劉程俊 謝直躍 段鑫 楊立明 顧祖超
[摘要] 目的 探討不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)靜脈滴注氨甲環(huán)酸對(duì)老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折行InterTan內(nèi)固定術(shù)后失血及術(shù)后深靜脈血栓栓塞(DVT)的影響。 方法 選擇105例老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者隨機(jī)分為5組,每組21例,A組于手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;B 組于手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min、術(shù)后7 h給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;C組于手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;D 組于手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;E組為對(duì)照組,不給予氨甲環(huán)酸。檢測(cè)術(shù)后第1、3天血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積,術(shù)后第1天活化部分凝血酶時(shí)間等血液學(xué)指標(biāo),通過(guò)Gross方程計(jì)算圍術(shù)期總失血量,比較5 組患者術(shù)中、術(shù)后失血量差異,以及患者輸血率、血栓性并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 D 組圍手術(shù)期總失血量,術(shù)后第1、3天血紅蛋白及紅細(xì)胞壓積分別為(831.9±246.7)mL、(95.8±3.8)g/L、(86.6±6.7)g/L、(32.1±5.2)%、(29.3±4.1)%,均少于A組、B組、C組及E組(P<0.05)。E 組5項(xiàng)數(shù)值與其他各組比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。A、B、C、D組患者的輸血率(28.5%、19.0%、14.2%、9.5%)顯著低于E組患者(42.8%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。5組患者術(shù)后24 h凝血指標(biāo)比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。5組患者術(shù)后均無(wú)腘靜脈及其近端深靜脈血栓及肺栓塞發(fā)生。 結(jié)論 手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注在圍手術(shù)期能夠最大限度地減少術(shù)中及術(shù)后出血量。氨甲環(huán)酸在減少患者術(shù)后出血和輸血率的同時(shí),并不會(huì)增加DVT的發(fā)生。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 氨甲環(huán)酸;股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折;失血;髖部聯(lián)合加壓交鎖髓內(nèi)釘
[中圖分類號(hào)] R687.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)23-0074-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of intravenous infusion of tranexamic acid at different time points on postoperative blood loss and postoperative deep vein thromboembolism(DVT) after InterTan internal fixation in the elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures. Methods 105 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups, with 21 patients in each group. Group A was given intravenous infusion of 1 g of tranexamic acid 15 min before the end of surgery; group B was given intravenous infusion of 1 g of tranexamic acid 15 min before the end of surgery and 7 h after surgery; group C was given intravenous infusion of 1 g of tranexamic acid before surgical incision; group D was given intravenous infusion of 1 g of tranexamic acid before surgical incision, and was also given intravenous infusion of 1 g of tranexamic acid after 7 h; group E was the control group and no tranexamic acid was given. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin and hematocrit on the 1st and 3rd day after surgery, and partial thrombin activation time on the first day after surgery were detected. The total perioperative blood loss was calculated by the Gross equation. The differences in intraoperative and postoperative blood loss as well as the transfusion rate and thrombotic complications were compared between the five groups. Results The total blood loss during perioperative period, and the hemoglobin and hematocrit 1 day and 3 days after surgery in group D were(831.9±246.7) mL, (95.8±3.8) g/L, (86.6±6.7) g/L, (32.1±5.2)%, and (29.3±4.1)%, which were all less than those in group A, group B, group C and group E(P<0.05). The five values in group E were statistically significant compared with the other groups(P<0.05). The transfusion rate (28.5%, 19.0%, 14.2%, 9.5%) of patients in group A, B, C, and D was significantly lower than that in group E(42.8%), and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in coagulation indicators 24 h after surgery between the five groups(P>0.05). There was no thrombosis of iliac veins and proximal deep vein and pulmonary embolism in the five groups after surgery. Conclusion Intravenous infusion of 1 g of tranexamic acid before surgical incision, and 1 g of tranexamic acid after 7 h can minimize the amount of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding during perioperative period. Tranexamic acid does not increase the incidence of DVT while reducing postoperative bleeding and blood transfusion rate.
[Key words] Tranexamic acid; Intertrochanteric fractures; Blood loss; Hip combined with compression interlocking nails
隨著我國(guó)人口老齡化的逐步加重,老年髖部骨折患者逐年增多[1],且大部分患者均需以手術(shù)治療為主要的治療手段。股骨近端防旋髓內(nèi)釘(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)和髖部聯(lián)合加壓交鎖髓內(nèi)釘系統(tǒng)(InterTan)已成為主要的手術(shù)方式。實(shí)踐證明,InterTan是較之PFNA治療效果更好的髓內(nèi)固定方式[2]。然而同時(shí),也有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管InterTan治療不穩(wěn)定型股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折具有更好的生物力學(xué)優(yōu)勢(shì),但圍手術(shù)期出血仍較多,老年患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)仍無(wú)預(yù)期順利,術(shù)后復(fù)查血常規(guī)也常出現(xiàn)不同程度的貧血,這樣一來(lái)不僅延長(zhǎng)住院天數(shù),而且增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。因此,怎樣減少老年轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者行InterTan髓內(nèi)固定手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期隱性失血是目前亟待解決的問(wèn)題。Brian H等[4]研究證實(shí),使用氨甲環(huán)酸可以減少關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中及術(shù)后的失血。但Zufferey PJ等[5]開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)多中心臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用氨甲環(huán)酸增加了術(shù)后VTE等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,不建議應(yīng)用于相關(guān)髖部骨折的手術(shù)治療中。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)氨甲環(huán)酸在髓內(nèi)固定治療股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折中的應(yīng)用、給藥時(shí)間及方式鮮有報(bào)道。本研究主要探討不同氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注給藥時(shí)間對(duì)InterTan髓內(nèi)固定治療老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折圍手術(shù)期失血的影響以及安全性的評(píng)估。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性研究我院2014年6月~2018年6月共105例行股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折InterTan內(nèi)固定術(shù)患者的臨床資料,其中男49例,女56例,年齡65~82歲,平均(75.8±5.2)歲。根據(jù)患者入院日期隨機(jī)數(shù)方式分為5組,每組21例。A組于手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;B 組于手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min、術(shù)后7 h給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;C組于手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;D 組于手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;E組為對(duì)照組,不給予氨甲環(huán)酸。所有參與者均本著自愿、尊重、知情的原則,符合醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)原則及國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)法律規(guī)定。各組間在年齡、BMI和手術(shù)時(shí)間的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①診斷符合股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折;②老年患者,年齡≥65歲;③術(shù)前凝血功能正常,血紅蛋白(Hb)≥80 g/L;④既往無(wú)血液系統(tǒng)病史;⑤術(shù)前血糖及血壓控制穩(wěn)定;⑥圍手術(shù)期無(wú)明顯肝腎功能異常。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前Hb<80 g/L;②合并高血壓者經(jīng)內(nèi)科規(guī)范治療后血壓仍高于180/90 mmHg,或合并糖尿病者經(jīng)內(nèi)科規(guī)范治療后血糖仍高于11.1 mmol/L;③術(shù)前彩超發(fā)現(xiàn)下肢深靜脈血栓形成;④合并其他部位骨折。
1.2內(nèi)固定材料
所有患者均采用Smith&Nephew公司生產(chǎn)的InterTan內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手術(shù)器械及鈦合金主釘、螺釘,其生物相容性好,符合ISO 21534標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。
1.3手術(shù)方法
所有患者均采用全身麻醉,術(shù)前30 min靜脈滴注抗生素,手術(shù)由同一主刀醫(yī)師完成,固定的手術(shù)助手團(tuán)隊(duì)配合,均選用Smith&Nephew公司InterTan髓內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)?;颊咂脚P于骨科牽引床上,健側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)屈曲90°外展,患肢先外旋縱向牽引再內(nèi)旋,透視下復(fù)位骨折斷端滿意后予以常規(guī)消毒鋪巾。于股骨大轉(zhuǎn)子頂點(diǎn)上方沿股骨縱軸做手術(shù)切口約6 cm,于大轉(zhuǎn)子頂點(diǎn)稍前方向髓腔打入導(dǎo)針,套筒保護(hù)下擴(kuò)髓鉆行股骨近端擴(kuò)髓。沿導(dǎo)針插入InterTan主釘,透視下調(diào)整主釘深度,瞄準(zhǔn)器輔助下打入導(dǎo)針,透視調(diào)整導(dǎo)針位置,并首先測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)子下拉力螺釘長(zhǎng)度,以拉力螺釘鉆于股骨外側(cè)皮質(zhì)鉆孔后置入拉力螺釘,接著置入加壓螺釘完成聯(lián)合加壓交鎖,擰緊空心穩(wěn)定螺釘。遠(yuǎn)端鎖定后,近端擰入主釘尾帽。A組于手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;B 組于手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min、術(shù)后7 h給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;C組于手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;D 組于手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;E組為對(duì)照組,不給予氨甲環(huán)酸。
1.4 術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)予以靜脈滴注抗生素預(yù)防感染,術(shù)后常規(guī)使用帕瑞昔布鎮(zhèn)痛,麻醉蘇醒后即開(kāi)始指導(dǎo)患者行股四頭肌等長(zhǎng)收縮功能鍛煉,同時(shí)配合使用下肢靜脈泵,預(yù)防深靜脈血栓形成。術(shù)后根據(jù)《中國(guó)骨科大手術(shù)靜脈血栓栓塞癥預(yù)防指南》的要求,選用依諾肝素規(guī)范化抗凝治療。術(shù)后第2天患者能控制肢體活動(dòng)后即鼓勵(lì)患者于病床邊坐立并在保護(hù)下短時(shí)間扶拐下地活動(dòng)。
1.5觀察指標(biāo)
記錄患者性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量(Body Mass Index,BMI),術(shù)前及術(shù)后第1、3天血紅蛋白(Hemoglobin,Hb)和紅細(xì)胞壓積(Hematocrit,HCT),術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h活化部分凝血酶時(shí)間(Activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、D-二聚體。通過(guò)Gross和Nadler方程[6]來(lái)計(jì)算圍手術(shù)期總失血量,統(tǒng)計(jì)各組患者輸血率(輸血標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Hb<80 g/L)。術(shù)后7 d行雙下肢血管彩超檢查以明確是否發(fā)生DVT。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)患者手術(shù)前后參數(shù)變化的程度進(jìn)行分析,所得計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,采用方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,使用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1各組患者術(shù)前血液學(xué)指標(biāo)
5組患者術(shù)前Hb、HCT、APTT及D-二聚體濃度比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 各組圍手術(shù)期失血量、術(shù)后24 h及72 h的Hb及HCT比較
5組患者圍手術(shù)期失血量比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。E組失血量最多(1173.3±267.6)mL,D組失血量最少(831.9±246.7)mL,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
D組患者術(shù)后24 h和72 h的Hb和HCT值均高于A、B、C、E組。而與此同時(shí)E組術(shù)后24 h及72 h的Hb及HCT值均小于A、B、C、D組(P<0.05)。
2.3各組術(shù)后APTT、D-二聚體及術(shù)后輸血率比較
5組患者術(shù)后24 h的APTT及D-二聚體比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);A、B、C、D組術(shù)后輸血例數(shù)均顯著少于E組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
2.4下肢血管彩超檢查
5組患者均于術(shù)后7 d時(shí)行雙下肢靜脈血管彩超檢查,觀察是否發(fā)生DVT。結(jié)果顯示5組均未出現(xiàn)下肢深靜脈血栓及發(fā)生肺栓塞。
3 討論
眾所周知,由于老年患者通常合并有心腦血管、呼吸系統(tǒng)或內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)相關(guān)疾病,因而手術(shù)耐受性較青壯年更差,圍手術(shù)期失血容易引起較重的失血性貧血,造成手術(shù)切口及骨折的延遲愈合、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥增多、延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間。InterTan作為一種股骨近端髓內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng),手術(shù)切口小、操作較簡(jiǎn)單、術(shù)后生物力學(xué)性好、更適合此類骨折的老年患者[2]。但是,圍手術(shù)期失血問(wèn)題尤其是術(shù)后隱性失血已引起手術(shù)醫(yī)生的重視,據(jù)報(bào)道[7],股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折隱性失血可達(dá)到圍手術(shù)期總失血量的83.3%。Bao N等[8]研究表明股骨擴(kuò)髓等術(shù)中操作時(shí)引起的髓腔內(nèi)出血是影響老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者圍手術(shù)期失血的原因之一。同時(shí),手術(shù)操作中的骨折復(fù)位、軟組織分離等也可以加重圍手術(shù)期失血。因此,如何減少圍手術(shù)期失血是促進(jìn)老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者術(shù)后快速康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵。
氨甲環(huán)酸是賴氨酸的衍生物,又被稱為氨甲基環(huán)己酸、抗血纖溶環(huán)酸,化學(xué)名稱為反式對(duì)氨甲基環(huán)己酸,它已經(jīng)作為抗纖溶藥物廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床止血治療。患者發(fā)生骨折以及骨折內(nèi)固定手術(shù)所引起的創(chuàng)傷均會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),可導(dǎo)致纖維蛋白分解、血液內(nèi)的纖溶亢進(jìn)、從而激活局部纖維蛋白系統(tǒng)造成纖溶的出現(xiàn)。氨甲環(huán)酸能夠和纖溶酶原上的賴氨酸結(jié)合部位強(qiáng)烈吸附,阻抑了纖溶酶、纖溶酶原與纖維蛋白的結(jié)合,從而強(qiáng)烈地抑制纖維蛋白溶解和血栓降解,達(dá)到止血以及減少出血的目的[9]。雖然目前有大量的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道氨甲環(huán)酸在人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)及人工膝關(guān)節(jié)表面置換術(shù)中的應(yīng)用能夠明顯減少出血[10-13]并且不增加DVT及PE的發(fā)生率[14,15],但是,由于同髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換患者相比,股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者平均年齡大,同時(shí)可能合并多個(gè)系統(tǒng)的疾病且傷后臥床時(shí)間相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),是DVT高發(fā)人群,故針對(duì)該部分患者圍手術(shù)期使用氨甲環(huán)酸的安全性需要進(jìn)一步研究。
雖然目前在骨科手術(shù)中氨甲環(huán)酸的使用越來(lái)越多,但是針對(duì)氨甲環(huán)酸使用的方式、劑量、時(shí)間等問(wèn)題仍存在分歧。Good L等[16]認(rèn)為靜脈輸注氨甲環(huán)酸可以迅速分布于滑膜組織中并且主要集中在切口周圍組織,這恰好是局部使用氨甲環(huán)酸所無(wú)法有效達(dá)到的效果。Sarzaeem MM等[17]研究也認(rèn)為靜脈使用氨甲環(huán)酸可以有效地減少血紅蛋白的下降和輸血單位,并且可以更好地減少術(shù)后引流量。國(guó)外學(xué)者[18]早在2001年就發(fā)現(xiàn)氨甲環(huán)酸抑制纖溶反應(yīng)的最低濃度為10 mg/L。Jaykar RP等[19]研究證實(shí),靜脈滴注1 g氨甲環(huán)酸可以安全有效地減少全髖、全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的失血量和輸血率。相關(guān)藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)1g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈注射后可以維持約7 h的血藥濃度。Imai N等[21]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)切口關(guān)閉前靜脈滴注氨甲環(huán)酸會(huì)減少失血量及異體輸血量。而Gill JB等[22]研究顯示術(shù)前使用氨甲環(huán)酸能夠減少術(shù)中、術(shù)后及圍手術(shù)期總失血量。
因此,結(jié)合上述相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的報(bào)道,本研究主要設(shè)計(jì)4種不同的給藥方式:手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min、術(shù)后7 h給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注;手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注。而通過(guò)本研究表明,手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注,可以最大限度地減少圍手術(shù)期失血量、減少術(shù)后24 h、72 h血紅蛋白及紅細(xì)胞壓積的下降,減少患者術(shù)后的輸血率,同時(shí)對(duì)APTT、D-二聚體并無(wú)明顯影響,術(shù)后7 d下肢血管彩超并未發(fā)現(xiàn)DVT形成,這也是與國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究結(jié)果相吻合的[23-25]。通過(guò)以上研究結(jié)果,認(rèn)為對(duì)老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折選擇InterTan髓內(nèi)固定治療時(shí),采用手術(shù)切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注的治療方式,不僅起到了抑制纖溶和啟動(dòng)止血效果的作用,同時(shí)又沒(méi)有擾亂體內(nèi)自身凝血系統(tǒng)相關(guān)凝血因子的正常功能,并且并沒(méi)有增加術(shù)后DVT和PE發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因而是一種有效、安全的治療方式。
本研究的不足之處在于:①樣本量偏少;②對(duì)術(shù)后DVT的判斷僅僅是通過(guò)臨床癥狀觀察和彩色超聲檢查,而不是采用下肢靜脈造影這個(gè)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn);③患者出院后隨訪時(shí)間較短,遠(yuǎn)期是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)血栓形成尚缺乏相關(guān)隨訪資料,有待于進(jìn)一步觀察;④檢測(cè)相關(guān)凝血指標(biāo)時(shí)未完整采集所有凝血7項(xiàng)指標(biāo);⑤本研究術(shù)后未對(duì)患者髖關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分進(jìn)行分析,尚欠缺患者術(shù)后早期髖關(guān)節(jié)功能活動(dòng)評(píng)分對(duì)照資料。
綜上所述,切皮前給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸,7 h后再給予1 g氨甲環(huán)酸靜脈滴注可以安全有效地減少老年股骨轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折患者行InterTan髓內(nèi)固定手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期總失血量、降低異體輸血率,同時(shí)并不影響凝血功能、也沒(méi)有增加DVT及PE等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),值得臨床推廣使用。下一步有條件的情況下,應(yīng)建議開(kāi)展多中心大樣本量隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),為臨床提供更多的幫助。
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(收稿日期:2019-04-16)