沈建男,邵曉峰
生產(chǎn)不確定下資金約束供應(yīng)鏈的運營決策研究
沈建男,邵曉峰
(上海交通大學(xué)安泰經(jīng)濟與管理學(xué)院,上海 200030)
研究由單一零售商與單一制造商組成的單渠道供應(yīng)鏈,其中資金約束制造商的生產(chǎn)不確定以及生產(chǎn)能力有限,同時供應(yīng)鏈中企業(yè)雙方交易存在多種付款方式可供選擇。首先以生產(chǎn)確定且不同付款方式下的供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)運營決策與期望收益為基準(zhǔn);其次討論生產(chǎn)不確定且不同付款方式情形,從而提出資金約束供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)付款方式的選擇策略,通過對比分析討論生產(chǎn)不確定性、生產(chǎn)能力等因素對供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)決策與最優(yōu)期望利潤的影響。研究表明:生產(chǎn)能力較大時,零售商與制造商有非常相近的最優(yōu)付款選擇;生產(chǎn)能力較小時,通過收益共享契約實現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈雙方付款方式上的統(tǒng)一。而且,生產(chǎn)不確定與有限生產(chǎn)能力總體上約束了零售商的訂購量,但其中生產(chǎn)能力較少時,不確定性反而增加了訂購量;并且制造商采取了更加保守的運營策略,同時減少了雙方的期望收益。最后,通過算例分析驗證了相關(guān)研究結(jié)論。
資金約束;生產(chǎn)不確定;有限生產(chǎn)能力;運營決策;最優(yōu)付款選擇
供應(yīng)鏈運營中面臨資金約束時企業(yè)往往不能執(zhí)行最優(yōu)決策,如上游制造商存在資金不足而生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量出現(xiàn)短缺導(dǎo)致下游零售商會出現(xiàn)供應(yīng)中斷的風(fēng)險。資金約束不僅影響到供應(yīng)鏈中一方成員的利潤,而且還會影響到供應(yīng)鏈上游或下游成員的運營決策,最終導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈各方以及整體供應(yīng)鏈利潤的減少。同時,上游制造商受原材料、自然環(huán)境、生產(chǎn)工藝等因素影響,承擔(dān)著生產(chǎn)不確定性的風(fēng)險,如中藥飲片的原材料中草藥的種植過程中就會受到外界天氣等不確定因素的影響,Health Industry Distributors Association[1]數(shù)據(jù)顯示2004-2005年流感時節(jié),疫苗生產(chǎn)企業(yè)Chiron 工廠由于污染減產(chǎn)五百萬支疫苗。
在單階段模型中,權(quán)衡庫存的主要方式有下游企業(yè)觀察到需求之前訂貨,即下游企業(yè)承擔(dān)全部庫存風(fēng)險。同時破解上游企業(yè)資金不足的難題,首先是銀行等金融機構(gòu)的融資服務(wù),其次是Petersen和Rajan[2]提出了交易信用的內(nèi)部融資方式在解決企業(yè)資金不足時就有廣泛的應(yīng)用,交易信用也能夠減少企業(yè)對銀行外部融資的需求與依賴。那么,在實際應(yīng)用交易信用作為供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)部融資中,最典型的方式有兩類:(1)延期付款,為了緩解下游企業(yè)的資金短缺,供應(yīng)鏈采用由下游企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品銷售期末所得收益后向上游企業(yè)支付貨款;(2)提前付款,為了支持資金短缺的上游企業(yè)的生產(chǎn),下游企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)前向上游企業(yè)預(yù)先支付貨款。因此,包括準(zhǔn)時付款方式,運用交易信用的內(nèi)部融資實際上又豐富了企業(yè)間交易中支付貨款的方式。在實踐中,沃爾瑪向供應(yīng)商支付貨款的方式有四種:貨到后按賬期結(jié)算、月底結(jié)算、貨到付款、預(yù)付款;物美集團對上游制造商或供應(yīng)商的結(jié)算貨款的方式也有四種:預(yù)付貨款,貨到付款的現(xiàn)結(jié),按賬期支付的銀行匯款,承兌匯票付款。另外醫(yī)藥零售行業(yè)的雷允上、禮安、海王星辰在采購中藥飲片時也有提前付款,延期付款等多種付款形式,以此保障貨源穩(wěn)定或者充盈的現(xiàn)金流。
在理論研究中,有關(guān)資金約束供應(yīng)鏈的運營決策研究。首先是有關(guān)資金約束供應(yīng)鏈在對外融資中的運營決策:第一是運營與銀行融資的聯(lián)合決策,其中企業(yè)利用存貨質(zhì)押,應(yīng)收賬款質(zhì)押進行銀行融資下的運營決策有Dunham[3],朱文貴,朱道立等[4],魯其輝等[5]研究了存貨需求隨機波動時,銀行的最優(yōu)質(zhì)押率決策問題。第二是有關(guān)資金約束且銀行融資策略影響下企業(yè)生產(chǎn)、庫存、訂貨等決策問題:Lai, Debo和Sycara[6]研究了當(dāng)供應(yīng)商和零售商都存在資金約束,需要向金融機構(gòu)借款時,預(yù)訂模式、寄售模式和組合模式對供應(yīng)鏈績效的影響,論文從供應(yīng)商的角度證明了組合模式是最佳;Kouvelis和Zhao[7]研究了當(dāng)存在破產(chǎn)成本時,資金約束的零售商向銀行貸款,其自有資金和抵押物對最優(yōu)融資和訂貨決策,以及供應(yīng)商的定價問題。
其次關(guān)于資金約束供應(yīng)鏈在交易信用中的運營研究,第一,研究了延期付款下供應(yīng)鏈的運營、激勵與協(xié)調(diào)等問題,如Babich和Tang[8]分析了當(dāng)供應(yīng)商供貨存在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量風(fēng)險時,下游買方利用延期付款方式可有限制約風(fēng)險,并激勵供應(yīng)商保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。Zhang et al.[9]分析了在延期付款條件下零售商時存在破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險時,制造商配送量可能會小于零售商的訂購量,而且會小于供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)訂購量。第二,以延期付款作為內(nèi)生變量與激勵工具來研究供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)。Luo[10]證明了延期付款信用期激勵機制是一種不等價于數(shù)量折扣的新的供應(yīng)鏈激勵機制;陳祥鋒[11]研究了供應(yīng)商為資金約束的零售商提供延期付款貿(mào)易信用的供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)問題,研究表明當(dāng)零售商存在破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險且承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任時,延期付款能有效激勵零售商增加采購量。第三,研究供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)部延期付款與銀行外部借款的交互問題。如Fabbri和Menichini[12]認(rèn)為供應(yīng)商相對于銀行來說,具有信息優(yōu)勢和流動性優(yōu)勢,因此供應(yīng)商有動機向具有資金約束的下游企業(yè)提供延期付款信用;Kouvelis和Zhao[13]比較了有資金成本下的供應(yīng)商融資與銀行融資問題,設(shè)計了最優(yōu)兩階段價格延期付款合同的結(jié)構(gòu),研究表明在一定假設(shè)下,供應(yīng)商總是應(yīng)該以低于無風(fēng)險利率的優(yōu)惠提供延期付款給零售商,最優(yōu)合同下零售商偏好于供應(yīng)商融資;Jing,Chen和Cai[14],Jing和Seidmann[15],Chen[16]研究表明制造商的單位生產(chǎn)成本決定了供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)的策略均衡,當(dāng)制造商的單位生產(chǎn)成本較低時,供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)唯一的均衡為交易信用,反之,供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)唯一的均衡是銀行融資。
再次,有關(guān)提前付款條件下的供應(yīng)鏈運營決策與協(xié)調(diào),如Babich[17]分析了當(dāng)供應(yīng)商出現(xiàn)債務(wù)危機時,制造商向供應(yīng)商提供財務(wù)補貼的融資模式,研究了制造商的聯(lián)合能力預(yù)訂和財務(wù)補貼決策;Swinney和Netessine[18]研究當(dāng)供應(yīng)商存在破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險時,兩階段需求下制造商在第二階段面臨破產(chǎn)的供應(yīng)商時,在轉(zhuǎn)換供應(yīng)商與向供應(yīng)商提供轉(zhuǎn)移支付融資之間的選擇問題;Thangam[19]研究了預(yù)付款和交易信用下供應(yīng)鏈中易逝品的最優(yōu)價格折扣和批量訂貨策略; Mateut和Zanchettin[20]研究了預(yù)付款和交易信用之間的關(guān)系,研究表明大多數(shù)企業(yè)中二者是替代關(guān)系,但也有些類型的企業(yè)中二者是互補關(guān)系。王文利和駱建文[21]研究了零售商提前支付與外部融資的對比分析,提出了供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)與融資決策。
在資金約束供應(yīng)鏈運營策略研究中,大多文獻假設(shè)制造商生產(chǎn)確定以及不考慮其生產(chǎn)能力的限制,而且是單一付款方式下資金約束零售商的運營決策。較少討論多種付款方式并存,以及生產(chǎn)不確定且生產(chǎn)能力有限下,資金約束制造商如何通過批發(fā)價激勵策略、零售商如何確定最優(yōu)訂購量以及供應(yīng)鏈雙方最優(yōu)付款方式的選擇條件、制造商的生產(chǎn)不確定與有限生產(chǎn)能力如何影響供應(yīng)鏈運營策略。因此,基于企業(yè)實際交易過程中普遍存在的多種付款方式、制造商生產(chǎn)不確定與生產(chǎn)能力有限為背景,零售商在銷售期前訂購產(chǎn)品,資金約束制造商根據(jù)不同付款方式?jīng)Q策批發(fā)價折扣或利率等策略。本文基于不同付款方式,首先討論了生產(chǎn)確定且生產(chǎn)能力有限下的運營決策,其次分析了生產(chǎn)不確定且生產(chǎn)能力有限的情形,從而得到資金約束供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)付款方式的選擇條件,得出提前付款有助于資金約束制造商解決生產(chǎn)資金不足的困境。并且以生產(chǎn)確定下運營決策是基礎(chǔ),進一步分析生產(chǎn)不確定性、生產(chǎn)能力等因素對供應(yīng)鏈運營決策的影響。
表1 符號含義
本節(jié)在生產(chǎn)確定下分別討論了準(zhǔn)時付款,提前付款,延期付款下的資金約束供應(yīng)鏈運營決策。提出了不同生產(chǎn)規(guī)模下的制造商的批發(fā)價折扣與利率策略,以及零售商的最優(yōu)訂購策略,從而得到供應(yīng)鏈雙方的最優(yōu)期望收益。
根據(jù)決策順序,具體如表2所示。
表2 提前付款且生產(chǎn)確定下的供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)運營策略與期望利潤
表3 準(zhǔn)時付款且生產(chǎn)確定下供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)運營策略與期望利潤
根據(jù)決策順序,采用逆向求解供應(yīng)鏈各方的策略均衡,可得運營策略與最優(yōu)期望收益如表4、5所示。
表4 延期付款且生產(chǎn)確定下的供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)運營策略
表5 延期付款且生產(chǎn)確定下的供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)期望利潤
本節(jié)分別討論生產(chǎn)不確定且不同付款方式下的資金約束供應(yīng)鏈運營決策。提出了不同生產(chǎn)規(guī)模下的制造商的批發(fā)價折扣與利率策略,以及零售商的最優(yōu)訂購策略,從而得到供應(yīng)鏈雙方的最優(yōu)期望收益。
根據(jù)決策順序,采用逆向求解供應(yīng)鏈各方的策略均衡,得如下命題。
表6 提前付款且生產(chǎn)不確定下的供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)期望利潤
表7 準(zhǔn)時付款下供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)運營策略與期望利潤
根據(jù)決策順序,采用逆向求解供應(yīng)鏈各方的策略均衡,得如下命題。
命題3:當(dāng)生產(chǎn)不確定且延期付款下,供應(yīng)鏈雙方的最優(yōu)運營決策為:
其中
表8 延期付款下的供應(yīng)鏈雙方最優(yōu)期望利潤
從命題4可以得出,無論市場批發(fā)價、生產(chǎn)成本、市場價格上限之間的關(guān)系如何,以及任意生產(chǎn)不確定參數(shù)的分布函數(shù),當(dāng)生產(chǎn)能力都較大時,零售商的最優(yōu)付款方式為提前付款。因為當(dāng)生產(chǎn)能力較大,零售商能采購到最優(yōu)訂購量,通過提前付款獲得批發(fā)價折扣,能夠最大化自身收益;而對于制造商,當(dāng)生產(chǎn)能力較大且訂購量較大時,通過提前付款交易信用的供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)部融資能有效緩解生產(chǎn)所需的資金;當(dāng)生產(chǎn)成本與批發(fā)價相差較小時,則會偏向延期付款提高批發(fā)價。另一方面,當(dāng)生產(chǎn)能力較低時,零售商的最優(yōu)付款方式為提前付款或準(zhǔn)時付款,資金約束制造商希望的最優(yōu)付款方式為延期付款。因為,生產(chǎn)能力較低時零售價會更高,零售商希望提前付款獲得更多穩(wěn)定的訂購量,以此會獲取更多收益。但生產(chǎn)能力較低時制造商則不會提供批發(fā)價折扣,同準(zhǔn)時付款的批發(fā)價相同,那么,零售商會選擇提前付款或準(zhǔn)時付款。對于制造商來說,有限的生產(chǎn)能力能夠最大限度的提升市場批發(fā)價,資金約束制造商在延期付款下制定批發(fā)價利率等于融資利率,不僅把增加的邊際生產(chǎn)成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁到零售商,還可以從高批發(fā)價中獲取更多單位期望收益,因此,制造商會選擇延期付款。另外,提前付款能為制造商解決生產(chǎn)資金,是制造商次優(yōu)的付款方式。具體見表9。
表9 生產(chǎn)不確定下資金約束供應(yīng)鏈最優(yōu)付款方式
通過對比表2與表6可得提前付款下生產(chǎn)不確定的影響。
通過對比表3與表7可得準(zhǔn)時付款下生產(chǎn)不確定的影響為:
由于制造商按照市場批發(fā)價銷售,可以獲得穩(wěn)定的單位收益,通過對比生產(chǎn)確定與生產(chǎn)不確定時的供應(yīng)鏈運營決策與期望收益,可得:當(dāng)生產(chǎn)能力較大時,在生產(chǎn)不確定時的訂購量等于生產(chǎn)確定時,但供應(yīng)鏈雙方的期望收益要小于生產(chǎn)確定時,生產(chǎn)不確定首先引起了供應(yīng)鏈雙方利潤的減少;其次,當(dāng)生產(chǎn)能力較小時,零售商在生產(chǎn)不確定時訂購量要大于生產(chǎn)確定時,同時供應(yīng)鏈雙方期望收益與生產(chǎn)不確定參數(shù)的分布緊密相關(guān)。
通過對比表4、5與表8可得提前付款下生產(chǎn)不確定的影響。
通過與有限生產(chǎn)能力下運營決策相比較,可得:當(dāng)準(zhǔn)時付款下,生產(chǎn)能力有限同樣減少了零售商的訂購量、供應(yīng)鏈雙方的期望收益。準(zhǔn)時付款下,當(dāng)市場批發(fā)價與生產(chǎn)成本相差較大時,生產(chǎn)能力的限制同樣使制造商很可能不提供折扣,零售商只能以最低訂購量進行采購,并且都會降低供應(yīng)鏈雙方的最優(yōu)期望利潤;但當(dāng)生產(chǎn)成本與市場批發(fā)價相差較小時,生產(chǎn)能力對制造商的批發(fā)價折扣沒有影響,都以最高市場批發(fā)價出售,但生產(chǎn)能力的下降會減少零售商的訂購量。延期付款下,當(dāng)生產(chǎn)成本與市場批發(fā)價相差較大或中等時,生產(chǎn)能力的下降使制造商會制定最高的延期付款利率,零售商減少訂購量,供應(yīng)鏈雙方的期望收益也不斷減少;但當(dāng)生產(chǎn)成本與市場批發(fā)價相差較小時,生產(chǎn)能力對制造商運營決策沒有影響,但零售商會降低訂購量。
圖1 提前付款下的供應(yīng)鏈運營決策與期望利潤對比分析()
圖2 提前付款下的供應(yīng)鏈運營決策與期望利潤對比分析()
圖3 延期付款下的供應(yīng)鏈運營決策與期望利潤對比分析()
圖4 延期付款下的供應(yīng)鏈運營決策與期望利潤對比分析()
圖5 延期付款下的供應(yīng)鏈運營決策與期望利潤對比分析()
本文分析了單個制造商與單個零售商組成的供應(yīng)鏈,其中制造商生產(chǎn)不確定、生產(chǎn)能力有限且存在資金約束;零售商采購資金充足,且采取在銷售期來臨之前向制造商訂購并承擔(dān)全部庫存壓力。同時,供應(yīng)鏈雙方交易過程中存在多種付款方式可供協(xié)商選擇(如提前付款;延期付款;準(zhǔn)時付款),制造商針對不同的付款方式提出批發(fā)價激勵策略:提前付款下的批發(fā)價折扣、延期付款的批發(fā)價利率或準(zhǔn)時付款則按照市場批發(fā)價銷售;然后零售商在銷售期之前選擇訂購量,生產(chǎn)不確定證實后制造商生產(chǎn)并向零售商進行配送;零售商以市場價格銷售獲取收益。本文基于不同付款方式重點分析了生產(chǎn)確定與生產(chǎn)不確定時的運營決策,提出供應(yīng)鏈成員最優(yōu)付款方式的選擇,討論生產(chǎn)不確定、有限生產(chǎn)能力對運營決策及期望利潤的影響。
研究表明:第一,生產(chǎn)能力較大時:零售商的最優(yōu)付款方式時提前付款,制造商的最優(yōu)付款方式很大可能也是提前付款,雙方達(dá)到了統(tǒng)一;而當(dāng)生產(chǎn)能力較小時:零售商的最優(yōu)付款方式是提前付款或準(zhǔn)時付款,而制造商的最優(yōu)付款方式是延期付款,次優(yōu)是提前付款,最差時準(zhǔn)時付款,雙方在付款方式上存在矛盾,而通過收益共享契約合同可以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)能力較小時供應(yīng)鏈雙方付款方式的統(tǒng)一。第二,生產(chǎn)不確定性與有限生產(chǎn)能力減少零售商訂購量,制造商執(zhí)行更加保守的批發(fā)價策略,同時也減少供應(yīng)鏈雙方的期望利潤;
本文有關(guān)制造商的生產(chǎn)能力沒有考慮成本,而且單階段決策。因此未來的研究方向:(1)考慮制造商擴大生產(chǎn)能力時需要支付一定的成本;(2)通過供應(yīng)鏈雙方的契約合同使得在生產(chǎn)容量較小時,協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈雙方付款方式;(3)零售商或供應(yīng)鏈雙方都存在資金約束供時的最優(yōu)運營決策與最優(yōu)付款方式的選擇;(4)多階段的資金約束供應(yīng)鏈運營決策。
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Research on operational strategies for capital-constrained supply chains with yield random
SHEN Jiannan, SHAO Xiaofeng
(Antai College of Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030)
The manufacturer’s financial constraint may lead to unsmooth production. Thus, the downstream firm will face the risk of supply shortages or supply disruption in the supply chain operation, which the firms cannot make optimal decisions, and their profit decrease rapidly. Especially the manufacturer produces under limited production capacity, and the actual output is subject to a random production yield, which further restricts the firms’ decisions. Bank financing and trade credit are commonly used to release financial constraint. As being lack of full business information and avoiding financial risks, the bank may afford a finite credit size. Trade credit, mainly including advance payment and delayed payment, is the business credit between supply chain enterprises or between supply chain enterprises and their customers. Besides punctual payment, trade credit enriches the payment terms between firms. But recently, many studies about the capital-constrained supply chain mainly discussed the optimal decision-making under one payment term and analyzed how to choose the optimal financial channel to solve the limited capital for the retailer. Little research considered that the capital-constrained manufacturer had limited production capacity and random yield under different payment terms.
Under stochastic yield and appropriate financial services, a capital-constrained manufacturer with a traditional partner (i.e., a retailer) sold her products with an exogenously fixed wholesale price. The basic model was classical single-period make-to-order framework under different payments. So the retailer prebooked quantity before the period of selling, and retailer price was a linear function of demand. Without loss of generality, the manufacturer’s initial capital was zero. To keep a successful operation in the supply chain, the manufacturer had a strong incentive as wholesale price discount to advanced payment. But if the retailer implemented delay payment, the manufacturer must be a borrower and announced interest rate of per unit wholesale price to the retailer. Also, because of limited production capacity, the optimal order could not always be satisfied. From the percept of maximizing the profit of enterprises, the model of the operational decision was constructed with different payments. First, this paper took the bench of optimal operational decision and profits under deterministic yield and analyzed them under random yield. Second, according to comparative results under different scenarios, the influences of random yield and limited capacity were proposed.
In the first part, we respectively discuss the optimal strategy and expected revenue under deterministic yield or random yield. So we study the advanced payment scenario that retailer orders quantity and pays the money before producing, and then manufacturer executes a wholesale price discount. Furthermore, we discuss the punctual payment scenario, which product delivering, and financial transactions take place simultaneously. The third scenario, which the manufacturer announces wholesale price with an interest rate replying to delay payment, is analyzed. Using Stackelberg model and backward approach, we respectively show the retailer’s optimal preorder quantity and manufacturer’s optimal discount rate or interest rate under limited production capacity. Calculation formulas of optimal profits are also given. Main results show that the manufacturer will make a heavy discount when capacity and wholesale price is all high so that the retailer will order more quantity, but the discount will be always zero when the wholesale price is low, and whatever capacity is. Also, the rate will be zero when capacity and wholesale price are all high, and the rate will ascend when the wholesale price is intermediate, but the rate will be the highest when the wholesale price is low and whatever capacity is.
In the second part, this study separately compares the retailer’s optimal profits, and manufacturer’s under different payment terms. The result shows that the retailer will choose advanced payment or punctual payment under stochastic yield. Also, we establish the conditions that the manufacturer chooses the optimal payment terms based on production capacity. So when the capacity is high, the manufacturer chooses advanced payment. When the capacity is low, the manufacturer chooses delay payment. The optimal payment between retailer and manufacturer is partly identical under the same conditions. When a coordination contract is designed under low capacity, revenue sharing not only partly coordinates optimal payment terms between retailer and manufacturer under lower capacity but also can improve their profit performance.
In the third part, we further explore the influence of random yield or limited production capacity on operational strategy. The results show that yield random or limited capacity restricts retailer’s ordering. The manufacturer takes a more conservative operating strategy, such as a lower discount or higher rate of the wholesale price. These strategies can reduce their expected revenue. Finally, a numerical example is used to verify the results.
In summary, a manufacturer can use internal financing (i.e., advanced payment) to ease capital pressure when capacity is high. The retailer has the incentive to provide financing to the manufacturer. This conclusion is consistent with prior research. Further, the study under low capacity complements the existing research, and the interesting result is that the capital-constrained manufacturer will prefer external financing when capacity is lower. However, this paper only considers one period and symmetrical information. Asymmetrical information about the capital, multi-period operation will be a direction for future research.
Capital constraint; Yield random; Limited capacity; Operational strategy; Optimal choice of payment terms
2017-06-06
2017-11-02
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71372106)
C93
A
1004-6062(2020)01-0210-013
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.01.023
2017-06-06
2017-11-02
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(71372106)
沈建男(1981—),男,江蘇蘇州人;上海交通大學(xué)安泰經(jīng)濟與管理學(xué)院博士后;研究方向:供應(yīng)鏈金融。
中文編輯:杜 ??;英文編輯:Charlie C. Chen