焦丹丹 唐亞楠 高騰
[摘要]日光中的紫外線是造成皮膚光損傷的主要原因。紫外線的過度照射會引起日曬傷、炎癥、紅斑、光老化與皮膚腫瘤等疾病,這些皮膚病的發(fā)生大多與活性氧的生成增多相關(guān)。尋找能夠拮抗或修復(fù)紫外線光損傷的高效抗氧化劑已經(jīng)成為一大研究熱點。其中,多酚類化合物作為常見的天然植物來源的抗氧化劑能夠清除自由基、提高抗氧化酶活性,可起到預(yù)防和治療皮膚病的作用。因此,本文就多酚類化合物在皮膚光損傷防護方面的研究進展進行綜述,旨在為未來多酚類化合物的臨床應(yīng)用提供更多參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞]紫外線;光損傷;皮膚細胞;多酚類化合物;抗氧化劑
[中圖分類號]R339.3+8? ? [文獻標志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2019)08-0158-05
光損傷的機制尚不完全清楚。目前,氧自由基生成過多被認為是導(dǎo)致皮膚光損傷的主要原因,紫外線照射后可誘導(dǎo)皮膚細胞產(chǎn)生活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS),大量的活性氧累積會損傷細胞的脂質(zhì)、蛋白、DNA等[4-5],從而導(dǎo)致皮膚光損傷的發(fā)生。正常情況下,皮膚具有抵御紫外線輻射的防護能力,如:表皮增厚、色素沉著、細胞凋亡及DNA修復(fù)等[6],此外細胞內(nèi)還存在一系列抗氧化系統(tǒng)[7-8]包括非酶類和酶類,它們可以清除細胞內(nèi)的ROS,防止細胞氧化損傷。當紫外線誘發(fā)的ROS生成過多時,細胞內(nèi)氧化與抗氧化平衡就會被打破,從而產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激壓力導(dǎo)致細胞損傷[9]。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用抗氧化劑可以清除部分ROS,從而減少皮膚光老化和皮膚腫瘤的發(fā)生,因此具有抗炎、抗老化、抗癌作用的抗氧化劑逐漸成為研究焦點,受到研究者們的廣泛重視。多酚類化合物是一大類廣泛分布在食物中的植物性天然抗氧化劑[6],本文就幾種常見的多酚類化合物在皮膚光損傷防護方面的研究進展綜述如下。
1? 白藜蘆醇
白藜蘆醇(3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene,RES)主要來源于葡萄、蔓越莓及花生等植物[7,10]。在p53+/-/SKH-1小鼠體內(nèi)白藜蘆醇通過下調(diào)蛋白激酶B(Akt)介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β2(TGF-β2)的表達來抑制短波紫外線UVC誘發(fā)的鱗狀細胞癌的發(fā)生[7]。抗氧化方面,白藜蘆醇能降低Keap-1蛋白的表達并促進細胞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Nrf2向細胞核的積累與移位,提高抗氧化酶活性從而保護人永生化角質(zhì)形成細胞HaCaT免受長波紫外線UVA的氧化應(yīng)激壓力[11]。JU?KAIT? V等研究顯示在紫外線照射前使用白藜蘆醇處理HaCaT細胞能夠提高細胞活力,減少細胞凋亡[12]。人體皮膚對白藜蘆醇有特異性的結(jié)合位點,這個位點在阻斷角質(zhì)形成細胞凋亡和線粒體功能障礙以及延緩甚至阻止皮膚老化過程方面起到重要作用[13]。白藜蘆醇能夠調(diào)節(jié)角質(zhì)形成細胞中IL-6,IL-8和TNF-a等細胞因子,并刺激熱休克蛋白Hsp70的表達,這對細胞修復(fù)具有重要意義[14-15]。此外,白藜蘆醇被認為是暴露于煙霧中角質(zhì)形成細胞的清道夫受體B1(SR-B1)抑制劑,表明白藜蘆醇對細胞外源性應(yīng)激物具有保護作用[16]。最近一項為期12周的人體研究報道一種含有白藜蘆醇、黃苓苷、維生素E的主題制劑可用于治療光損傷的皮膚,這種制劑能夠調(diào)節(jié)H0-1、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGFA)和膠原蛋白3(COL3A1),從而減輕皺紋,改善皮膚松弛和色素沉著狀態(tài)使皮膚變得緊致有彈性[17]。
2? 姜黃素
姜黃素是從姜科植物的根莖中提取的一種多酚類成分,具有降血脂、抗腫瘤、抗炎、抗氧化及促進傷口愈合等作用[18-20]。動物實驗證明,姜黃素預(yù)處理老鼠皮膚能提高谷胱甘肽過氧化氫酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性而脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)明顯下降,說明姜黃素提高了小鼠暴露于不同劑量分級的γ輻射下的抗氧化能力[21]。此外,姜黃素一方面通過抑制磷酸化激酶來阻斷轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB信號通路從而發(fā)揮抗炎作用,并促進傷口愈合,減少瘢痕形成;另一方面,當皮膚受到紫外線長期照射時,姜黃素可以誘導(dǎo)癌前細胞的凋亡,使健康的未受損的細胞逐漸代替壞死損傷的細胞,從而修復(fù)光老化的皮膚[22]。已知姜黃素在皮膚細胞中能通過抑制核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB,轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β和促分裂原活化蛋白激酶MAPK途徑發(fā)揮抗氧化和抗炎作用[23-24]。Lima等[25]的研究表明,姜黃素通過磷脂酰肌蛋白激酶/Akt途徑和氧化還原信號反應(yīng)來應(yīng)對細胞氧化應(yīng)激,這對皮膚抗衰老是有益的。最近,一項臨床研究顯示局部使用和攝入姜黃素能夠治療某些皮膚病,如痤瘡、脫發(fā)、特應(yīng)性皮炎、面部光老化、口腔扁平苔蘚、放射性皮炎和白癜風(fēng)等[26]。
3? 茶多酚
茶多酚是茶葉中多酚類物質(zhì)的總稱[27],包括黃烷醇類、黃烷雙醇、黃酮類和酚酸,主要為黃烷醇類(兒茶素類占60%~80%)[28]。兒茶素類化合物主要包括表兒茶素(EC)、表沒食子兒茶素(EGC)、表兒茶素沒食子酸酯(ECG)和表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(EGCG)四種物質(zhì)[29],其中EGCG占主要部分。Schwarz等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)綠茶多酚在正常人表皮角質(zhì)細胞中通過白細胞介素(IL)-12途徑阻斷了短波紫外線UVB輻射后的細胞凋亡和DNA損傷。EGCG聯(lián)合透明質(zhì)酸在一定程度上可以抑制人角質(zhì)形成細胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)過氧化物MDA和ROS水平并且能夠減少HaCaT細胞內(nèi)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶MMP-2與MMP-9的表達[27,31],拮抗紫外線輻射造成的皮膚損傷。使用沒食子酸預(yù)處理HaCaT細胞能明顯增強細胞活力并能抑制細胞內(nèi)ROS和MDA的形成,而且沒食子酸通過上調(diào)Nrf2的表達從而顯著提高血紅素加氧酶HO-1和超氧化物歧化酶SOD的活性[3,32]。另一方面,沒食子酸能有效減弱和消除由紫外線誘導(dǎo)的角質(zhì)形成細胞線粒體和(或)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)壓力以及單鏈DNA斷裂,從而減少細胞凋亡并有助于治療各種皮膚疾病[33]。動物實驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn),綠茶、紅茶的水提取物可以增加表皮厚度、膠原蛋白和彈性蛋白的含量[34]。EGCG能夠抑制人表皮樣癌A431和皮膚鱗狀細胞癌SCC13細胞中β-連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)信號通路,減少炎癥介質(zhì)、細胞周期調(diào)節(jié)蛋白與腫瘤細胞數(shù)量[35]。茶多酚可能通過抑制細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK1/2)與氨基末端激酶(JNK)的磷酸化作用及p38的表達來阻止MAPK的活化,從而發(fā)揮清除氧自由基的能力[31,36]。局部應(yīng)用或口服綠茶多酚有助于改善UVR誘導(dǎo)的皮膚病,抵抗紫外線傷害并維持皮膚的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能[37-38]。近年來,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)含有茶多酚的乳液(包含丙二醇辛酸酯與聚氧乙烯氫化蓖麻油)能增加皮膚滲透率與暴露于UVB的人表皮角質(zhì)細胞的細胞活力[39]。局部給予乳化綠茶多酚可抑制UVR誘導(dǎo)的炎癥細胞浸潤,并且促進Nrf2在小鼠皮膚中的積累[40]。
4? 水飛薊素
水飛薊素是從植物水飛薊種子的種皮中提取出來的黃酮類化合物,主要成分有水飛薊賓、異水飛薊賓、水飛薊寧和水飛薊亭[18,41]等,具有抗炎、抗腫瘤及促進傷口愈合的作用[42]。Roy等[43]對小鼠表皮JB6細胞應(yīng)用水飛薊素,它能通過上調(diào)p53基因延遲細胞周期,從而允許有足夠的時間來修復(fù)UVB導(dǎo)致的DNA損傷并且加速清除SKH-1老鼠表皮中的環(huán)丁烷嘧啶二聚體(Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer,CPD)。 同樣,在皮膚腫瘤的生長加速期間,水飛薊素可以抑制UVB誘發(fā)的炎癥反應(yīng)[44-45],加速損傷后DNA的清除。
5? 芹黃素
芹黃素是一種廣泛存在于草本植物中的生物黃酮素[46-47]。芹黃素能抑制由UVA誘發(fā)的人真皮成纖維細胞的生長抑制、細胞衰老和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶MMP-1的表達,從而防止膠原降解。局部應(yīng)用芹黃素能減少細皺紋的長度,尤其是眼角魚尾紋,而且能增加真皮密度和皮膚彈性,改善皮膚紋理,提高皮膚的屏障保護功能[8]。芹黃素不僅可以減少細胞周期G1向S期的轉(zhuǎn)變,而且會減少周期蛋白依賴性激酶CDK2的表達[47]。Sreemanti等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn)芹黃素能通過加快上調(diào)核苷酸切除修復(fù)基因來提高DNA修復(fù)能力,減少環(huán)丁烷嘧啶二聚體CPDs的產(chǎn)生。另外,對暴露于UVB輻射的小鼠局部施用芹黃素可以明顯減輕染色體畸變和細胞微核的程度,也能加速核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB和p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)的表達,減少ROS的產(chǎn)生。
6? 大豆異黃酮
大豆異黃酮是一種存在于豆類植物中的異黃酮類物質(zhì)[49],具有抗氧化、抗腫瘤、抗血管生成和促進凋亡等[50-51]作用。這些分子包括大豆苷元,染料木黃酮和黃豆黃素,并以四種化學(xué)形式存在:糖苷配基、葡糖苷、乙酰葡糖苷及丙二?;咸擒誟52]。UVB照射BJ-5ta細胞(人皮膚成纖維細胞經(jīng)過人端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶hTERT永生化處理后)后,經(jīng)染料木黃酮處理不僅可以減少環(huán)氧合酶-2(COX-2)的表達,也能誘導(dǎo)Gadd45基因的表達,從而激活DNA修復(fù)系統(tǒng)[53]。暴露于UVB的無毛白化小鼠,給予富含大豆異黃酮的豆醬作為膳食補充,結(jié)果顯示大豆異黃酮可明顯減輕皮膚炎癥[9]。同樣地,暴露于UVB輻射的無毛HRS/J小鼠,有效劑量(10mg/kg)的染料木黃酮能夠減少MDA和硝基酪氨酸的產(chǎn)生,同時上調(diào)細胞增殖因子(PCNA和Ki67)從而促進細胞增殖與DNA修復(fù)[54]。經(jīng)皮膚廣泛吸收的染料木黃酮直接干預(yù)了UVB輻射誘導(dǎo)的氧化過程,降低了過氧化氫的水平[55]。
7? 槲皮素
槲皮素廣泛存在于洋蔥、番茄、夜來香、蔓越莓及向日葵等[56]植物中,具有抗炎、抗氧化的作用,且可以作為一種免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑[57]。動物實驗證明,槲皮素能有效減輕UVB導(dǎo)致的膠原纖維排列不規(guī)則,真皮膠原纖維密度降低與表皮厚度變薄等,且槲皮素能夠減輕真皮結(jié)締組織中炎性細胞浸潤[58],從而阻止紫外線輻射所誘發(fā)的皮膚損傷。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),槲皮素能夠清除角質(zhì)細胞內(nèi)過多的ROS與MDA,并增強細胞活性,減少皮膚炎癥和膠原纖維損害[59]。Minjeong Jung等[60]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)槲皮素能夠抑制BK5.IGF-1轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠(皮膚表皮的基底細胞IGF-1過表達)皮膚腫瘤的發(fā)展并且直接阻止小鼠乳頭狀瘤細胞的胰島素樣生長因子(IGF-1)受體的磷酸化。有文獻報道,槲皮素可以與金屬鐵發(fā)生螯合作用使自由基生成減少或者使自由基清除增多[58,61],從而拮抗UV導(dǎo)致的谷胱甘肽GSH的消耗[62]。
8? 花青素
花青素是一類廣泛存在于深色植物中的水溶性天然色素。研究顯示,用過濾的藍莓汁加入到正常人表皮細胞培養(yǎng)基中能夠有效減少UVB輻射誘發(fā)的嘧啶二聚體CPDs的形成和鳥嘌呤的氧化,并且潛在促進損傷細胞凋亡而抑制癌刺激的啟動[63]。含有豐富花青素的玫瑰茄花被報道有抗氧化作用、降血壓、降膽固醇、保護肝臟的功效。將永生化成纖維細胞[64]與HaCaT細胞[33]分別經(jīng)巴西莓提取物與越桔提取物預(yù)處理后再經(jīng)UV輻射能夠干擾ROS的產(chǎn)生,減少MDA的產(chǎn)生并保持GSH正常水平,從而消除UVA所誘發(fā)的氧化應(yīng)激。
綜上所述,多酚類化合物在皮膚光損傷防護方面有著良好的生物學(xué)作用,由于其應(yīng)用價值高,也越來越被人們重視。隨著對其的深入研究,多酚類化合物將對皮膚疾病的預(yù)防、治療以及促進人類健康發(fā)揮重要作用。
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[收稿日期]2019-01-23
本文引用格式:焦丹丹,唐亞楠,高騰,等.多酚類化合物在皮膚光損傷防護方面的研究進展[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2019,28(8):158-162.