進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,異質(zhì)性較前下降(I2=29.7%)和OR較前增大[OR=0.513,95%CI(0.358,0.735),P<0.01],見(jiàn)圖4。
2.2.4 發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估 納入所有的研究均為RCT,證據(jù)質(zhì)量較高,現(xiàn)評(píng)估共納入的11篇文獻(xiàn)是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。首先制作漏斗圖(圖5),各個(gè)研究在漏斗圖中分布基本對(duì)稱,但發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個(gè)研究在漏斗圖上出現(xiàn)偏移,表明可能存在發(fā)表偏倚。進(jìn)一步采用Begg法進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估,結(jié)果Beggs檢驗(yàn)(P=0.755>0.05)顯示發(fā)表偏倚較小。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果(住院死亡率)
2.3.1 合并分析 共納入了11個(gè)研究[14-24]進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)存在異質(zhì)性[Heterogeneity chi-squared=14.97(d.f.=10)P=0.133,I2=33.2%]。根據(jù)Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè),I2=33.2%<50%,異質(zhì)性是可接受。使用固定效應(yīng)模型合并數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果顯示使用NIV相對(duì)于常規(guī)氧療,能降低ARF患者的住院死亡率,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.561,95%CI(0.430,0.732),P<0.01]。見(jiàn)圖6。
2.3.2 發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估 納入所有的研究均為RCT,證據(jù)質(zhì)量較高,現(xiàn)評(píng)估共納入的11篇文獻(xiàn)是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。首先制作漏斗圖(圖7),各個(gè)研究在漏斗圖中分布基本對(duì)稱。采用Begg法進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估,結(jié)果Beggs檢驗(yàn)(P=0.087>0.05)顯示發(fā)表偏倚較小。
3 討論
NIV在臨床上的引入,不僅是有創(chuàng)通氣的補(bǔ)充,而且擴(kuò)大了機(jī)械通氣的應(yīng)用范疇,特別是使用呼吸衰竭的早起輔助通氣治療成為可能。使用的NIV接口有鼻罩、面罩等[25],其中,面罩是成人最常用的接口。NIV為患者提供呼吸支持,對(duì)上呼吸道及聲門(mén)沒(méi)有傷害,在改善氣體交換方面與常規(guī)通氣一樣有效,使用NIV代替機(jī)械通氣可降低呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)肺炎風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減少抗生素使用,縮短ICU停留時(shí)間,降低死亡率及改善預(yù)后[2,26-27]。本研究對(duì)NIV在ARF患者的插管率和住院死亡率進(jìn)行了分析,通過(guò)薈萃分析結(jié)果,與常規(guī)氧療相比,無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣降低了插管率和住院死亡率。在對(duì)插管率分析過(guò)程中,由于異質(zhì)性的存在(I2=68.7%),按不同地區(qū)進(jìn)行了亞組分析,各亞組的結(jié)果均提示使用NIV的ARF患者插管率低于常規(guī)氧療的患者,提示不同的地區(qū),可能是異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源之一,需注意的是,納入的文獻(xiàn)只有1篇屬于南美洲和2篇屬于亞洲,雖然亞組分析結(jié)果一致,但并不能很好地反映不同地區(qū)對(duì)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的影響,而且所納入的11項(xiàng)研究中,患者呼吸衰竭的病因、呼吸衰竭的分型、和患者通氣模式不盡相同,這些均可能導(dǎo)致統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,因資料受限,研究沒(méi)有基于呼吸衰竭類型和呼吸衰竭原因進(jìn)行亞組分析。
本Meta分析納入了各種病因引起的ARF,和研究中患者基本特征存在一定的差異。因?yàn)闊o(wú)創(chuàng)通氣在實(shí)際臨床使用特點(diǎn),納入的RCT存在一定的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。部分研究的樣本量相對(duì)較小,需要更多大樣本、高質(zhì)量研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步確定無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣對(duì)于ARF患者的療效。通過(guò)本次對(duì)上述11項(xiàng)RCT的Meta分析結(jié)果,NIV相對(duì)于常規(guī)氧療有助于降低ARF患者插管率及住院死亡率。
綜上所述,該Meta分析納入患者樣本量可,證據(jù)論證可靠,為臨床提供了確切依據(jù),作為ARF患者的治療方案,NIV具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。另外,本研究結(jié)果仍需要更多大樣本、高質(zhì)量研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步確定無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣的療效。
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(收稿日期:2019-01-11) (本文編輯:程旭然)