楊惠芬 周洪友 張濤
[摘要] 目的 研究S100A14蛋白在宮頸鱗癌新輔助動(dòng)脈化療前后的改變及其與化療療效的相關(guān)性,以期在化療前預(yù)測(cè)宮頸鱗癌對(duì)化療藥物的敏感性,使患者得到更加有效的個(gè)體化治療。 方法 選取2014年10月~2017年3月在我院因ⅠB2及ⅡA2期宮頸鱗癌行新輔助動(dòng)脈化療和宮頸癌根治術(shù)或放療的患者40例,所有患者術(shù)前均接受以順鉑為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合化療。另取因子宮肌瘤而行子宮全切術(shù)患者的正常宮頸上皮組織35例作為對(duì)照組。采用Western blot方法、免疫組化SP法檢測(cè)組織中S100A14蛋白表達(dá)及定位。分析比較S100A14蛋白在正常宮頸上皮組織和巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中的表達(dá)差異,比較其在化療前后巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中的表達(dá)差異,同時(shí)分析化療前巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白表達(dá)與化療療效之間的關(guān)系。 結(jié)果 ①化療1~2個(gè)周期后,40例宮頸鱗癌患者中,25例為化療有效,15例為化療無效,總有效率為62.5%。②S100A14蛋白在巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中的表達(dá)明顯高于正常宮頸上皮組織(P<0.01)。③S100A14蛋白在化療后巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中的表達(dá)顯著高于化療前(P<0.05);化療前巨塊型宮頸癌組織中S100A14蛋白表達(dá)在化療有效組中的表達(dá)低于化療無效組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 ①S100A14蛋白在宮頸鱗癌組織中高表達(dá),在正常宮頸上皮組織中低表達(dá)。②早期巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白表達(dá)與新輔助動(dòng)脈化療的療效相關(guān)。③化療前宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白的表達(dá)情況有可能成為宮頸癌新輔助動(dòng)脈化療療效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] S100A14;宮頸鱗癌;新輔助動(dòng)脈化療;順鉑;敏感性
[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.33? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)03-0025-05
[Abstract] Objective To study the changes of S100A14 protein before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with chemotherapy efficacy, in order to predict the sensitivity of cervical squamous cell carcinoma to chemotherapy before chemotherapy, so that patients can gain more effectively individualized treatment. Methods 40 patients with neoadjuvant arterial chemotherapy and radical resection of cervical cancer or radiotherapy for ⅠB2 and ⅡA2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma at our hospital from October 2014 to March 2017 were selected. All patients received cisplatin-based combined chemotherapy before surgery. In addition, 35 cases of normal cervical epithelial tissue of patients with uterine fibroids who underwent uterine hysterectomy were used as control group. The expression and localization of S100A14 protein in tissues were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemical SP method. The differences in the expression of S100A14 protein in normal cervical epithelial tissues and massive cervical squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed and compared. The difference in expression of S100A14 protein in massive cervical squamous cell carcinoma before and after chemotherapy was compared. And the relationship between expression of S100A14 protein in massive cervical squamous cell carcinoma and chemotherapy efficacy was analyzed before chemotherapy. Results ①Of the 40 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma after 1 to 2 cycles of chemotherapy, 25 were effective in chemotherapy and 15 were ineffective in chemotherapy. The total effective rate was 62.5%. ②The expression of S100A14 protein in massive cervical squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that in normal cervical epithelial tissue(P<0.01). ③The expression of S100A14 protein in massive cervical squamous cell carcinoma after chemotherapy was significantly higher than that before chemotherapy(P<0.05). The expression of S100A14 protein in massive cervical cancer tissues before chemotherapy was lower in the chemotherapy-effective group than that in the chemotherapy-ineffective group(P<0.05). Conclusion ①S100A14 protein is highly expressed in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and low in normal cervical epithelial tissues. ②The expression of S100A14 protein in early massive cervical squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the efficacy of neoadjuvant arterial chemotherapy. ③The expression of S100A14 protein in cervical squamous cell carcinoma before chemotherapy may be a predictor of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for cervical cancer.
[Key words] S100A14; Cervical squamous cell carcinoma; Neoadjuvant arterial chemotherapy; Cisplatin; Sensitivity
宮頸癌是最常見的婦科惡性腫瘤之一,位居女性惡性腫瘤第4位、人類惡性腫瘤第7位,在女性惡性腫瘤中的發(fā)病率及死亡率僅次于乳腺癌[1]。根據(jù)FIGO分期,目前針對(duì)臨床分期處于ⅠB2及ⅡA2期的宮頸癌患者常推薦的治療方案為在新輔助化療(Neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NACT)后實(shí)行宮頸癌根治術(shù)+盆腔淋巴清掃術(shù)[2-4]。但新輔助動(dòng)脈化療的敏感性有很大的個(gè)體差異,如何在化療前預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤對(duì)化療藥物的敏感性或耐藥性,避免使用不敏感藥物而增加化療藥物的毒副作用和多重耐藥基因的表達(dá),及時(shí)采用確切手術(shù)或放療等治療方法,具有顯著臨床意義。
S100A14是2002年由PietaS等通過比較基因組雜交在人類肺癌細(xì)胞系中發(fā)現(xiàn)的S100家族的新成員。最近有研究報(bào)道,S100A14蛋白在許多腫瘤中都存在差異性表達(dá)[5-7]。這提示在不同腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展階段S100A14扮演著不同的角色,S100A14可能通過多種作用機(jī)制和信號(hào)通路影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡、侵襲和遷移等生物學(xué)行為[8]。國(guó)內(nèi)有研究表明S100A14蛋白的過度表達(dá)與宮頸癌FIGO分期和淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān),S100A14促進(jìn)宮頸癌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程、細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、遷移和侵襲[9]。也有研究提示S100A14可能參與卵巢癌患者對(duì)以鉑類為基礎(chǔ)的化療的耐受[10]。但S100A14蛋白的表達(dá)與宮頸癌新輔助動(dòng)脈化療及其療效之間的關(guān)系尚未見報(bào)道。本研究應(yīng)用Western blot方法、免疫組化SP法檢測(cè)正常宮頸上皮組織、新輔助動(dòng)脈化療前后的宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白的表達(dá)及定位,分析其表達(dá)的差異性及與化療療效之間的相關(guān)性,從而尋找新輔助動(dòng)脈化療療效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2014年10月~2017年3月因巨塊型宮頸鱗癌(腫瘤直徑>4 cm,F(xiàn)IGO分期為ⅠB2及ⅡA2期)在我院就診行新輔助動(dòng)脈化療后行宮頸癌根治術(shù)或放療的患者40例,另選取因子宮肌瘤行子宮全切術(shù)的正常宮頸上皮組織標(biāo)本患者35例,此前未接受任何特殊治療。40例宮頸癌患者年齡25~62歲,平均(45±9)歲。35例子宮肌瘤患者年齡29~58歲,平均(41±7)歲。腫瘤分期由2名或2名以上從事婦科腫瘤的副主任及以上級(jí)別醫(yī)師共同判定。根據(jù)FIGO 2009年宮頸癌臨床分期,其中ⅠB2期23例(57.5%),ⅡA2期17例(42.5%)。所有病例臨床資料完整,均經(jīng)病理學(xué)診斷證實(shí),排除同時(shí)合并其他部位惡性腫瘤和心血管系統(tǒng)疾病及糖尿病者。新輔助動(dòng)脈化療方案為:采用Seldinger技術(shù),行雙側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈插管灌注化療加栓塞術(shù)。化療方案是以順鉑為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合化療:順鉑45 mg,博來霉素15 mg,單次灌注。根據(jù)化療療效分別給予1~2個(gè)周期的化療?;颊呓邮芑熐巴ㄟ^婦科檢查及影像學(xué)檢查測(cè)量病灶大小,動(dòng)脈化療結(jié)束2~3周后根據(jù)WHO實(shí)體瘤的近期療效評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)估化療療效?;熀髮m頸局部癌灶完全緩解和部分緩解歸入化療有效組[25例,平均(46±8)歲],穩(wěn)定和進(jìn)展歸入化療無效組[15例,平均(44±10)歲]?;熡行ЫM(CR+PR)行廣泛全子宮切除加盆腔和(或)腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),選擇放療的化療無效組放療前行宮頸活檢術(shù)獲得宮頸癌組織。本研究經(jīng)本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),接受新輔助動(dòng)脈化療的患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
留取40例宮頸癌患者化療前和手術(shù)切除的腫瘤邊緣生長(zhǎng)活躍宮頸癌標(biāo)本及因子宮肌瘤行子宮全切術(shù)術(shù)中正常宮頸上皮組織的新鮮標(biāo)本。切片行常規(guī)HE染色,染色片均經(jīng)高級(jí)別專業(yè)病理醫(yī)師復(fù)查,確定正常宮頸組織和巨塊型宮頸癌組織的病理學(xué)類型、病理分級(jí)和癌組織成分。
提取總蛋白,利用一抗結(jié)合S100A14蛋白,WB檢測(cè)化療前后宮頸癌組織及正常宮頸上皮組織各指標(biāo)的表達(dá)情況。S100A14 兔多克隆抗體試劑盒購(gòu)自圣克魯斯生物技術(shù),滴度1∶500。SP試劑盒購(gòu)自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司。染色方法按試劑盒說明進(jìn)行,石蠟切片經(jīng)二甲苯脫蠟和梯度酒精水化,使用微波爐進(jìn)行抗原熱修復(fù),修復(fù)液為pH=6.0的檸檬酸鹽緩沖液。經(jīng)DAB染色、蘇木精復(fù)染,中性樹膠封閉。以PBS代替一抗作為陰性對(duì)照,以實(shí)驗(yàn)室前期研究證實(shí)的S100A14陽性的乳腺癌組織作為陽性對(duì)照。
1.3 評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
1.3.1 WB結(jié)果分析? 對(duì)底片進(jìn)行灰度掃描或拍照,利用Quantity One凝膠分析軟件分析,以目的蛋白條帶與內(nèi)參條帶累積光密度(IOD)之比作為反映蛋白表達(dá)水平的相對(duì)指標(biāo)。分析光密度值,將結(jié)果導(dǎo)入Excel表中,計(jì)算目的蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白的光密度比值,每個(gè)樣本與GAPDH內(nèi)參重復(fù)測(cè)量3次取平均值,制成柱形圖。
1.3.2 SP結(jié)果分析? SP法染色陽性結(jié)果判定:S100A14蛋白陽性染色表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞漿和/或細(xì)胞膜呈棕黃色。隨機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)10個(gè)高倍視野(×400),每個(gè)視野讀取100個(gè)癌細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)陽性細(xì)胞數(shù),計(jì)算陽性率,取平均值,分別進(jìn)行陽性率及著色強(qiáng)度評(píng)分。陽性細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù):陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)百分比(%)=(視野陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)/視野總癌細(xì)胞數(shù))×100%,≤5%為0分,6%~24%為1分,25%~49%為2分,50%~74%為3分,≥75%為4分;著色強(qiáng)度:深棕色為3分,淺棕色為2分,淺黃色為1分,無著色為0分;將陽性百分率和著色強(qiáng)度兩項(xiàng)評(píng)分的乘積進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。分別由兩位資深的病理學(xué)專家單獨(dú)對(duì)免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)定,并最終達(dá)成一致意見。
1.3.3 療效評(píng)價(jià)? ①完全緩解(complete remission,CR):腫瘤完全消失;②部分緩解(partial remission,PR):腫瘤縮小50%以上;③穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD):腫瘤減小<50%,或增大<25%;④進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD):腫瘤增大>25%或有新的病灶出現(xiàn)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,數(shù)據(jù)先進(jìn)行shapiro wilk正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),患者臨床特征數(shù)據(jù)均為正態(tài)分布,采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示[11],兩樣本均數(shù)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),四格表資料采用Fisher確切概率法,兩組獨(dú)立樣本等級(jí)資料比較采用Wilcoxon兩樣本秩和檢驗(yàn)。經(jīng)免疫組化染色方法檢測(cè)得到宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白化療前后的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)為非正態(tài)分布,采用中位數(shù)(P25~P75)表示。由于每一例宮頸鱗癌患者化療前后組織間呈配比關(guān)系,因此比較化療前后宮頸鱗癌組織中相關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)水平差異時(shí),采用Wilcoxon配對(duì)秩和檢驗(yàn)?;熐案鞣N蛋白質(zhì)在有效組與無效組之間的比較,采用Mann-Whitney U法檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 宮頸鱗癌患者化療療效分析
化療1~2個(gè)周期后,40例宮頸鱗癌患者中,CR12例(30.0%),PR13例(32.5%),SD11例(27.5%),PD4例(10.0%)。根據(jù)化療療效將全部患者分為化療有效組(CR+PR)和化療無效組(SD+PD),總有效率為62.5%。
2.2 宮頸鱗癌患者臨床特征
40例宮頸鱗癌患者臨床特征,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)比較兩組患者年齡、腫瘤大小,采用Fisher確切概率法比較兩組患者臨床分期,采用Wilcoxon兩樣本秩和檢驗(yàn)比較兩組患者病理分化程度(P均>0.05),兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性。見表1。
2.3 宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白表達(dá)
利用WB和免疫組化SP法檢測(cè)正常宮頸上皮組織及巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織(N和C)、化療前后巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織(Pre和Post)、化療有效組和無效組巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織(R和NR)中S100A14的表達(dá)情況。選擇5例進(jìn)行WB實(shí)驗(yàn)是為了初步探索趨勢(shì),同時(shí)可節(jié)約經(jīng)費(fèi),確認(rèn)有趨勢(shì)之后選擇免疫組化進(jìn)行大樣本實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步明確,免疫組化不僅能夠明確蛋白表達(dá)量高低,還可以明確蛋白定位,比WB更適合本實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2.3.1 正常宮頸上皮組織、各組巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白表達(dá)情況? 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A14蛋白在巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中的表達(dá)明顯高于在正常宮頸上皮組織中的表達(dá),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);S100A14蛋白在化療后巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中的表達(dá)高于化療前癌組織中的表達(dá),在化療無效組化療前巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中的表達(dá)高于有效組化療前癌組織中的表達(dá),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖1、表2~4。
2.3.2 正常宮頸上皮組織、各組巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中S100A14蛋白表達(dá)情況? SP結(jié)果顯示S100A14蛋白在正常宮頸、巨塊型鱗癌組織中均有表達(dá),表達(dá)均主要位于細(xì)胞膜和細(xì)胞漿中,且細(xì)胞膜上的分布更典型,化療前后S100A14蛋白的定位沒有明顯變化,細(xì)胞漿細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)均會(huì)存在,化療有效組及無效組S100A14蛋白在巨塊型鱗癌細(xì)胞中的定位無明顯差異,均定位在細(xì)胞漿或/和細(xì)胞膜中。見封三圖1。
在35例正常宮頸組織中除11例正常宮頸上皮組織未見S100A14蛋白表達(dá)外,其余24例正常宮頸上皮組織及40例巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組中均見S100A14蛋白表達(dá),S100A14蛋白在巨塊型宮頸鱗癌組織中特異性表達(dá),明顯高于正常宮頸上皮組織,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見表5。40例患者化療前后的巨塊型宮頸鱗癌細(xì)胞中,除3例化療后未見宮頸癌組織,其余均可見S100A14蛋白的表達(dá),S100A14蛋白在化療后巨塊型宮頸癌組織中表達(dá)強(qiáng)度比化療前巨塊型宮頸癌組織中高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表6。在25例化療有效組、15例化療無效組的患者化療前巨塊型宮頸鱗癌細(xì)胞中均見S100A14蛋白表達(dá),且化療無效組S100A14蛋白表達(dá)明顯高于化療有效組(免疫組化SP法,×400),經(jīng)Mann-Whitney U法檢驗(yàn),化療前巨塊型宮頸癌組織中S100A14蛋白在化療有效組中的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度均比化療無效組中低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表7。
3 討論
新輔助化療是在宮頸癌手術(shù)或放療前先進(jìn)行化療,使瘤體體積縮小,提高手術(shù)切除率或提高腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)放療的敏感性。同時(shí)還具有消除可能存在的微轉(zhuǎn)移灶,減少術(shù)中播撒,降低分期,改善宮旁浸潤(rùn)情況等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[12]。近年來隨著介入技術(shù)水平的提高和不斷發(fā)展,輔助化療在婦科惡性腫瘤中的應(yīng)用日益普遍。然而輔助動(dòng)脈化療存在許多不足之處,由于腫瘤負(fù)荷過重及化療可能誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生耐藥性等原因,部分宮頸癌患者對(duì)輔助動(dòng)脈化療無反應(yīng)[13]。因此,尋找能預(yù)測(cè)宮頸癌對(duì)以順鉑為基礎(chǔ)的新輔助動(dòng)脈化療療效的指標(biāo)至關(guān)重要。本研究通過檢測(cè)S100A14蛋白在宮頸癌新輔助動(dòng)脈化療前后表達(dá)狀態(tài)及水平的變化,判斷其在宮頸癌新輔助動(dòng)脈化療療效預(yù)測(cè)中的作用。
S100A14屬于鈣結(jié)合蛋白家族的一個(gè)較新成員。S100A14具有S100家族典型的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,其表達(dá)受p53的調(diào)控[14]。S100A14蛋白在各種癌中的表達(dá)情況并不一致,例如在肺癌、胃癌、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌中高表達(dá),而在腎癌、結(jié)直腸癌和食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中低表達(dá)[15]。正常組織中S100A14蛋白的表達(dá)情況也不一樣,如正常食管上皮、結(jié)直腸上皮組織中高表達(dá)[6],在肺、肝、腎的正常組織中中度表達(dá),心臟中低表達(dá),在腦、脾、外周血白細(xì)胞中沒有表達(dá)[16]。而且S100A14蛋白在正常的肺、乳腺組織中主要分布于細(xì)胞胞漿,而在腫瘤組織中主要分布于細(xì)胞膜[17]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A14蛋白在巨塊型宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織中的表達(dá)較正常宮頸上皮組織表達(dá)強(qiáng)度明顯增強(qiáng)。
國(guó)內(nèi)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A14對(duì)細(xì)胞的增殖有雙重作用,其調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖侵襲遷移等癌癥進(jìn)展能力的差異可能反映不同組織或細(xì)胞類型的不同特征,在肝癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)其可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖[18],而在口腔癌和食管癌中其可通過誘導(dǎo)G1期阻滯而抑制細(xì)胞增殖[19,20]、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞侵襲[21]。S100A14蛋白的過表達(dá)與胃癌、結(jié)腸直腸癌和小腸癌的預(yù)后相關(guān)[22]。S100A14蛋白低表達(dá)與高結(jié)直腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移潛能相關(guān)[23]。S100A14蛋白被鑒定為能預(yù)測(cè)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移潛在新型標(biāo)記物[24]。王翔宇等證明了S100A14的過度表達(dá)與宮頸癌FIGO分期和淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān),其在宮頸癌細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)EMT,促進(jìn)宮頸癌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程、細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、遷移和侵襲[9]。
綜上所述,S100A14參與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,S100A14或許能抑制宮頸癌順鉑耐藥細(xì)胞的增值,作為宮頸癌對(duì)以順鉑為基礎(chǔ)的新輔助動(dòng)脈化療療效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)巨塊型宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中S100A14蛋白較正常宮頸上皮組織高表達(dá),在新輔助化療后切除組織中較化療前活檢組織中的蛋白表達(dá)增加,并且高表達(dá)S100A14蛋白的患者新輔助化療反應(yīng)率較差。這些結(jié)果提示S100A14蛋白可能成為巨塊型宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌采取新輔助化療的潛在甄選指標(biāo)。但是對(duì)于S100A14蛋白在宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的潛在通路作用機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步采用基礎(chǔ)細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2019-06-05)