邱建 黃筱竑
[摘要] 目的 探討因?qū)m頸疾病行手術(shù)治療后繼發(fā)陰道上皮內(nèi)腫瘤(Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia,VAIN)的臨床特征及相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。 方法 選取2010年1月~2018年12月間因?qū)m頸疾病行手術(shù)治療后繼發(fā)VAIN的患者共35例,分析VAIN的發(fā)生與患者年齡、宮頸病變嚴(yán)重程度、宮頸錐切術(shù)后切緣情況、子宮切除術(shù)后HPV感染情況及TCT結(jié)果的相關(guān)性,并觀察VAIN的發(fā)生時(shí)間及預(yù)后結(jié)局。 結(jié)果 隨著宮頸疾病嚴(yán)重程度的升高,VAIN的發(fā)生率明顯升高,且VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級(jí)患者既往宮頸病變的嚴(yán)重程度高于VAINⅠ級(jí)患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.017)。VAIN患者人乳頭瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)感染發(fā)生率為100.0%,其中高危型HPV感染率為88.6%;且VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級(jí)患者的高危型HPV感染率略高于VAINⅠ級(jí)患者的高危型HPV感染率,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.082)。VAIN大多發(fā)生在子宮切除術(shù)后5年內(nèi),占80%;VAINⅠ級(jí)患者治療后有4例持續(xù)存在,其中1例進(jìn)展為VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級(jí);VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級(jí)患者治療后有5例復(fù)發(fā),其中2例進(jìn)展為陰道鱗狀上皮癌,復(fù)發(fā)及進(jìn)展患者均存在高危型HPV持續(xù)感染。 結(jié)論 宮頸疾病行子宮切除術(shù)后繼發(fā)VAIN的發(fā)病與HPV感染及宮頸病變程度密切相關(guān),對(duì)存在以上因素的患者在行子宮切除術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)予以重視,建議術(shù)前陰道壁組織活檢術(shù)明確,以切除病變陰道壁組織減少VAIN的發(fā)生,術(shù)后需密切隨訪監(jiān)測(cè)以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)陰道病變并及時(shí)治療。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 陰道上皮內(nèi)腫瘤;宮頸上皮內(nèi)腫瘤;宮頸腫瘤;人乳頭瘤病毒
[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.3 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)31-0069-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical features and related risk factors of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) secondary to cervical diseases after surgical treatment. Methods A total of 35 patients with VAIN secondary to cervical diseases after surgical were collected. The correlation between VAIN occurrence and patients′ age, severity of cervical lesions,cutting edge after cervical conization, Human papillomavirus(HPV) infection after hysterectomy and TCT results were analyzed, and the occurrence time and prognosis of VAIN were observed. Results With the increase of the severity of cervical diseases, the incidence of VAIN increased significantly, and the severity of previous cervical lesions in VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients was higher than that in VAIN grade I patients, with statistically significant difference(P=0.017). The incidence of HPV infection in VAIN patients was 100%,in which the infection rate of high-risk HPV was 88.6%. Furthermore, the high-risk HPV infection rate of VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients was slightly higher than that of VAIN grade I patients, but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.082).VAIN mostly occurred within 5 years after hysterectomy, accounting for 80%. After treatment, 4 patients with VAIN grade I persisted, and 1 patient progressed to VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ. After treatment, 5 patients with VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ relapsed, among which 2 patients advanced to vaginal squamous cell carcinoma.Both relapsed and advanced patients had high-risk HPV persistent infection. Conclusion The incidence of VAIN secondary to cervical diseases after hysterectomy is closely related to HPV infection and the degree of cervical lesions. Attention should be paid to patients with the above factors when undergoing hysterectomy. It is suggested that biopsy of vaginal wall should be clear before operation so as to cut off the diseased vaginal wall tissue and reduce the occurrence of VAIN. Close follow-up monitoring after surgery is needed to find vaginal lesions early and treat them in time.
2.2 VAIN患者結(jié)局分析
從全子宮或廣泛全子宮切除術(shù)至診斷為VAIN的時(shí)間為7~81個(gè)月不等,平均為28.00個(gè)月,大部分患者在術(shù)后的2年及2~5年發(fā)病,占80%,見(jiàn)表2。35例VAIN患者診斷后隨訪截止時(shí)間2019年12月31日,隨訪時(shí)間11~73個(gè)月,中位隨訪45個(gè)月,11例VAINⅠ級(jí)患者經(jīng)過(guò)干擾素治療后7例病灶消失,4例病灶持續(xù)存在,其中1例進(jìn)展為VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級(jí)后行陰道局部病灶切除術(shù)后病灶消失,24例VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級(jí)有8例行激光治療,其余16例行陰道病灶切除術(shù),在隨訪過(guò)程中19例無(wú)再發(fā)VAIN,5例出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā),其中2例進(jìn)展為陰道鱗狀上皮癌,見(jiàn)表2。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有VAIN患者隨訪過(guò)程中,病灶持續(xù)存在或再發(fā)及進(jìn)展的患者均存在高危型HPV陽(yáng)性,其中主要以HPV16陽(yáng)性為主,占75%。
3 討論
近年來(lái),由于宮頸病變的細(xì)胞學(xué)、病毒學(xué)及陰道鏡檢查等篩查手段的廣泛應(yīng)用,陰道上皮內(nèi)瘤變的檢出率也呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[8]。VAIN的發(fā)病原因目前認(rèn)為與宮頸病變具有同源性,即與HPV感染有很大關(guān)系[9-10]。有關(guān)VAIN的起源有兩種觀點(diǎn):其一,VAIN的發(fā)生獨(dú)立于宮頸病變,VAIN往往呈多灶性,與宮頸不連續(xù)[11];其二,VAIN并非子宮切除術(shù)后新發(fā)殘端VAIN所致,而是由于未引起臨床重視,導(dǎo)致手術(shù)切除范圍不足或病變遷延所致[12]。既往有CIN或浸潤(rùn)性宮頸癌病史被認(rèn)為是VAIN發(fā)生的重要發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[13]。Vinokurova等[14]檢測(cè)了既往患有CIN或?qū)m頸癌的VAIN患者的HPV類型及整合位點(diǎn),通過(guò)使用HPV DNA整合位點(diǎn)作為克隆性標(biāo)記,結(jié)果顯示VAIN患者的HPV類型及整合位點(diǎn)與既往CIN或?qū)m頸癌的發(fā)病模式一致,推測(cè)這些病變可能是同一克隆起源而來(lái)[14],且研究顯示,繼發(fā)于宮頸病變的VAIN往往病灶主要位于陰道上段[13],因此,基于以上觀點(diǎn),有研究者提出在因?qū)m頸病變行全子宮或廣泛全子宮切除術(shù)前有必要對(duì)患者陰道壁進(jìn)行充分評(píng)估,尤其是陰道上段,必要時(shí)需行陰道壁活檢明確診斷。He等[15]的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著子宮頸病變程度的增加(從子宮頸癌前病變到子宮頸癌),合并VAIN的比例及VAIN的級(jí)別均增高,且術(shù)前未行陰道鏡陰道壁活檢的患者發(fā)生VAIN的比例顯著增高,因此建議對(duì)于Ⅰ期子宮頸癌或CINⅢ行子宮切除術(shù)的所有患者,術(shù)前均應(yīng)常規(guī)進(jìn)行陰道鏡下全面陰道壁活檢病理檢查以明確陰道病變范圍,尤其是陰道上段,從而更好地指導(dǎo)手術(shù)中陰道切除的范圍,減少因手術(shù)范圍不足導(dǎo)致VAIN的殘留[15]。除了手術(shù)因素外,HPV感染尤其是高危型HPV持續(xù)感染被認(rèn)為是宮頸疾病術(shù)后繼發(fā)陰道及其他部位上皮內(nèi)病變的重要因素,這些患者往往存在清除HPV感染的能力下降,因此術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期處于持續(xù)HPV感染狀態(tài),從而繼發(fā)其他部位HPV感染相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生[16-17]。本研究中,所有VAIN患者均存在HPV感染,且大部分患者為高危型HPV持續(xù)感染,隨著宮頸病變程度的增加,繼發(fā)VAIN的發(fā)生比例顯著升高,因此認(rèn)為高危型HPV感染及子宮切除術(shù)前宮頸病變程度可能與VAIN的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān),對(duì)于存在以上高危因素的患者應(yīng)引起重視,特別是在因CINⅡ~Ⅲ行錐切術(shù)后時(shí)隔1~3個(gè)月待宮旁炎性增生消退再行子宮切除術(shù)時(shí),術(shù)前有必要再次對(duì)陰道壁情況進(jìn)行評(píng)估,必要時(shí)進(jìn)行醋酸及碘試驗(yàn)染色后陰道鏡下全面陰道壁活檢以明確診斷,如活檢結(jié)果提示同時(shí)合并陰道壁病變應(yīng)在全子宮或廣泛全子宮切除術(shù)時(shí)注意陰道壁的切除范圍,盡可能多切除一部分陰道壁,以減少VAIN的發(fā)生及殘留。
鑒于宮頸疾病與VAIN發(fā)病的同源性,且術(shù)后持續(xù)高危型HPV感染被認(rèn)為是VAIN的重要發(fā)病因素之一,術(shù)后密切隨訪在宮頸疾病行手術(shù)治療后具有重要作用[18-19]。已有的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,宮頸病變行子宮切除術(shù)后VAIN的發(fā)病大部分在子宮切除術(shù)后5年內(nèi),尤其是術(shù)后2年內(nèi)最易發(fā)病[4,20]。本研究統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,42.9%的患者在子宮切除術(shù)后2年內(nèi)診斷為VAIN病變,37.1%的患者在術(shù)后2~5年內(nèi)診斷為VAIN病變,術(shù)后5年內(nèi)發(fā)病占80%,因此,對(duì)于宮頸病變行子宮切除術(shù)后的患者,建議進(jìn)行密切隨訪至5年,排除高危因素后再轉(zhuǎn)為常規(guī)篩查。有研究通過(guò)多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),HPV感染是VAIN發(fā)生和預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[4,10],持續(xù)高危型HPV感染被認(rèn)為是發(fā)展成高級(jí)別VAIN的必要條件。因此,有學(xué)者提出術(shù)后隨訪過(guò)程中高危型HPV檢測(cè)的重要性,其對(duì)于殘端VAIN的診斷及預(yù)測(cè)有指導(dǎo)意義[21],也可以驗(yàn)證TCT篩查的準(zhǔn)確性,可與TCT聯(lián)合作為殘端VAIN篩查及診斷的手段,尤其是既往有高危型HPV感染患者,可提高篩查及診斷的敏感度和特異度。本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后發(fā)生VAIN的患者HPV感染率為100%,且高危型HPV感染陽(yáng)性率占88.6%,而TCT的檢查異常率為85%,因此認(rèn)為對(duì)于術(shù)后隨訪過(guò)程中存在HPV持續(xù)陽(yáng)性尤其是高危型HPV持續(xù)陽(yáng)性的患者無(wú)論TCT檢測(cè)結(jié)果如何,建議盡早行陰道鏡陰道壁組織活檢以明確診斷,以利于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)VAIN并給予及時(shí)治療。此外,本研究顯示,在VAIN持續(xù)存在及進(jìn)展的患者中,其HPV感染主要以高危型HPV16陽(yáng)性多見(jiàn),與Bertoli等[17]的報(bào)道基本一致,持續(xù)HPV16感染可能是VAIN預(yù)后不良的因素,后期有待于更大樣本的數(shù)據(jù)做進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
綜上所述,因?qū)m頸病變行全子宮切除術(shù)后需警惕陰道上皮內(nèi)瘤變的發(fā)生,對(duì)于宮頸病變程度越重及存在持續(xù)高危型HPV感染的患者應(yīng)引起重視,在行子宮全切術(shù)前應(yīng)仔細(xì)檢查陰道壁有無(wú)病變,以減少因手術(shù)殘留所致的VAIN的發(fā)生,術(shù)后需密切隨訪至5年,對(duì)于術(shù)后HPV持續(xù)陽(yáng)性或TCT異常的患者及時(shí)行陰道鏡下陰道壁全面活檢明確以盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)病變并進(jìn)行早期處理,降低漏診率及惡變率,對(duì)于VINA患者持續(xù)存在高危型HPV感染尤其是HPV16型,應(yīng)盡早明確診斷及治療,減少疾病進(jìn)展的發(fā)生。
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(收稿日期:2020-05-11)