馬 超,鐘 婷,王 建,何 娟
損失規(guī)避下具有零售商努力效應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約
馬 超1,鐘 婷2,王 建3,何 娟1
(1.西南交通大學(xué)交通運(yùn)輸與物流學(xué)院,四川 成都 610031;2.四川旅游學(xué)院旅游文化產(chǎn)業(yè)學(xué)院, 四川 成都 610100;3.江蘇科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院,江蘇 鎮(zhèn)江 212003)
針對(duì)單個(gè)損失規(guī)避零售商和單個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中性供應(yīng)商的短生命周期商品訂購問題, 本文提出具損失分擔(dān)機(jī)制和單邊補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約模型管理采購庫存風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以刺激零售商擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品訂購. 討論不確定需求下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約的可行性問題, 指出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約可以協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈, 能實(shí)現(xiàn)Pareto改進(jìn)與合理的績(jī)效分配. 進(jìn)一步的, 以批發(fā)價(jià)契約為基準(zhǔn), 以供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)與Pareto改進(jìn)為契約的可行前提, 以合理分配績(jī)效為原則, 探討隨機(jī)市場(chǎng)需求下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約與其他系列供應(yīng)鏈契約 (包括收益共享契約、回購契約和銷售返利契約)的差異, 發(fā)現(xiàn)可博弈補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用的存在使得參與者在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約下比回購契約和銷售返利契約具有更多的利潤獲得; 此外, 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約能有效地彌補(bǔ)收益共享契約無法完全按照交易雙方的議價(jià)能力來合理分配績(jī)效的缺陷, 因而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約比上述其他契約更易被參與者接受. 最后, 利用數(shù)值實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證本文的研究結(jié)論.
契約; 協(xié)調(diào);損失規(guī)避; 零售商努力; Nash 議價(jià)
在日常生活中,手機(jī)、電腦、服裝等產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)隨處可見,而由于這些類型的產(chǎn)品生成提前期長、銷售周期短、需求不確定性大等特性決定了企業(yè)在經(jīng)銷和生成這些產(chǎn)品的過程中不得不面臨巨大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因而企業(yè)界迫切需要相關(guān)理論來指導(dǎo)這些類型產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)作管理問題。而報(bào)童模型及其拓展模型的研究正是為了解決這一問題,并獲得了一系列進(jìn)展。在分散決策的系列報(bào)童模型中, 企業(yè)僅關(guān)心自己的目標(biāo), 往往與供應(yīng)鏈一體化的目標(biāo)產(chǎn)生沖突, 導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈效率低下[1]。大量文獻(xiàn)的研究表明供應(yīng)鏈契約能夠通過對(duì)支付條款進(jìn)行規(guī)定,從而激勵(lì)供應(yīng)鏈成員的目標(biāo)與供應(yīng)鏈整體的目標(biāo)保持一致,進(jìn)而刺激供應(yīng)鏈整體效率加大,并最終致使供應(yīng)鏈達(dá)到協(xié)調(diào)[2-4]。而在這些研究中,往往出現(xiàn)訂購過剩與訂購不足的現(xiàn)象,因而如何通過減小供需不匹配發(fā)生概率去實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)已成為供應(yīng)鏈契約探討中一個(gè)有趣的話題。
在緩解供需不平衡問題上,一些學(xué)者提出采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)(risk sharing)機(jī)制。如彭紅軍等[5]討論了不確定環(huán)境(包括消費(fèi)者需求、原材料生產(chǎn)和產(chǎn)成品生產(chǎn))下, 基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)契約模型的生產(chǎn)與訂購策略, 證明了制造商與供應(yīng)商的納什均衡博弈決策會(huì)降低供應(yīng)鏈整體利潤。Kremer和Wassenhove[6]分析了庫存風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移成本問題,表明了相對(duì)于固定的轉(zhuǎn)移成本方式, 參與者更愿意選用按單位計(jì)算的轉(zhuǎn)移成本方式. 上述庫存風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)機(jī)制能有效處理庫存損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但沒給出合理的系統(tǒng)利潤分配方案。針對(duì)合理分配利潤問題,部分學(xué)者提出了單邊轉(zhuǎn)移支付機(jī)制。如Leng和Zhu[7]的研究表明單邊補(bǔ)償支付機(jī)制作為一種由Nash仲裁程序和Shapley值對(duì)固定補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用進(jìn)行估算的利潤再分配的方式能協(xié)調(diào)渠道系統(tǒng)。姚樹俊等[8]探討了產(chǎn)品服務(wù)系統(tǒng),指出單邊轉(zhuǎn)移支付契約不僅能實(shí)現(xiàn)合理分配供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)后的新增利潤, 而且還能有效抑制預(yù)先購買、哄抬價(jià)格的現(xiàn)象。既然上述兩類機(jī)制分別對(duì)需求與訂購存在偏差的損失及系統(tǒng)利潤分配方案有積極效應(yīng), 那么基于庫存風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移和單邊轉(zhuǎn)移支付相結(jié)合的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散(risk diversification)機(jī)制的設(shè)計(jì)便顯得有一定的理由。由此, 本文考慮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約來緩解由供需不符壓力及分配系統(tǒng)利潤。
在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約下,我們考慮供應(yīng)商承諾分擔(dān)部分零售商的庫存損失,必要時(shí)還可以通過協(xié)商對(duì)產(chǎn)品的批發(fā)價(jià)格做調(diào)整;在損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分擔(dān)的基礎(chǔ)上, 還提供一種單邊補(bǔ)償支付,即在實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)利潤最大化的前提下, 將供應(yīng)鏈績(jī)效進(jìn)行協(xié)商分配, 從而促使雙方利潤都有所增長。也就是說, 通過庫存損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分擔(dān)機(jī)制的實(shí)施, 若零售商的利潤降低, 那么供應(yīng)商承諾在不減少自身利潤的基礎(chǔ)上, 對(duì)零售商進(jìn)行額外補(bǔ)貼;而若供應(yīng)商利潤降低, 那么供應(yīng)商要求零售商在不犧牲自身利潤的基礎(chǔ)上, 對(duì)供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行支付補(bǔ)償。
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約是否值得采用(或可行的)?在管理企業(yè)的訂購問題中存在多種有效的供應(yīng)鏈契約,相對(duì)于其他契約而言,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約有何優(yōu)勢(shì)?即,交易參與者為什么選用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約而不是其他?為回答這些問題,在忽略契約簽訂成本的基礎(chǔ)上, 本文提出一種契約選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
(1)該契約是可行的. 即該契約能協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈且實(shí)現(xiàn)Pareto改進(jìn);
(2)該契約下交易雙方績(jī)效均大于或等于其他有限個(gè)契約的情況;
(3)該契約能合理分配系統(tǒng)績(jī)效。我們以批發(fā)價(jià)契約下交易雙方績(jī)效為基準(zhǔn), 采用一般Nash議價(jià)模型, 討論交易雙方議價(jià)能力不確定情況下是否存在任意的議價(jià)解, 并指出任意的議價(jià)解能完全實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤的合理分配。
值得注意的是, 契約的可協(xié)調(diào)性往往取決于企業(yè)的策略問題, 而企業(yè)的訂購策略往往又受到?jīng)Q策者自身偏好的直接影響與企業(yè)努力行為的間距影響[9], 因而越來越多的學(xué)者在研究相關(guān)問題時(shí)會(huì)在一定程度上將這些因素考慮進(jìn)來。近年來, 損失規(guī)避作為一種描述企業(yè)偏好行為的手段已逐漸被應(yīng)用在供應(yīng)鏈契約的協(xié)調(diào)問題上。如甘小冰等[10]在電子商務(wù)環(huán)境下, 針對(duì)具有線上線下雙銷售渠道的生鮮供應(yīng)鏈策略和合作問題, 構(gòu)建了零售商入股的收益共享契約模型,表明了該契約能有效的協(xié)調(diào)具損失規(guī)避型零售商的供應(yīng)鏈. Zhang等[11]考察了損失規(guī)避型供應(yīng)商的契約選擇問題, 指出了在臨界比高時(shí)選擇收益共享契約, 而臨界比低時(shí)則采用回購契約. Luo和Chen[12]探討了隨機(jī)生成下具損失規(guī)避型供應(yīng)商的生成問題與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中性買家的訂購問題, 表明了缺貨懲罰剩余補(bǔ)貼契約能實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào)。張鵬等[13]分析了基于期望損失厭惡的訂購策略, 指出了收益共享契約和回購契約的供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)狀態(tài)不受零售商的期望損失厭惡行為影響。顧波軍和張祥[14]采用了收益和成本分離的方法來刻畫損失規(guī)避行為, 并表明了損失規(guī)避行為提高了供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)時(shí)損失規(guī)避零售商的收益分享能力。上述文獻(xiàn)從多個(gè)視角對(duì)損失規(guī)避行為進(jìn)行描述, 這給我們進(jìn)一步探討具損失規(guī)避特性的供應(yīng)鏈帶來了良好的啟示, 而上述文獻(xiàn)中除了[14], 其他均是應(yīng)用效用函數(shù)合并評(píng)價(jià)整體貨幣型結(jié)果的建模方法來刻畫損失規(guī)避行為, 這在某些方面使得模型復(fù)雜且不易得到解析解。由此,通過采用收益和成本分離方法討論損失規(guī)避行為時(shí), 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約是否可行?
此外, 由于企業(yè)的諸如免費(fèi)禮物、服務(wù)、保修、退稅等努力效應(yīng)可以直接影響市場(chǎng)的最終需求, 從而影響到企業(yè)的最初訂購。因而紛紛有學(xué)者將決策者的努力行為考慮, 并由此對(duì)系列供應(yīng)鏈契約做了深層次的探討。如Taylor[15]分析了無缺貨懲罰的報(bào)童模式, 表明了銷售返利與回購組合契約能夠協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈。徐最等[16]討論了隨機(jī)需求受銷售努力影響的回購契約模型, 提出了通過限制產(chǎn)品回購量, 該類契約可以實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào)。胡本勇和王性玉[17]基于收益共享契約管理框架, 優(yōu)化了核心企業(yè)的決策制定, 從而使之與相應(yīng)的渠道決策保持一致。以上契約可以有效地激勵(lì)努力效應(yīng)下零售商最優(yōu)訂購量達(dá)到供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)的情況, 那么努力效應(yīng)下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約模型是否有同樣的結(jié)果?
基于以上分析, 論文考慮單個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中性供應(yīng)商和單個(gè)損失規(guī)避零售商組成的供應(yīng)鏈, 提出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約模型管理采購庫存風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以刺激零售商擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品訂購。(1)通過引入心理賬戶分離的建模方法刻畫損失規(guī)避行為, 制定零售商努力影響需求和隨機(jī)需求下基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約的最優(yōu)策略。(2)考察風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約對(duì)零售商努力水平的影響, 討論風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約在零售商努力影響需求和隨機(jī)需求下的可行性及系統(tǒng)績(jī)效分配的合理性, 研究零售商的損失規(guī)避程度對(duì)契約參數(shù)及交易雙方利潤的影響。(3)在隨機(jī)需求模式下, 以批發(fā)價(jià)契約為基準(zhǔn), 以供應(yīng)鏈整體目標(biāo)為杠桿, 以合理分配系統(tǒng)績(jī)效為準(zhǔn)則, 比較風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約與收益共享契約、回購契約及銷售返利契約的差異。
針對(duì)零售商的損失規(guī)避態(tài)度, 我們采用如下效用函數(shù)來刻畫[14, 22]:
在集中式?jīng)Q策下, 供應(yīng)鏈成員在同一個(gè)決策組織中運(yùn)行, 因而實(shí)現(xiàn)渠道利潤最大化的客觀函數(shù)為:
考慮分散式?jīng)Q策,即批發(fā)價(jià)契約。此時(shí), 供應(yīng)商和零售商的期望利潤分別為
由于零售商是損失規(guī)避的, 通過將收益和超訂及失售成本分離成2個(gè)心理賬戶②Becker-Peth等[22],Davis等[24],顧波軍和張祥[14]在損失規(guī)避環(huán)境下的研究均采用分離銷售收益與超訂成本為2個(gè)心理賬戶的建模方法,使得理論模型相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單且存在解析解。, 零售商的損失規(guī)避效用可描述為
此時(shí), 最佳訂購量和最佳努力水平分別滿足
根據(jù)Cachon[3]關(guān)于供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)和Pareto改進(jìn)的定義, 我們指出一個(gè)契約可以協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈, 那么該契約下零售商的最優(yōu)策略與系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)情況保持一致;我們稱一個(gè)契約能被接受, 那么該契約具有Pareto改進(jìn), 也就是說該契約下交易者各自效用不減少。由此, 我們稱一個(gè)契約是可行的, 那么它能實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)和Pareto改進(jìn)。
下面, 我們從風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的角度出發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約, 然后將該類契約與其他契約(包括收益共享契約、回購契約和銷售返利契約)進(jìn)行比較, 從而說明該類契約的優(yōu)劣。
如果零售商努力成本可被證實(shí), 那么通過引入努力成本分擔(dān)機(jī)制, 回購契約可以完美協(xié)調(diào)具有努力效應(yīng)的供應(yīng)鏈[18];同樣通過這一方法, 收益共享契約可以實(shí)現(xiàn)具有努力效應(yīng)的供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào)[25]。既然在上述契約中, 成本分擔(dān)機(jī)制有助于提高具有努力效應(yīng)環(huán)境下的契約可行性, 那么引入這一機(jī)制改進(jìn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約時(shí), 供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)策略與供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)問題將如何?
通過賬戶分離法, 零售商的損失規(guī)避效用可描述為:
其中
命題1給出了需求受零售商努力擾動(dòng)下基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約的最優(yōu)策略, 考察風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約參數(shù)對(duì)最優(yōu)策略的影響, 有如下結(jié)果成立。
證明:
因而供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)狀態(tài)下, 只要滿足一定單邊補(bǔ)償支付, 交易雙方就都愿意采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約。此時(shí), 交易雙方還可以通過對(duì)單邊補(bǔ)償支付的協(xié)商從而達(dá)到合理分配系統(tǒng)利潤。
于是, 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約的可行性可歸納為如下結(jié)果。
隨機(jī)需求下, 類似于第2節(jié), 若風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約是可行的, 則下面的定理成立。
于是, 收益共享契約下零售商的損失規(guī)避效用為
既然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約和收益共享契約均是可行的, 不妨令
于是, 回購契約下零售商的損失規(guī)避效用為
于是, 銷售返利契約下零售商的損失規(guī)避效用為
比較風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約與銷售返利契約的差異, 不妨令
總之, 基于上述的分析, 下面的定理成立。
定理3隨機(jī)需求下, 損失規(guī)避型零售商和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中性型供應(yīng)商組成的供應(yīng)鏈中, 以供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)和Pareto改進(jìn)為契約可行前提, 以按議價(jià)能力為績(jī)效分配的合理性準(zhǔn)則, 相對(duì)于收益共享契約, 回購契約和銷售返利契約, 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約有更大的市場(chǎng)接受度。
圖1 和對(duì)的影響 ()
圖2 和對(duì)的影響 ()
圖3 對(duì)和的影響
圖4 和對(duì)的影響
圖5 和對(duì)的影響
圖6 和對(duì)的影響
圖7 和對(duì)的影響
圖8 對(duì)的影響
圖9 和對(duì)的影響
圖10 對(duì)的影響
圖11 對(duì)、、和的影響
圖12 對(duì)的影響
圖13 對(duì)、、和的影響
綜合上述幾種契約的比較, 不難發(fā)現(xiàn)在零售商處于損失規(guī)避狀態(tài)的情況下, 以契約的可行性為前提, 以系統(tǒng)績(jī)效的合理分配為原則, 相對(duì)于其他幾類契約, 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約存在一定的優(yōu)勢(shì), 從而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約更易被市場(chǎng)接受。
短周期生命產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)中, 由于存在各類不確定性因素, 零售商在面臨供需不匹配的損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)更愿意采取規(guī)避態(tài)度, 從而適當(dāng)?shù)臏p少產(chǎn)品采購。然而供應(yīng)商為轉(zhuǎn)移諸如庫存等各類成本, 由此更愿意提供一系列手段以促使零售商加大產(chǎn)品的采購?;诖? 本文考慮由單個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中性型供應(yīng)商與單個(gè)損失規(guī)避型零售商組成的兩級(jí)供應(yīng)鏈, 采用心理賬戶分離法刻畫損失規(guī)避型零售商績(jī)效, 研究了不確定需求下的訂購問題, 并得到如下啟示。
(2)市場(chǎng)需求表現(xiàn)為隨機(jī)需求, 即零售商努力水平為零的情況, 我們提出了一種契約選擇的準(zhǔn)則:契約是可行的且能實(shí)現(xiàn)合理分配系統(tǒng)績(jī)效。以實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)和完成Pareto改進(jìn)為契約的可行性前提, 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約、收益共享契約、回購契約和銷售返利契約均是可行的。由此進(jìn)一步比較風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約與回購契約、銷售返利契約的差異, 發(fā)現(xiàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約下交易雙方能獲得更高的績(jī)效。此外, 針對(duì)交易雙方議價(jià)能力的不確定性, 通過構(gòu)建一般Nash議價(jià)模型, 我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)收益共享契約無法保證實(shí)現(xiàn)完全按照議價(jià)能力來合理分配績(jī)效。于是, 我們指出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散契約相對(duì)于上述其他契約更易被交易參與者所接受。
[1] Chopra S, Meindl P. Supply Chain Management. Strategy, Planning & Operation [J]. Iie Transactions, 2007, 34(2):221-222.
[2] Wang C X. A general framework of supply chain contract models [J]. Supply Chain Management, 2002, 7(5):302-310.
[3] Cachon G P. Supply chain coordination with contracts [J]. Handbooks in operations research and management science, 2003, 11: 227-339.
[4] 楊德禮, 郭瓊, 何勇, 徐經(jīng)意. 供應(yīng)鏈契約研究進(jìn)展[J]. 管理學(xué)報(bào), 2006, 3(1):117-125.
Yang D L, Guo Q, He Y, Xu JY. Review of Supply Chain Contracts [J].Chinese Journal of Management, 2006, 3(1):117-125.
[5] 彭紅軍, 周梅華, 劉滿芝. 兩級(jí)生產(chǎn)與需求不確定下供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)模型研究[J]. 管理工程學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 27(3): 156-163.
Peng H J, Zhou M H, Liu M Z. Research on Risk Sharing Model in Supply Chain with Uncertainties in Two-level Yields and Demand [J].
Journal of Industrial Engineering/ Engineering Management, 2013, 27(3): 156-163.
[6] Kremer M, Wassenhove L N V. Willingness to Pay for Shifting Inventory Risk: The Role of Contractual Form [J]. Production & Operations Management, 2014, 23(2):239–252.
[7] Leng M, Zhu A. 2009. Side-payment contracts in two-person nonzero-sum supply chain games: Review, discussion and applications [J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 196(2), 600-618.
[8] 姚樹俊, 陳菊紅, 和征. 產(chǎn)品服務(wù)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移支付機(jī)制研究[J]. 中國管理科學(xué), 2016, 24(2): 84-91.
Yao S J, Chen H J, He Z. Research on Transfer Payment Mechanism of Product Service System [J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2016, 24(2): 84-91.
[9] Dai J, Meng W. A risk-averse newsvendor model under marketing-dependency and price-dependency [J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2015, 160:220-229.
[10] 甘小冰, 錢麗玲, 馬利軍, 王沿. 電子商務(wù)環(huán)境下兩級(jí)生鮮供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào)與優(yōu)化[J]. 系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 22(5): 655-664.
Gan X B, Qian L L, Ma L J, Wang Y. Coordination and Optimization of Two-tiered Fresh Products Supply Chain in E-commerce [J]. Journal of Systems & Management, 2013, 22(5): 655-664.
[11] Zhang Y, Donohue K, Cui T H. Contract preferences and performance for the loss-averse supplier: Buyback vs. revenue sharing [J]. Management Science, 2015, 62(6): 1734-1754.
[12] Luo J, Chen X. Coordination of a random yield supply chain with a loss-averse supplier [J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015, 2015.
[13] 張鵬, 張杰, 馬俊. 考慮期望損失厭惡的供應(yīng)鏈契約與協(xié)調(diào)[J]. 管理評(píng)論, 2015, 27(4): 177-186.
Zhang P, Zhang J, Ma J. S[J].2015, 27(4): 177-186.
[14] 顧波軍, 張祥. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中性供應(yīng)商與損失規(guī)避零售商基于收益共享契約的供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)[J]. 系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)報(bào), 2016, (1): 67-74.
[15] Gu B J, Zhang X. Channel Coordination for the Supply Chain with a Risk-Neutral Manufacturer and a Loss-Averse Retailer based on Revenue-Sharing Contract [J]. Systems Engineering Theor Methodology Applications, 2016, (1): 67-74.
[16] Taylor T A. Supply chain coordination under channel rebates with sales effort effects [J]. Management Science, 2002, 48(8): 992-1007.
[17] 徐最, 朱道立, 朱文貴. 銷售努力水平影響需求情況下的供應(yīng)鏈回購契約[J]. 系統(tǒng)工程理論與實(shí)踐, 2008, 28(04): 1-11.
Xu Z, Zhu D L, Zhu W G. Supply chain coordination under buy-back contract with sales effort effects [J].2008, 28(04): 1-11.
[18] 胡本勇, 王性玉. 考慮努力因素的供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)找婀蚕硌莼跫s[J]. 管理工程學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 24(02): 135-138.
Hu B Y, Wang X Y. Supply Chain Revenue-Sharing Environment- Contract with Sales Effort Effects [J]. Journal of Industrial Engineering/Engineering Management, 2010, 24(02): 135-138.
[19] Krishnan H, Kapuscinski R, Butz D A. Coordinating contracts for decentralized supply chains with retailer promotional effort [J]. Management Science, 2004, 50(1): 48-63.
[20] Xu X, Cai X, Chen Y. Unimodality of price-setting newsvendor's objective function with multiplicative demand and its applications [J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2011, 133(2): 653-661.
[21] Taylor T A. Sale timing in a supply chain: When to sell to the retailer [J]. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 2006, 8(1): 23-42.
[22] Liu S, So K C, Zhang F. Effect of supply reliability in a retail setting with joint marketing and inventory decisions [J]. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 2010, 12(1): 19-32.
[23] Becker-Peth M, Katok E, Thonemann U W. Designing buyback contracts for irrational but predictable newsvendors [J]. Management Science, 2013, 59(8): 1800-1816.
[24] Thaler R H. Mental accounting matters [J]. Journal of Behavioral decision making, 1999, 12(3): 183.
[25] Davis A M, Katok E, Santamaría N. Push, pull, or both? A behavioral study of how the allocation of inventory risk affects channel efficiency [J]. Management Science, 2014, 60(11): 2666-2683.
[26] Kunter M. Coordination via cost and revenue sharing in manufacturer- retailer channels [J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2012, 216(2): 477-486.
[27] Ma L, Liu F, Li S, Yan H. Channel bargaining with risk-averse retailer[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2012, 139(1): 155-167.
Study of risk diversification contract based on retailer effort and loss-averse retailer
MA Chao1, ZHONG Ting2,WANG Jian3, HE Juan1
(1, School of transportation and logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China;2, Institute of tourism cultural industry, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China;3, School of economics and management, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China)
In the fast-moving consumer goods market, a supplier wants its retailer to have repeated business. However, the retailer may adopt a loss-averse attitude to make a conservative decision on order quantity facing the uncertain market demand. Therefore, how to improve this ordering contradiction becomes more interesting.
The goal of this study is to solve relief order problems of short life cycle products between a single loss-averse retailer and a single risk-neutral supplier. This paper puts forward a risk diversification contract model under which the supplier shares the risk generated from overstock and understock with the retailer and the side payment from the retailer to the supplier. We further apply the modeling method of separation of mental accounts into depicting the loss of aversion behaviors. Consequently, we obtain the following main results.
Firstly, by introducing the effort cost-sharing mechanism, we discuss the optimal strategies with improved risk diversification contract under a retailer effort-induced demand, and then investigate the influence on the optimal effort level and the optimal order quantity of this contract and the effort cost sharing-ratio. We show that both the retailer’s optimal effort level and the retailer’s optimal ordering quantity are increasing in the loss-sharing ratio and the effort cost-sharing ratio.
Secondly, under the retailer effort-induced demand, we demonstrate the feasibility of the risk diversification contract and the rationality of system profit distribution with this risk diversification contract. According to the principle that the retailer's optimal strategies keep consistent with the optimal strategies of the centralized supply chain, we obtain the correlated conditions concerning the implementation of supply chain coordination with risk diversification contract. Meanwhile, by the principle that each agent can earn a positive profit, or at least don't lose money with the coordinating contract, we illustrate the coordinating risk diversification contract can realize the Pareto improvement. Furthermore, an arbitrary solution of a Nash bargaining model is acquired to allocate the supply chain performance reasonable under the setting that the agents' bargaining power is uncertain. Also, we show that the effort cost-sharing mechanism can help to enlarge the region of coordination with the risk diversification contract.
Thirdly, we discuss the difference between the risk diversification contract and the finite contracts (including, revenue sharing, buyback, a quantity discount, quantity flexibility, and sales rebate) under stochastic demand. We consider the wholesale price contract as a benchmark model, and the realization of supply chain coordination and Pareto improvement as the precondition of the feasibility of the contract. Furthermore, we show that the quantity discount contract is infeasible, and both parties obtain a higher performance with the risk diversification contract than that with the buyback, quantity flexibility, and sales rebate contracts. After considering the reasonable distribution of the performances as the principle, under the situation that both parties bargaining power is uncertain, we find a suitable distribution of performance exists in the risk diversification contract for all agents. However, an appropriate performance allocation scheme exists in the revenue sharing contract for certain such agents. Thus, it suggests that the risk diversification contract has a broader market acceptance than other finite contracts mentioned above.
Finally, the research conclusion of this paper is validated with numerical experiments. Additionally, we inspect the impact of the degree of retailer's loss aversion on loss-sharing ratio, the effort cost sharing-ratio, side payment, and agents' performances under a coordinating risk diversification contract. We find that the more loss averse the retailer is, the fewer losses and effort cost the retailer shares, and the lower the corresponding side payment is. The higher the retailer's loss averse performance is, the lower the supplier's expected profit is.
Contract; Coordination; Loss averse; Retailer effort; Nash bargaining
2017-04-13
2017-10-30
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71273214)
F274
A
1004-6062(2020)01-0242-009
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.01.026
2017-04-13
2017-10-30
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(71273214)
馬超(1988—),男,四川綿竹人;博士研究生;研究方向:供應(yīng)鏈管理。
中文編輯:杜 健;英文編輯:Charlie C. Chen