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      如何寫(xiě)倡議書(shū):城市空氣污染問(wèn)題

      2019-11-23 03:25:28四川雙流中學(xué)蔣建平特級(jí)教師
      瘋狂英語(yǔ)·新讀寫(xiě) 2019年11期
      關(guān)鍵詞:倡議書(shū)倡議句型

      四川雙流中學(xué) 蔣建平(特級(jí)教師)

      【素養(yǎng)解讀】

      因世界上的不同國(guó)家有自己的山川河流,獨(dú)特的景色、地貌和經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境,從而產(chǎn)生了不同的文化歷史和國(guó)情。 各國(guó)在改善生活、發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)方面做著不懈的努力,然而在發(fā)展的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了人口增長(zhǎng)、資源過(guò)度利用、居住環(huán)境遭到污染等問(wèn)題。

      【話題詞匯導(dǎo)練】

      Ⅰ. 寫(xiě)作詞匯整合(明其義)

      環(huán)境保護(hù)

      1. protection 保護(hù)

      2. preserve 保存;保留

      3. environment-friendly 有利環(huán)境的

      4. raise people's environmental awareness 提高人們的環(huán)保意識(shí)

      5. harmony 和諧;融洽

      6. sort 分類(lèi)

      7. garbage classification 垃圾分類(lèi)

      8. solar energy 太陽(yáng)能

      9. sustainable development 可持續(xù)發(fā)展

      10. rush hour 交通高峰期

      11. be stuck / caught in 陷入

      12. recycle the rubbish 回收垃圾

      13. call for / demand / put an end to 使……結(jié)束;停止……

      14. live in harmony with nature 與自然和諧相處

      15. keep the balance of nature 保持自然界的平衡

      16. wildlife reserve 野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)區(qū)

      17. lead / live a low-carbon lifestyle 采用低碳的生活方式

      18. promote the message 傳播理念

      19. volunteer 做志愿者

      20.take action/steps/measures 采取行動(dòng)/措施

      21. prevent / stop / keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事

      22. be responsible for 對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)

      23. in return 作為回報(bào)

      24. attach importance to 重視

      25. advocate doing sth 主張做某事

      地球環(huán)境

      1. water resource 水資源

      2. natural resources 自然資源

      3. farmland 農(nóng)田

      4. soil 土壤

      5. atmosphere 大氣

      6. ecosystem 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

      7. desert 沙漠

      8. forest 森林

      9. mountain range 山脈

      10. ecological balance 生態(tài)平衡

      11. ocean circulation 海洋環(huán)流

      12. biodiversity / the variety of life forms 生物多樣性

      13. food chain 食物鏈

      環(huán)境污染與破壞

      1. air pollution 大氣污染

      2. poison 毒;毒藥

      3. noise 噪音

      4. acid rain 酸雨

      5. global warming 全球變暖

      6. due to / owing to 由于;因?yàn)?/p>

      7. destroy 破壞

      8. do harm to 對(duì)……有害

      9. bring about 導(dǎo)致;引起

      10. greenhouse effect 溫室效應(yīng)

      11. have an influence on 對(duì)……產(chǎn)生影響

      12. bring...to extinction 使……滅絕

      13. desertification 沙漠化

      14. deforestation 濫伐森林

      15. soil loss 土壤流失

      16. climate change 氣候變化

      17. energy crisis 能源危機(jī)

      18. be threatened by 受到……的威脅

      19. population explosion 人口爆炸

      20. lack / be short of 缺乏

      21. overdevelop 過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā)

      22. water shortage 水缺乏

      23. hunt 捕獵

      24. rob sb of sth 奪走某人某物

      25.put sth at the risk of 使某物面臨……的危險(xiǎn)

      26. die out 滅絕

      27. under threat 處于威脅中

      28. on the brink of extinction 瀕臨滅絕

      29. be in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)中

      30. be faced with 面臨

      31. decline / decrease rapidly 快速減少

      32. endangered animals 瀕危動(dòng)物

      33. cut down trees 砍伐樹(shù)木

      34. poacher 偷獵者

      35. pour waste water into the rivers 把廢水注入河流

      36. send out smoke and poisonous gases into the air 向空氣中散發(fā)煙和有毒氣體

      37. haze 霧霾

      垃圾與廢物

      1. rubbish / litter 垃圾

      2. waste 廢物;廢棄物

      3. trash 廢物

      4. garbage 垃圾;廢物

      5. pollutant 污染物

      6. ashes 灰燼;廢墟

      7. dust 塵土;灰塵

      8. dirt 污物;爛泥

      9. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

      10. greenhouse gases 溫室氣體

      11. smog 煙霧

      12. emission 排放;散發(fā)物

      13. landfill 垃圾填埋地

      節(jié)約與循環(huán)利用

      1. save water 節(jié)約用水

      2. recycle / reuse 再利用;循環(huán)使用

      3. conservation 保護(hù);保持

      4. economize 節(jié)??;節(jié)儉

      5. renewable 可再生的

      6. alternative 可供替代的

      7. circulate (液體或氣體)環(huán)流;循環(huán)

      8. make full use of / make the best of / take advantage of 充分利用

      Ⅱ. 主題精彩表達(dá)(悉其用)

      1. 我們應(yīng)該參加旨在使人們意識(shí)到有必要保護(hù)我們的生存環(huán)境的活動(dòng)。 (現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ))

      We should take part in the activities aiming to make people aware of the need to protect our living environment.

      2. 我們是時(shí)候結(jié)束免費(fèi)塑料袋了。任何破壞法規(guī)的人都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。 (含It's high time that句型)

      It's high time that we called for/demanded/put an end to free plastic bags. Whoever breaks the rules should be punished.

      3. 如果我們對(duì)自己面臨的污染問(wèn)題視而不見(jiàn),那么很有可能我們的健康和地球都將處于極大的危險(xiǎn)之中。 (含It's highly likely that句型)

      If we turn a blind eye to the pollution problems that we are facing, it's highly likely that our health and the Earth will both be in great danger.

      4. 眾所周知,全球變暖、環(huán)境污染和持續(xù)激增的人口導(dǎo)致了日益嚴(yán)重的糧食短缺。 (用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)

      We all know that it is global warming,environmental pollution and the ever-increasing population that bring about the increasingly severe global food shortage.

      5. 在我看來(lái),為了我們的未來(lái),我們只能保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境。 (用as far as...be concerned)

      As far as I'm concerned, for our future we can do nothing but protect our environment.

      6. 讓我們一起努力,盡我們所能讓地球變成更美好的家園。 (用what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句)

      Let's work together and do what we can to make the Earth a better place to live in.

      7. 野生動(dòng)物處于瀕危狀態(tài),他們似乎一點(diǎn)也不擔(dān)心。 (用It seems that句型)

      It seems that they are not worried at all about the fact that wild animals are endangered.

      8. 如果我們現(xiàn)在不采取措施來(lái)保護(hù)地球,將來(lái)我們會(huì)無(wú)處生存。(unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句)

      We’ll have nowhere to live in the future unless we take action to protect the Earth now.

      9. 如果你考慮我的建議我將感激不盡,我的確希望你們的報(bào)紙會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)工作有所影響。 (用I'd appreciate it if...句型)

      I'd appreciate it if you could take my tips into account and I do hope your paper will make a difference to environmental protection.

      10. 現(xiàn)在,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,許多城市面臨著嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題, 這對(duì)人們的健康十分有害。 (含非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)

      Nowadays, with the development of economy, many cities are faced with serious environmental problems, which do great harm to people's health.

      11. 只有保護(hù)好環(huán)境, 才能真正擁有更好的生活條件。 (用on condition that引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句)

      Better living conditions can really be reached on condition that the environment is well protected.

      12. 我們每天都能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己處于一個(gè)令人興奮的世界里,陽(yáng)光燦爛、樹(shù)木青翠、百花齊放。 (含with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))

      We can find us in an exciting world every day, with the sun shining brightly, green trees growing and flowers coming out with all kinds of colors.

      13. 我們應(yīng)該讓公眾意識(shí)到每個(gè)人應(yīng)該而且能夠做些事情來(lái)解決環(huán)境問(wèn)題。 (含賓語(yǔ)從句)

      We should make the public aware that everyone should and can do something to deal with environmental problems.

      14. 因此,騎上我們的自行車(chē),一起為打造一個(gè)低碳城市而勇挑重?fù)?dān)吧。 (用不定式作目的狀語(yǔ))

      Therefore, let's take the responsibility to build up a low-carbon city by riding bicycles.

      【任務(wù)呈現(xiàn)】

      假定你是校學(xué)生會(huì)主席,為了解決城市空氣污染問(wèn)題,你代表學(xué)生會(huì)向全校師生發(fā)出倡議。 請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn),用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一份倡議書(shū):

      1. 簡(jiǎn)述城市空氣污染的危害;

      2. 提出解決該問(wèn)題的建議:

      (1)盡量少開(kāi)車(chē);

      (2)不隨地亂扔垃圾;

      (3)關(guān)閉一些工廠;

      ……

      3. 發(fā)出號(hào)召。注意:

      1. 詞數(shù)100左右;

      2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫;

      3. 開(kāi)頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫(xiě)好,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

      Dear teachers and students,

      Thank you!

      Students' Union

      【寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)】

      一、審題定調(diào)

      這是一份倡議書(shū),要求就城市空氣污染問(wèn)題發(fā)出倡議。 倡議書(shū)一般由標(biāo)題、稱(chēng)呼、正文、結(jié)尾和落款五部分組成。倡議書(shū)的正文一般包括:寫(xiě)倡議書(shū)的背景和目的;倡議的具體內(nèi)容和要求; 結(jié)尾一般表明倡議者的決心和希望,或?qū)懗瞿撤N建議。

      二、寫(xiě)作微技能點(diǎn)撥

      倡議書(shū)一般由個(gè)人或集體發(fā)出,作用是倡導(dǎo)某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。 倡議書(shū)遵循書(shū)信的一般格式,但由于用途和作用的差異,在許多細(xì)微之處各不相同。

      寫(xiě)倡議書(shū)時(shí)要注意以下三個(gè)方面:

      1. 從寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容上來(lái)說(shuō),一般倡議書(shū)應(yīng)該包括倡議原因、目的、具體內(nèi)容和要求等。該寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容包括觀點(diǎn)、原因、注意問(wèn)題和建議。

      2. 從寫(xiě)作手法上來(lái)說(shuō),倡議書(shū)的措辭要貼切,情感要真摯,語(yǔ)言要富于號(hào)召性,可多用should、ought to、may、can等表示建議的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞;倡議書(shū)的篇幅不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng),開(kāi)頭要簡(jiǎn)單明了,吸引讀者的注意, 結(jié)尾最好加上簡(jiǎn)潔有力的呼吁。

      3. 從謀篇布局來(lái)說(shuō),倡議書(shū)格式和一般書(shū)信大致相同,一般由稱(chēng)呼、正文、結(jié)尾、落款四部分組成,有些倡議書(shū)還根據(jù)需要加了適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。

      (1)稱(chēng)呼。 寫(xiě)稱(chēng)呼的目的是為了明確倡議的對(duì)象,一般要依據(jù)倡議的對(duì)象而選用適當(dāng)?shù)姆Q(chēng)呼, 如 Dear friends、Dear schoolmates、Dear editor、Dear students等。

      (2)正文。 倡議旨在引起他人的響應(yīng),這就要求作者須清楚說(shuō)明倡議背景、原因,申明倡議目的,做到讓人信服,這樣人們才能響應(yīng)并自覺(jué)行動(dòng)。 倡議的內(nèi)容也要具體,要寫(xiě)明有什么作用。 一般倡議的內(nèi)容可為幾點(diǎn)來(lái)寫(xiě)的,這樣倡議的對(duì)象更容易看清, 更容易明白,效果也更好。

      (3)結(jié)尾。 結(jié)尾可表明倡議者的決心和希望或者提出某種建議,但是一般不在結(jié)尾用些表示敬意或祝愿的話。

      (4)落款。 在下方署名發(fā)出倡議的集體或倡議者的姓名。

      這份倡議書(shū)正文可運(yùn)用三段式:

      第一段:簡(jiǎn)述城市空氣污染及其危害;

      第二段:具體解決城市空氣污染的辦法;

      第三段:發(fā)出號(hào)召。

      常見(jiàn)的有關(guān)城市空氣污染及其危害的詞匯有atmosphere、situation、pollute、dirty、litter、waste、garbage、rubbish、threaten、terrifying、destroy、serious、cause、air pollution、environmental problem、take in、do harm to等; 常見(jiàn)的有關(guān)解決城市空氣污染問(wèn)題的詞匯有mask、warn、improve、protect、effective、active、reusable、ride a bicycle、take a bus、use cleaner fuels、plant trees、take action、form a habit of、develop renewable resources等。

      三、布局與行文

      結(jié)構(gòu) 寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn) 普通表達(dá) 升級(jí)表達(dá)第一部分簡(jiǎn)述:城市空氣污染及其危害●These days one of the environmental problems in our city is air pollution.●Every day we have to take in very dirty air, and it does great harm to our health.●To make the air in the city fresher, we should remember the following.●These days one major environmental problem in our city is air pollution.●Every day we have to take in very dirty air, which does great harm to our health.●To make the air in the city fresher, we should keep the following in mind.第二部分列舉:具體解決城市空氣污染的辦法● First, we'd better not drive a car. We should take a bus or ride a bicycle and try to use cleaner fuels.● Second, we should not throw litter here and there. We should put it into the dustbin.●Third, we should close some factories or move them out of the city.● Finally, we need to plant more trees or grass, so that we could make the air fresh.●Firstly, we should take a bus or ride a bicycle instead of driving a car and try to use cleaner fuels.● Secondly, we should not throw litter here and there but put it into the dustbin.●Thirdly, some factories should be closed or moved out of the city.● Finally, we need to plant more trees or grass to make the air fresh.第三部分 倡議:發(fā)出號(hào)召● In my opinion, we'd better take action and try our best to make the air in the city cleaner.●Let's take action and try our best to make the air in the city cleaner!

      【范文對(duì)比】

      初始文章

      Dear teachers and students,

      ①These days one of the environmental problems in our city is air pollution. ②Every day we have to take in dirty air, and it is harmful to our health. ③To make the air fresher, we should remember the following.

      ④ First, we'd better not drive a car. We should take a bus or ride a bicycle. ⑤Second,we should not throw litter everywhere. We should put it into the dustbin. ⑥ Third, we should close some factories or move them out of the city. ⑦Finally, we need to plant more trees or grass, so that we could make the air fresh.

      ⑧In my opinion, we’d better take action and try our best to make the air in the city cleaner.

      Thank you!Students’ Union

      高階范文

      Dear teachers and students,

      ①These days one major environmental problem in our city is air pollution. ②Every day we have to take in dirty air, which does great harm to our health. ③To make the air in the city fresher, we should keep the following in mind.

      ④ Firstly, we should take a bus or ride a bicycle instead of driving a car. ⑤Secondly, we should not throw litter here and there but put it into the dustbin. ⑥ Thirdly, some factories should be closed or moved out of the city.⑦ Finally, we need to plant more trees or grass to make the air fresh.

      ⑧Let's take action and try our best to make the air in the city cleaner!

      Thank you!

      Students’ Union

      倡議 理由別亂扔垃圾 ……愛(ài)護(hù)花草樹(shù)木 ……循環(huán)利用資源 ……保持教室整潔 ……

      溫馨提示:

      認(rèn)真閱讀和對(duì)比兩篇文章,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)相同標(biāo)號(hào)的內(nèi)容采用了不同的表達(dá)方式表達(dá)相同或相近的意思。 因此,同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的寫(xiě)作中, 應(yīng)該多使用一些復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或高級(jí)詞匯,以便給文章增色添彩;同時(shí),同學(xué)們也應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)使用簡(jiǎn)單詞匯或句式來(lái)表達(dá)較為復(fù)雜的意思。另外,高級(jí)范文表達(dá)中的部分詞匯雖然目前尚未學(xué)到,但都屬于課標(biāo)詞匯,學(xué)有余力的同學(xué)可以提前學(xué)習(xí)掌握。

      【類(lèi)文跟進(jìn)】

      假定你是校學(xué)生會(huì)主席,為了有一個(gè)美好的校園環(huán)境, 請(qǐng)你代表學(xué)生會(huì)向全校發(fā)出倡議。 要求內(nèi)容包括以下要點(diǎn)并闡述你的理由。

      注意:

      1. 詞數(shù) 100 左右;

      2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。

      Dear friends,

      Thank you!

      Students' Union

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