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      帕金森病合并抑郁癥的研究進(jìn)展

      2020-05-03 13:49丁杰段虹宇令麗荷楊旭娟劉聰發(fā)符慶剛殷波王子璇
      關(guān)鍵詞:帕金森病抑郁癥治療

      丁杰 段虹宇 令麗荷 楊旭娟 劉聰發(fā) 符慶剛 殷波 王子璇

      【摘要】 帕金森病是最常見(jiàn)、最嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)疾病之一,典型的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀包括靜止性震顫,運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩,肌肉強(qiáng)直,姿勢(shì)和步態(tài)不穩(wěn)定,在疾病后期導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重殘疾,生活質(zhì)量下降。與PD相關(guān)的最常見(jiàn)的精神疾病是抑郁癥,合并性抑郁影響了PD的臨床表現(xiàn)和預(yù)后,增加了PD的治療難度,但不幸的是抑郁癥經(jīng)常得不到充分的認(rèn)識(shí)和治療,隨著病情的發(fā)展對(duì)患者及其照顧者的生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生巨大影響。本文對(duì)帕金森病與抑郁癥的關(guān)系、帕金森合并抑郁癥的發(fā)病因素、帕金森患者合并抑郁癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制以及帕金森合并抑郁癥患者的幾種非藥物治療方法進(jìn)行綜述。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】 帕金森病 抑郁癥 因素 機(jī)制 治療

      Research Advance in Parkinsons Disease Complicated with Depression/DING Jie, DUAN Hongyu, LING Lihe, YANG Xujuan, LIU Congfa, FU Qinggang, YIN Bo, WANG Zixuan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2020, 17(04): -172

      [Abstract] Parkinsons disease is one of the most common and serious neurological diseases. Typical motor symptoms include static tremor, motor retardation, muscle stiffness, posture and gait instability, resulting in severe disability and a decline in quality of life at the later stage of the disease. The most common mental illness associated with PD is depression. Concomitant depression affects the clinical manifestation and prognosis of PD and makes the treatment of PD more difficult. Unfortunately, depression is often not fully recognized and treated. With the development of the disease, it has a great impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. This article reviews the relationship between Parkinsons disease and depression, the pathogenic factors of Parkinsons disease complicated with depression, the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease complicated with depression and several non-drug treatments in patients with Parkinsons disease complicated with depression.

      [Key words] Parkinson disease Depressive disorder Factor Mechanism treatment

      First-authors address: Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China

      doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2020.04.042

      帕金森?。≒arkinson disease,PD)被認(rèn)為是除阿爾茨海默病外最常見(jiàn)的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,也稱(chēng)為低動(dòng)力性硬性綜合征或癱瘓性痙攣,是一種常見(jiàn)的進(jìn)行性神經(jīng)退行性疾病,臨床表現(xiàn)除了靜止性震顫、運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、肌肉強(qiáng)直、姿勢(shì)和步態(tài)不穩(wěn)這4種主要的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀(motor symptoms,MS)外,還通常伴有許多非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀(non-motor symptoms,NMS),如睡眠障礙,神經(jīng)精神癥狀、機(jī)能失調(diào)和感覺(jué)障礙等[1-3]。抑郁癥(depressive disorder)是帕金森病常見(jiàn)的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,約35%的PD患者臨床上有顯著的抑郁癥狀。PD合并抑郁癥嚴(yán)重影響了患者的生活質(zhì)量,但因抑郁癥與PD的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀的區(qū)分存在難度,例如疼痛、焦慮等特征;此外大多數(shù)患者不能積極主動(dòng)地向醫(yī)生交代抑郁相關(guān)癥狀[4-5],這些原因使得PD患者的抑郁癥得不到及時(shí)有效的治療。在這里,筆者對(duì)帕金森病與抑郁癥的關(guān)系、帕金森合并抑郁癥的發(fā)病因素、帕金森患者合并抑郁癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制以及帕金森合并抑郁癥患者的幾種非藥物治療方法進(jìn)行綜述。

      1 帕金森和抑郁癥的關(guān)系

      抑郁癥和PD之間的關(guān)系仍存在爭(zhēng)議,按照文獻(xiàn)[6]假說(shuō),神經(jīng)元內(nèi)α-突觸核蛋白沉積物或路易體依次以特定的順序影響大腦區(qū)域:首先是嗅道和下腦干區(qū)域受到影響(第1、2階段),之后向上進(jìn)入下腦干和中腦(第3、4階段),最后延伸到基底前腦和大腦皮層(第5、6階段)。這個(gè)模型暗示與情緒癥狀有關(guān)腦干的5-羥色胺中縫核在第2階段已經(jīng)受到影響,而與帕金森病的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀相關(guān)的黑質(zhì)則在疾病的第3階段受到影響。根據(jù)這一假說(shuō),抑郁可以被看作是PD的一種前驅(qū)癥狀,它與后來(lái)表現(xiàn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀的病理生理過(guò)程相同。但是抑郁癥和PD也可以看作兩種獨(dú)立的疾病,這種觀點(diǎn)可以用炎癥假說(shuō)來(lái)解釋?zhuān)涸诖竽X的不同區(qū)域存在著小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,尤其在黑質(zhì)的致密部更多[7]。PD患者的腦和外周血中可見(jiàn)明顯增加的炎癥反應(yīng)。炎癥反應(yīng)時(shí),活化的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可以釋放促炎細(xì)胞因子、活性氧和補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的蛋白質(zhì),所有這些介質(zhì)都會(huì)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元損傷,引起神經(jīng)退化。促炎細(xì)胞因子還會(huì)引起5-羥色胺、去甲腎上腺素和多巴胺神經(jīng)傳遞的改變,這些改變與抑郁癥相似。因此抑郁癥和帕金森病可以看作由一個(gè)共同的病理生理學(xué)因素所引起,他們之間沒(méi)有直接的關(guān)系。

      此外也有研究認(rèn)為抑郁是PD的一種前驅(qū)癥狀或是一種危險(xiǎn)因素[8]。

      Leentjens[8]在一篇評(píng)論中對(duì)以上問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了詳盡的論述,雖然流行病學(xué)研究為PD和抑郁癥之間的聯(lián)系提供了有力的證據(jù),但是這種聯(lián)系的性質(zhì)尚不清楚。目前的研究主要集中在揭示生物學(xué)聯(lián)系上,但與PD無(wú)關(guān)的更普遍的抑郁癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素也應(yīng)該得到重視,心理和環(huán)境因素也不應(yīng)被忽視。同時(shí)需要擴(kuò)大研究范圍,比較PD和其他抑郁癥發(fā)病率較高的疾病之間共有的病理生理學(xué)因素,以及跨疾病抑郁癥病因中心理因素和環(huán)境因素之間的相似性。這些方法可以更好地揭示所報(bào)道的聯(lián)系的性質(zhì),并為抑郁癥與PD的關(guān)系提供一個(gè)更全面的病因?qū)W模型基礎(chǔ)。

      2 帕金森合并抑郁癥的發(fā)病因素

      Neikrug等[9]對(duì)86例PD患者進(jìn)行了快速眼動(dòng)睡眠行為障礙評(píng)估,并對(duì)PD患者非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在PD中,快速眼動(dòng)睡眠行為障礙與更多的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀有關(guān),特別是抑郁癥狀、睡眠障礙和疲勞的增加。Chagas等[10]在1 451例認(rèn)知障礙老年人中評(píng)估了抑郁與PD之間的關(guān)聯(lián),在全部樣本中,16.1%有抑郁癥狀,且在PD患者中顯著高于對(duì)照組,結(jié)果表明抑郁與PD的關(guān)系隨認(rèn)知功能損害程度的加重而增加。Marinus等[11]綜述中將四個(gè)研究納入對(duì)抑郁危險(xiǎn)因素的Z評(píng)分計(jì)算中,發(fā)現(xiàn)以下因素與抑郁癥的未來(lái)發(fā)展或嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān):抗抑郁藥物的使用、認(rèn)知障礙、病程較長(zhǎng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)波動(dòng)、女性、殘疾(定義為日常生活活動(dòng)問(wèn)題)、左旋多巴劑量較高、低齡。Cui等[12]研究納入了403例PD患者,這些患者中PD患者抑郁為11.17%,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤疾病、無(wú)伴侶、運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙、運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙、睡眠質(zhì)量差和焦慮是PD患者發(fā)生抑郁的危險(xiǎn)因素。秘魯利馬的一項(xiàng)研究納入了124例患者(平均年齡68.7歲,男性58%),其中60.5%的患者出現(xiàn)抑郁癥狀,結(jié)果顯示PD患者抑郁癥狀的發(fā)生與低血癥、病情進(jìn)展快、左旋多巴的使用、MAOIS的使用有關(guān)[13]。斯里蘭卡的一項(xiàng)對(duì)104例特發(fā)性帕金森病患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑郁與PD分期、功能障礙、家庭狀況、文化程度、照顧者依賴(lài)、伴發(fā)糖尿病有顯著相關(guān)性[14]。一項(xiàng)旨在評(píng)估519例非癡呆中國(guó)PD患者的患病率并確定導(dǎo)致抑郁癥的潛在危險(xiǎn)因素的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,睡眠質(zhì)量差,認(rèn)知功能障礙和年齡較小是抑郁癥的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,其中,非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀是每個(gè)抑郁領(lǐng)域最有力的預(yù)測(cè)因素[15]??梢?jiàn),在帕金森氏病患者中,沒(méi)有關(guān)于特定危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)未來(lái)抑郁發(fā)展的相對(duì)影響的可靠概念。

      文獻(xiàn)[16]研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)6個(gè)非PD特異性危險(xiǎn)因素(女性、焦慮和/或抑郁病史、日常生活活動(dòng)能力差、認(rèn)知狀況差)和3個(gè)PD特異性危險(xiǎn)因素(病程增加、運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀更嚴(yán)重、左旋多巴的使用)與抑郁有關(guān)。但是非PD特異性抑郁危險(xiǎn)因素與抑郁的相關(guān)性是PD特異性危險(xiǎn)因素的3倍,非特異性因素可能比PD特異性因素更容易成為抑郁癥的標(biāo)志。因此,對(duì)PD中抑郁的研究不僅應(yīng)側(cè)重于與PD相關(guān)的因素,還應(yīng)研究范圍更廣的因素,包括抑郁癥的一般危險(xiǎn)因素。

      3 帕金森患者合并抑郁癥的病理生理機(jī)制

      由于抑郁癥的解剖和神經(jīng)化學(xué)改變?cè)诨颊咧g是高度不同的,因此還未清楚了解PD合并抑郁癥的病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制[17]。多巴胺能改善情緒障礙,提示多巴胺通路參與PD合并抑郁癥的假設(shè)[18]。Frosini等[19]一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD抑郁和扣帶回多巴胺能去神經(jīng)支配之間有顯著的關(guān)聯(lián),支持了PD抑郁的多巴胺能假說(shuō)。Lee等[20]在一項(xiàng)大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)中證實(shí)多巴胺能系統(tǒng)的破壞會(huì)導(dǎo)致5-羥色胺能系統(tǒng)減少,從而導(dǎo)致抑郁行為的表達(dá)。文獻(xiàn)[21]設(shè)計(jì)的大鼠PD實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P吞崾玖送鈧?cè)韁核可能通過(guò)增加中縫核5-羥色胺水平來(lái)改善PD大鼠的抑郁樣行為,提示外側(cè)韁核可能通過(guò)介導(dǎo)黑質(zhì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元對(duì)中縫核5-羥色胺能神經(jīng)元的作用而促進(jìn)PD大鼠的抑郁樣行為。

      然而,PD患者抑郁的機(jī)制可能并不局限于多巴胺能系統(tǒng),因?yàn)槎喟桶诽娲荒懿糠指纳芇D患者的抑郁癥狀。PD患者的炎癥-免疫反應(yīng)與抑郁的發(fā)生之間存在聯(lián)系[7],這一假說(shuō)已在前文進(jìn)行了介紹。

      有研究顯示5-羥色胺系統(tǒng)與情緒變化密切相關(guān),最明顯的是抑郁癥,同時(shí)在帕金森病中5-羥色胺能神經(jīng)傳遞存在改變[22-24]。大量研究表明5-HT與多種5-HT受體亞型存在相互作用介導(dǎo)其作用:Liu等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)背側(cè)海馬5-HT6受體調(diào)節(jié)單側(cè)6-羥基多巴胺損傷的帕金森病大鼠的抑郁樣行為;Zhang等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)激活和阻斷腹側(cè)內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層(MPFC)邊緣前區(qū)(PRL)5-HT 7受體誘導(dǎo)的行為效應(yīng)與腹側(cè)內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層、腹側(cè)海馬、韁核中單胺神經(jīng)傳遞的變化有關(guān)。同時(shí)5-HT7受體激活與抑制與調(diào)節(jié)了大鼠的抑郁樣反應(yīng),還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞5-HT2B受體基因表達(dá)的調(diào)控可能與PD所致抑郁癥的病理生理演變有關(guān)[27]。

      同時(shí),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD合并抑郁癥的患者,其邊緣區(qū)域較正常組織存在差異。兩項(xiàng)研究表明雙側(cè)海馬和杏仁核體積較小,扣帶回前部皮質(zhì)體積較大與PD患者的抑郁癥狀有關(guān)[28-29]。Lou等[30]一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁的PD患者右側(cè)扣帶皮層的功能連接性增加,左側(cè)背外側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)和右側(cè)上顳葉的功能連接性降低。后扣帶皮層的功能連接和抑郁評(píng)分之間存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān),提示腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)某些節(jié)點(diǎn)的功能連接變化可能導(dǎo)致PD患者抑郁。Hu等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD組右側(cè)小腦、左側(cè)杏仁核與左側(cè)殼核、左側(cè)額下回的功能連接均較正常組明顯增強(qiáng),右側(cè)杏仁核與左側(cè)眶下回、左側(cè)直回、右側(cè)殼核的功能連接較正常組明顯減少。邊緣區(qū)域之間連通性的增加和皮質(zhì)邊緣區(qū)域之間連通性的降低可能反映了高階皮層調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)對(duì)情緒相關(guān)邊緣區(qū)域的影響,這可能導(dǎo)致情緒調(diào)節(jié)障礙。這些結(jié)果證實(shí)了PD相關(guān)抑郁癥狀的邊緣回路參與的假設(shè)。

      此外,Rocha等[32]研究首次證實(shí)了PD患者外周血中血管緊張素水平與抑郁癥狀成正相關(guān),也有研究提出帕金森病的抑郁與hpa軸的失調(diào)和Syna所涉及的蛋白質(zhì)改變有關(guān)[33]。

      4 帕金森合并抑郁癥患者的非藥物治療方法

      4.1 認(rèn)知行為療法 認(rèn)知行為療法(cognitive behavioral therapy,CBT)能通過(guò)心理教育幫助患者,以更現(xiàn)實(shí)的、更適應(yīng)的方式來(lái)評(píng)估他們的思維,糾正消極的思維。兩項(xiàng)研究表明,CBT是治療PD中抑郁癥的有效方法。同時(shí),將患者以小組為單位接受CBT的效率比單獨(dú)接受CBT要高[34-35]。但在CBT治療中,一些會(huì)對(duì)治療效果產(chǎn)生影響的因素也不能忽視,比如照顧者的參與、運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙、婚姻狀況[36]。也有學(xué)者對(duì)遠(yuǎn)程CBT療法的效果進(jìn)行了研究,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)電話進(jìn)行的CBT可能是帕金森病抑郁癥的一種可行和有益的方法,這將為一些無(wú)法在當(dāng)?shù)孬@得CBT的患者提供便利[37-38]。但遠(yuǎn)程CBT治療中也發(fā)現(xiàn)PD患者在聯(lián)系他們的治療師和完成任務(wù)方面明顯不夠積極主動(dòng),而且對(duì)治療的滿意度也較低[39]。此外,為PD抑郁癥患者改良并制定個(gè)體化的CBT將使得治療更有效,關(guān)于CBT仍需要進(jìn)行更大規(guī)模的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[40]。

      4.2 腦深部刺激 腦深部刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)涉及一種神經(jīng)刺激器裝置的神經(jīng)外科植入,該裝置將電信號(hào)傳送到特定的大腦區(qū)域[41]。該手術(shù)已經(jīng)成為治療PD的公認(rèn)治療方法,大量研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)單側(cè)或雙側(cè)丘腦底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)和蒼白球(globus pallidus,GPI)DBS手術(shù)能改善PD患者的抑郁狀況[42-43]。同時(shí)也有研究指出患者接受單側(cè)GPI DBS手術(shù)后的生活質(zhì)量較STN DBS有更大的改善[44],但是也有患者接受DBS后經(jīng)歷了抑郁、躁狂、沖動(dòng)、性欲亢進(jìn)和自我疏離的臨床報(bào)告,有的患者在接受單側(cè)STN DBS手術(shù)后的字母流暢性有所下降而單側(cè)GPI DBS手術(shù)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題[45-46]。這些副作用提示PD患者DBS的非運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)局可能取決于主動(dòng)刺激的位置。為數(shù)不多的一項(xiàng)研究支持了DBS結(jié)果取決于主動(dòng)接觸位置的概念,研究的結(jié)果初步證明,前、中、腹側(cè)STN區(qū)的DBS有利于改善PD患者抑郁而不會(huì)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)檢查和并發(fā)癥產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[46]。因此未來(lái)的研究需要使用更復(fù)雜的方法,以整合患者的個(gè)體神經(jīng)解剖和刺激參數(shù),更好地了解神經(jīng)刺激的位置對(duì)臨床結(jié)果的影響,根據(jù)患者個(gè)體情況量身定制大腦刺激部位[47]。

      4.3 電休克治療 電休克治療(electroconvulsive therapy,ECT)也是一項(xiàng)治療治療帕金森病抑郁癥的有效方法,特別是對(duì)于有難治性癥狀或藥物治療有嚴(yán)重副作用的患者[48]。臨床上已經(jīng)有DBS手術(shù)后發(fā)生難治性抑郁癥的患者經(jīng)ECT后癥狀完全逆轉(zhuǎn)的報(bào)道[49]。在一項(xiàng)在2002-2013年期間的研究中,

      29例PD病患者被送入神經(jīng)精神科接受ECT治療。結(jié)果顯示ECT有效改善了PD患者的抑郁狀況[50]。但不可忽視的是,ECT存在的常見(jiàn)的副作用包括精神錯(cuò)亂、暫時(shí)性精神錯(cuò)亂、跌倒、尿潴留等,但很少加劇異常運(yùn)動(dòng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀[51]。

      4.4 重復(fù)性經(jīng)顱磁刺激 重復(fù)性經(jīng)顱磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,RTMS)是一種非侵入性腦刺激技術(shù),可根據(jù)刺激頻率改變大腦對(duì)興奮和抑制的反應(yīng)。在一項(xiàng)包含10個(gè)嚴(yán)重抑郁障礙患者的研究中,接受左側(cè)前額葉背外側(cè)皮質(zhì)高頻RTMS的患者抑郁癥狀得到了改善[52]。在另一個(gè)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)高頻雙側(cè)初級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)皮質(zhì)RTMS對(duì)PD患者的抑郁和健康相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量有明顯的改善作用[53]。一個(gè)對(duì)RTMS治療帕金森病抑郁癥隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)的Meta分析結(jié)果表明,RTMS具有與選擇性5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑(serotonin uptake inhibitors,SSRIs)相似的抗抑郁功效,并且可能具有一些改善運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[54]。但在有關(guān)抑郁癥的既定治療方法之前,還需要更多涉及大樣本和采用雙盲、假對(duì)照設(shè)計(jì)的多中心研究。

      4.5 其他方法 心身運(yùn)動(dòng)采用一種身體-心理-精神的綜合方法,通過(guò)身體鍛煉來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)身心的益處,越來(lái)越多人嘗試用這一補(bǔ)充的、非藥物的方法來(lái)控制PD患者的壓力和癥狀,如正念瑜伽[55]、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)舞蹈[56],這些方法都在改善PD患者抑郁癥狀方面產(chǎn)生了一定的效果。此外,也有人嘗試光照療法治療PD患者的抑郁癥狀,但并沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)期結(jié)果[57]。

      抑郁癥是帕金森患者常見(jiàn)的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,目前病因及機(jī)制不完全明確,需要進(jìn)一步的研究。帕金森合并抑郁癥患者的預(yù)后較差,并常常得不到充分的認(rèn)識(shí),嚴(yán)重影響著患者及照顧者的生活質(zhì)量,并加重醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)。因此,更多的診斷方法以及合理的治療方案有待制定,以期對(duì)帕金森患者的抑郁癥狀早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療、高效治療,從而改善患者生活質(zhì)量。

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      (收稿日期:2019-08-05) (本文編輯:周亞杰)

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