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      血栓彈力圖在糖尿病腎病維持性血液透析患者抗血小板藥物反應(yīng)性中的評估價(jià)值

      2020-04-03 13:33金欽陽朱勤葉羨云
      中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2020年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:血栓彈力圖糖尿病腎病血透

      金欽陽 朱勤 葉羨云

      [摘要] 目的 探討血栓彈力圖(TEG)在糖尿病腎?。―N)維持性血透患者行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)后抗血小板藥物效果的評估價(jià)值。 方法 納入2013年5月~2016年3月于浙江省人民醫(yī)院就診,行PCI術(shù)后1年內(nèi)接受阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙抗治療的維持性血透患者46例。按照是否為DN所致終末期腎病而開始維持性血透分為DN組(20例)及NDN組(26例),進(jìn)行TEG檢測。血栓最大幅度(MA)、花生四烯酸(AA)途徑抑制率、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)受體抑制率評估藥物抵抗及分析臨床意義。 結(jié)果 DN組MA值高于NDN組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。DN組雙聯(lián)血小板聚集抵抗率高于NDN組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者發(fā)生阿司匹林抵抗率、氯吡格雷抵抗率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 與NDN患者比較,DN患者具有更高的PCI術(shù)后血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。DN及NDN患者均存在對雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物抵抗,DN患者為甚,提示在此類高?;颊呖赡苄枰R?guī)進(jìn)行血小板功能檢測以指導(dǎo)調(diào)整藥物。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 糖尿病腎病;血透;血栓彈力圖;抗血小板治療

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R459.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)02(a)-0094-04

      [Abstract] Objective To explore the value of thromboelastography (TEG) in evaluating the effect of antiplatelet drugs after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) maintenance hemodialysis. Methods A total of 46 patients with maintenance hemodialysis who were treated at the People′s Hospital of Zhejiang Province from May 2013 to March 2016 and received aspirin combined with clopidogrel within 1 year after PCI were included. According to whether end-stage renal disease caused by DN started maintenance hemodialysis, all patients were divided into DN group (20 cases) and NDN group (26 cases), and TEG test was performed. The maximum thrombus (MA), arachidonic acid (AA) pathway inhibition rate, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibition rate were used to evaluate drug resistance and analyze clinical significance. Results The MA value in DN group was higher than that in group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The resistance rate of double platelet aggregation in DN group was higher than that in NDN group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the aspirin resistance rate and clopidogrel resistance rate between the two groups of patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with DN have a higher risk of thrombosis after PCI compared with NDN patient. Both DN and NDN patients have resistance to dual antiplatelet drugs, and patients with DN are very resistant, suggesting that platelet function to guide the adjustment of the drug may be required in such high-risk patients.

      [Key words] Diabetic kidney disease; Hemodialysis; Thrombelastography; Antiplatelet therapy

      2013年,我國成人糖尿病患病率為10.9%[1]。而糖尿病腎?。―N)是糖尿病常見而嚴(yán)重的慢性并發(fā)癥,DN患者占糖尿病總數(shù)的67%以上[2]。作為等危癥,無論糖尿病或者慢性腎病均相似程度地增加了患者遠(yuǎn)期心血管病事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。血栓彈力圖(TEG)可以對包括血小板聚集等凝血全過程變化進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測,在抗栓治療、評估血小板活性和觀察抗血小板聚集效果等方面起到重要的作用[4-6]。本研究通過TEG評估DN血透患者行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)后應(yīng)用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物反應(yīng)性,為DN患者術(shù)后抗血小板藥物的監(jiān)測和選擇提供參考。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料

      選擇2013年5月~2016年3月于浙江省人民醫(yī)院就診,行PCI術(shù)后的維持性血透患者共46例,根據(jù)是否為DN所致終末期腎病而開始維持性血透,分為DN組(20例)及NDN組(26例)。其中因急性冠脈綜合征(ACS)行直接PCI術(shù)后患者27例,擇期PCI術(shù)后患者19例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患者維持性血透6個(gè)月以上;②PCI后1年內(nèi)且接受雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療:阿司匹林治療(德國拜耳制藥,批號(hào):BJ37565)100 mg/d+氯吡格雷(法國賽諾菲公司,批號(hào):7A373)75 mg/d,1周以上;③年齡20~75歲;④簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①對阿司匹林、氯吡格雷有禁忌證;②納入1周內(nèi)使用過糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑及其他具有活血化瘀作用的中草藥物及保健品;③應(yīng)用其他抗血小板及華法林等藥物;④血小板計(jì)數(shù)<100×106 μL,活動(dòng)性出血及嚴(yán)重凝血異常;⑤妊娠、癌癥、嚴(yán)重肝病。

      1.2 方法

      患者均在血透上機(jī)前抽取靜脈血,2 h內(nèi)完成TEG檢測。TEG方法:TEG凝血分析儀5000型(美國Haemoscope),使用4個(gè)通道進(jìn)行檢測:①高嶺土(1% kaolin液);②激活劑F(蝮蛇血凝酶和Xa因子混合而成);③激活劑F+花生四烯酸(AA);④激活劑F+二磷酸腺苷(ADP)。每個(gè)通道均由TEG軟件根據(jù)測試結(jié)果自動(dòng)計(jì)算血栓最大幅度(MA)值,包括MA凝血酶(MAThrombin)、MAADP和MA纖維蛋白(MAFibrin)。阿司匹林的血小板聚集抑制率(%)=(MAAA-MAFibrin)/(MAThrombin-MAFibrin)×100%,ADP受體拮抗劑的血小板聚集抑制率(%)=(MAAA-MAFibrin)/(MAThrombin-MAFibrin)×100%。即計(jì)算兩組患者服用藥物后血小板聚集抑制情況。

      1.3 藥物敏感度判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      阿司匹林抵抗[7]:通過TEG方法檢測AA誘導(dǎo)的血小板抑制率≤50%;氯吡格雷抵抗[8]:以ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板抑制率<30%。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

      運(yùn)用SPSS 19.0對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)。非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù))[M(P25,P75)]表示,采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 兩組患者基線資料比較

      除胰島素用藥,兩組患者基線資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1~3。

      2.2 兩組患者接受抗血小板治療后MA值比較

      DN組MA值顯著高于NDN組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.02)。見圖1。

      2.3 兩組患者抗血小板藥物效果比較

      兩組患者發(fā)生阿司匹林抵抗率、氯吡格雷抵抗率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。DN組阿司匹林抵抗及氯吡格雷抵抗顯著高于NDN組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表4。

      3 討論

      慢性腎?。–KD)是冠心病的等危癥,且是高危人群發(fā)生心血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[9]。糖尿病同時(shí)合并慢性腎病會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加心血管病事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10]。已有臨床研究顯示[6,10-11]:MA值的升高與冠心病合并糖尿病、PCI術(shù)后冠脈缺血事件的發(fā)生有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,DN組患者M(jìn)A值高于NDN組。當(dāng)MA值>68 mm時(shí),患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)血栓事件的比例大大增加[12],提示DN血透患者在PCI術(shù)后存在更高的血栓及缺血事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而糖尿病患者血小板功能的改變可能部分由血糖升高所介導(dǎo)??崭寡鞘茄“逡蕾囆怨跔顒?dòng)脈血栓形成的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子[13]。阿司匹林聯(lián)合一種P2Y12受體拮抗劑的雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療是目前PCI治療后的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)抗栓方案。但既往循證研究多數(shù)剔除了嚴(yán)重腎功能不全及血透患者。但CKD和/或糖尿病患者PCI后栓塞事件及死亡卻時(shí)有發(fā)生。目前的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,抗栓治療下的血小板高反應(yīng)性現(xiàn)象是原因之一[14-15]。然而,多項(xiàng)血小板功能檢測指導(dǎo)抗血小板治療的隨機(jī)對照研究均為陰性結(jié)論,這些研究有一個(gè)共同的缺陷在于納入的研究主要是低心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者[16]。本研究納入對象均為可能出現(xiàn)血小板高反應(yīng)性(HTPR)現(xiàn)象的心血管事件極高危患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組血透患者中均存在雙抗治療低反應(yīng)者,而DN組存在更多的HTPR現(xiàn)象??赡芤驑颖玖康南拗疲瑑山M血透患者在阿司匹林及氯吡格雷的TEG檢測比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但兩種藥物均存在相當(dāng)比例的低反應(yīng)患者,尤其是在DN組中氯吡格雷有40%患者存在抵抗現(xiàn)象。提示此類患者可能需要接受血小板功能監(jiān)測從而發(fā)現(xiàn)HTPR及調(diào)整治療。在目前的臨床實(shí)踐中,阿司匹林抵抗仍是存在爭議的話題。但因其在支架術(shù)后抗血小板治療的地位不能輕易被其他藥物替代或超越,阿司匹林抵抗也更多是以血栓事件的發(fā)生而確定。而氯吡格雷在近20年使用總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn),治療反應(yīng)的多樣性與基因(CYP2C19)、細(xì)胞代謝(P450)及臨床合并癥(如糖尿?。┑纫蛩赜嘘P(guān),導(dǎo)致了抗血小板治療中的HTPR現(xiàn)象,確實(shí)造成了臨床血栓事件的增加,尤其是冠脈支架內(nèi)血栓形成[17]。近年來的研究又陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn),在腎功能不全的患者中治療應(yīng)答差,即使倍量的氯吡格雷也無明顯改善[18-19]。目前國外已報(bào)道可能有效地調(diào)整策略為氯吡格雷換用新型抗血小板藥物,如普拉格雷[19]及替格瑞洛[20],較氯吡格雷有更好的血小板抑制作用,且與CYP2C19*2無關(guān)。

      總之,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DN組較NDN組有更高的PCI術(shù)后血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn);兩組患者中均存在對雙兩聯(lián)抗血小板藥物的抵抗,DN患者為甚,提示此類患者可能需要常規(guī)進(jìn)行血小板功能檢測以指導(dǎo)調(diào)整藥物。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

      [1]? Wang L,Gao P,Zhang M,et al. Prevalence and Ethnic Pattern of Diabetes and Prediabetes in China in 2013 [J]. JAMA,2017,317(24):2515-2523.

      [2]? Lin X,Tao L,Tang D. Gene therapy,a targeted treatment for diabetic kidney disease [J]. Curr Med Chem,2013,20(30):3774-3784.

      [3]? Saely C,Zanolin D,Vonbank A,et al. Impaired kidney function is a diabetes risk equivalent in patients with established coronary artery disease [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2015, 65(10):A1504.

      [4]? Swallow RA,Agarwala RA,Dawkins KD,et al. Thromboelastography:potential bedside tool to assess the effects of antiplatelet therapy? [J]. Platelets,2006,17(6):385-392.

      [5]? 王麗麗,李群,康林,等.應(yīng)用血栓彈力圖評估ACS患者替格瑞洛與氯吡格雷抗血小板的療效[J].中國循證心血管醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2014,6(3):281-284.

      [6]? McCrath DJ,Cerboni E,F(xiàn)rumento RJ,et al. Thromboelastography maximum amplitude predicts postoperative thrombotic complications including myocardial infarction [J]. Anesth Analg,2005,100(6):1576-1583.

      [7]? Tantry US,Bliden KP,Gurbel PA. Overestimation of platelet aspirin resistance detection by thrombelastograph platelet mapping and validation by conventional aggregometry using arachidonic acid stimulation [J]. J Ame Coll Cardiol,2005,46(9):1705-1709.

      [8]? Bliden KP,Tantry U,Zaman K,et al. High platelet reactivity is a risk factor for post-discharge ischemic complications following elective coronary stenting [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45:33A-34A.

      [9]? Sarnak MJ,Levey AS,Schoolwerth AC,et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease:a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease,High Blood Pressure Research,Clinical Cardiology,and Epidemiology and Prevention [J]. Hypertension,2003,42(5):1050-1065.

      [10]? Gurbel PA,Bliden KP,Navickas IA,et al. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength:a new thrombelastographic indicator of long-term poststenting ischemic events [J]. Am Heart J,2010,160(2):346-354.

      [11]? Rafiq S,Johansson PI,Zacho M,et al. Thrombelastographic haemostatic status and antiplatelet therapy after coronary artery bypass surgery(TEG-CABG trial):assessing and monitoring the antithrombotic effect of clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone in hypercoagulable patients:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial [J]. Trials,2012,13:48.

      [12]? 王媛媛,李月紅,吳英鳳,等.血栓彈力圖中血栓最大幅度值與急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征患者冠狀動(dòng)脈血栓病變的關(guān)系[J].中國循環(huán)雜志,2016,31(11):1069-1073.

      [13]? Shechter M,Merz CN,Paul-Labrador MJ,et al. Blood glucose and platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2000, 35(2):300-307.

      [14]? Alexopoulos D,Panagiotou A,Xanthopoulou I,et al. Antiplatelet effects of prasugrel vs. double clopidogrel in patients on hemodialysis and with high on-treatment platelet reactivity [J]. J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(12):2379-2385.

      [15]? Franchi F,Rollini F,Angiolillo DJ. Defining the Link Between Chronic Kidney Disease,High Platelet Reactivity,and Clinical Outcomes in Clopidogrel-Treated Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [J]. Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2015,8(6):e002760.

      [16]? Franchi F,Rollini F,Cho JR,et al. Platelet function testing in contemporary clinical and interventional practice [J]. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med,2014,16(5):300.

      [17]? Stone GW,Witzenbichler B,Weisz G,et al. Platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes after coronary artery implantation of drug-eluting stents (ADAPT-DES):a pro-spective multicentre registry study [J]. Lancet,2013,382(9892):614.

      [18]? Konishi A,Shinke T,Otake H,et al. Impact of residual platelet reactivity under clopidogrel treatment for lesions and the clinical outcome after drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with hemodialysis [J]. J Cardiol,2016,67(6):531-537.

      [19]? Alexopoulos D,Panagiotou A,Xanthopoulou I,et al. Antiplatelet effects of prasugrel vs. double clopidogrel in patients on hemodialysis and with high on-treatment platelet reactivity [J]. J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(12):2379-2385.

      [20]? Jeong KH,Cho JH,Woo JS,et al. Platelet reactivity after receiving clopidogrel compared with ticagrelor in patients with kidney failure treated with hemodialysis:a randomized crossover study [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2015,65(6):916-924.

      (收稿日期:2019-08-28? 本文編輯:王曉曄)

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