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      褐藻膠寡糖對(duì)D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)小鼠白內(nèi)障的影響

      2020-07-04 02:56馮美蘋(píng)馮文靜胡松毛擁軍
      關(guān)鍵詞:細(xì)胞凋亡晶體白內(nèi)障

      馮美蘋(píng) 馮文靜 胡松 毛擁軍

      [摘要] 目的 探討褐藻膠寡糖(AOS)對(duì)D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)C57BL/6J小鼠白內(nèi)障的影響及其機(jī)制。

      方法 將45只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(A組)、D-半乳糖組(B組)、D-半乳糖+AOS低劑量組(C組)、D-半乳糖+AOS中劑量組(D組)和D-半乳糖+AOS高劑量組(E組),每組9只。A組小鼠注射無(wú)菌注射用水(5 mL·kg-1·d-1)8周,其余各組小鼠注射D-半乳糖(200 mg·kg-1·d-1)8周;并于第5周開(kāi)始,A、B兩組小鼠給予蒸餾水10 mL/(kg·d)灌胃處理4周,C、D、E組小鼠分別給予AOS 50、100、150 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃處理4周。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后摘除小鼠眼球,解剖顯微鏡下分離晶狀體,評(píng)定各組小鼠晶狀體混濁度得分,蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色觀察各組小鼠晶狀體組織病理學(xué)改變,Western blot檢測(cè)各組小鼠凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bax、Bcl-xl和caspase-3表達(dá)。

      結(jié)果與對(duì)照組比較,D-半乳糖組晶狀體混濁度評(píng)分明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=4.347,P<0.05);與D-半乳糖組相比,AOS干預(yù)各組晶狀體混濁度評(píng)分明顯降低,并且呈濃度依賴性降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。HE染色結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組小鼠晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞單層排列,整齊有序;D-半乳糖組晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞稍腫脹,細(xì)胞大小及排列不均勻;AOS 150 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃處理顯著改善了晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及排列紊亂。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比較,D-半乳糖組小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl蛋白表達(dá)明顯減少,Bax、caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=6.62~9.16,P<0.05);與D-半乳糖組相比,AOS干預(yù)各組小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加,Bax、caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);不同濃度AOS干預(yù)組小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl蛋白表達(dá)呈濃度依賴性增加,E組與C組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);不同濃度AOS干預(yù)組小鼠晶狀體Bax、caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)呈濃度依賴性減少,E組與C、D組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

      結(jié)論 AOS可以延緩D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)C57BL/6J小鼠白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生,其機(jī)制可能與抑制晶狀體細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 白內(nèi)障;半乳糖;細(xì)胞凋亡;衰老;晶體;上皮細(xì)胞

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R329.25

      [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A

      [文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)03-0256-05

      doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.096

      [開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]

      [網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200519.1445.016.html;2020-05-20 17:09

      EFFECT OF ALGINATE OLIGOSACCHARIDES ON D-GALACTOSE-INDUCED CATARACT IN MICE

      \ FENG Meiping, FENG Wenjing, HU Song, MAO Yongjun

      \ (Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qing-

      dao 266000, China)

      \; [ABSTRACT]\ Objective\ To investigate the effect of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) on D-galactose-induced cataract in C57BL/6J mice and its mechanism of action.

      \ Methods\ A total of 45 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group (group A), D-galactose group (group B), D-galactose+low-dose AOS group (group C), D-galactose+medium-dose AOS group (group D), and D-galactose+high-dose AOS group (group E), with 9 mice in each group. The mice in group A were injected with sterile water for injection (5 mL·kg-1·d-1) for 8 weeks; the mice in other groups were injected with D-galactose (200 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 8 weeks. From the fifth week, the mice in groups A and B were intragastrically administered distilled water (10 mL·kg-1·d-1) for 4 weeks, and the mice in groups C, D, and E were intragastrically administered 50, 100, and 150 mg·kg-1·d-1 AOS, respectively, for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the eyeballs of the mice were removed, and the lens were dissected under a dissecting microscope to evaluate the lens turbidity scores of mice in each group. The histopathological changes of the lens of mice in each group were evaluated using HE staining, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, Bax, Bcl-xl, and caspase-3, of mice in each group was determined by Western blot.

      \ Results\ Compared with the control group, the D-galactose group had a significantly increased lens turbidity score (F=4.347,P<0.05); compared with the D-galactose group, the AOS-treated groups had significant decreases in lens turbidity score in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). HE staining showed that the lens epithelial cells of mice in the control group were orderly arranged in a single layer, and the lens epithelial cells of mice in the D-galactose group were slightly dilated with non-uniform cell size and arrangement; intragastric administration of AOS (150 mg·kg-1·d-1) significantly improved the mor-

      phological structure and disorderly arrangement of the lens epithelial cells. Western blot results showed the following: compared with the control group, the D-galactose group had significantly reduced expression of Bcl-xl protein but significantly increased expression of Bax and caspase-3 proteins in the lens (F=6.62-9.16,P<0.05); compared with the D-galactose group, the AOS-treated groups had significantly increased expression of Bcl-xl protein but significantly reduced expression of Bax and caspase-3 proteins in the lens (P<0.05); the groups treated with different concentrations of AOS showed concentration-dependent increases in the expression of Bcl-xl protein, with a significant difference between group E and group C (P<0.05), and concentration-depen-

      dent decreases in the expression of Bax and caspase-3 proteins in the lens, with significant differences between group E and groups C and D (P<0.05).

      \ Conclusion\ AOS can delay D-galactose-induced cataract in C57BL/6J mice, which may be associated with the inhibition of lens cell apoptosis.

      [KEY WORDS]\ cataract; galactose; apoptosis; aging; lens, crystalline; epithelial cells

      白內(nèi)障是由增齡、免疫和代謝異常、局部營(yíng)養(yǎng)障礙、創(chuàng)傷等多種原因引起的晶狀體代謝紊亂,使晶狀體蛋白發(fā)生變性,最終導(dǎo)致晶狀體混濁。白內(nèi)障是導(dǎo)致老年人視力障礙的主要原因之一,位居我國(guó)致盲性眼病首位[1]。目前白內(nèi)障的治療仍以手術(shù)治療為主,但藥物治療同樣重要。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞凋亡在白內(nèi)障發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中起重要的作用[2-3]。D-半乳糖介導(dǎo)的嚙齒動(dòng)物衰老模型已廣泛應(yīng)用于衰老相關(guān)性疾病及抗衰老研究。褐藻膠寡糖(AOS)屬于海藻寡糖,具有抗氧化、抗腫瘤、抗炎、抑制凋亡等生物學(xué)活性。AOS對(duì)D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)的白內(nèi)障的作用鮮有報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)制備C57BL/6J小鼠白內(nèi)障模型,探討AOS對(duì)D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)C57BL/6J小鼠白內(nèi)障的影響及其可能的作用機(jī)制,為白內(nèi)障的藥物治療提供新思路。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料

      C57BL/6J小鼠購(gòu)于濟(jì)南鵬躍實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物繁育中心;AOS購(gòu)于青島博智匯力生物科技有限公司;D-半乳糖、BCA蛋白濃度測(cè)定試劑盒購(gòu)于北京索萊寶公司;Bax兔多克隆抗體、Bcl-xl和β-actin兔單克隆抗體、caspase-3鼠單克隆抗體購(gòu)于美國(guó)Cell Signaling Technology公司;山羊抗兔IgG、山羊抗鼠IgG二抗購(gòu)于武漢伊萊瑞特公司;RIPA裂解液購(gòu)于上海碧云天公司。

      1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法

      1.2.1 小鼠分組及處理 45只8周齡C57BL/6J雄性小鼠于青島大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心(SPF級(jí))適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周后用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)期間保持室內(nèi)溫度18~22 ℃,相對(duì)濕度40%~60%,明/暗周期為12 h,小鼠自由進(jìn)食和飲水。應(yīng)用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將45只小鼠分為對(duì)照組(A組)、D-半乳糖組(B組)、D-半乳糖+AOS低劑量組(C組)、D-半乳糖+AOS中劑量組(D組)和D-半乳糖+AOS高劑量組(E組),每組9只。A組小鼠于頸背部皮下注射滅菌注射用水(5 mL·kg-1·d-1)8周,其余各組小鼠均頸背部皮下注射D-半乳糖(200 mg·kg-1·d-1)8周。自實(shí)驗(yàn)第5周開(kāi)始,A、B兩組小鼠給予蒸餾水10 mL·kg-1·d-1灌胃處理4周,C、D、E組小鼠分別給予AOS 50、100、150 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃處理4周。該動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)青島大學(xué)動(dòng)物福利和倫理管理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),且遵守《動(dòng)物保護(hù)與使用指南》。

      1.2.2 晶狀體混濁度觀察及評(píng)分 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后,摘取小鼠眼球并在生理鹽水中清洗3次,解剖顯微鏡下分離晶狀體。根據(jù)SIPPEL[4]描述的晶狀體混濁度評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將晶狀體混濁度分為0~5分。0分:晶狀體透明,無(wú)空泡;1分:晶狀體透明,空泡少于3個(gè);2分:晶狀體透明,空泡多于3個(gè);3分:空泡覆蓋整個(gè)晶狀體表面;4分:晶狀體部分混濁;5分:晶狀體完全混濁。

      1.2.3 蘇木精-伊紅染色(HE染色) 應(yīng)用HE染色觀察晶狀體細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化。將摘取的眼球在生理鹽水中清洗3次,迅速置于40 g/L甲醛緩沖溶液中固定,二甲苯脫蠟,梯度乙醇脫水,石蠟包埋,切片后經(jīng)過(guò)脫水、HE染色、透明、封片處理后,應(yīng)用光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)變化。

      1.2.4 Western blot方法檢測(cè)晶狀體Bax、Bcl-xl和caspass-3蛋白的表達(dá) 收集各組小鼠至少10個(gè)晶狀體樣本,應(yīng)用4 ℃磷酸鹽緩沖液沖洗3次,濾紙吸干后稱質(zhì)量,按質(zhì)量體積比1∶9加入4 ℃的磷酸鹽緩沖液,于冰上經(jīng)研磨棒充分研磨后,制成100 g/L的晶狀體勻漿,低溫12 000 r/min離心5 min,留取上清液。加入RIPA裂解液提取蛋白,應(yīng)用BCA試劑盒測(cè)定蛋白濃度。根據(jù)蛋白濃度加入晶狀體蛋白進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳,當(dāng)溴酚藍(lán)到達(dá)底部時(shí)將分離膠轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上(200 mA、90 min),封閉液封閉2 h,分別加入1∶1 000稀釋的Bax、Bcl-xl和caspase-3一抗工作液,4 ℃孵育過(guò)夜;TBS-T洗膜1 h后加入1∶5 000稀釋的二抗工作液,室溫孵育2 h;TBS-T洗膜1 h,應(yīng)用ECL發(fā)光液顯影,并應(yīng)用Quantity One 軟件進(jìn)行灰度分析。以目的蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白灰度值的比值表示各蛋白表達(dá)。

      1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

      應(yīng)用SPSS 21.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以±s表示,多組數(shù)據(jù)比較采用One-way ANOVA檢驗(yàn),組間兩兩比較采用LSD法。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 各組小鼠晶狀體混濁度得分比較

      A組、B組、C組、D組、E組小鼠晶狀體混濁度得分分別為:0.44±0.72、4.44±0.73、3.67±0.71、2.78±0.97、1.22±0.67。與對(duì)照組比較,D-半乳糖組晶狀體混濁度評(píng)分明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=4.347,P<0.05);與D-半乳糖組相比,不同濃度AOS干預(yù)組晶狀體混濁度評(píng)分明顯降低,并且呈濃度依賴性降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

      2.2 各組小鼠晶狀體HE染色結(jié)果比較

      對(duì)照組小鼠晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞呈單層排列,整齊有序;D-半乳糖組小鼠晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞稍腫脹,細(xì)胞排列不均勻;AOS 150 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃處理顯著改善了晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及排列紊亂。見(jiàn)圖1A~C。

      2.3 各組小鼠晶狀體Bax、Bcl-xl和caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)比較

      與對(duì)照組相比,D-半乳糖組小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl蛋白表達(dá)明顯減少,Bax、caspase-3的蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=6.62~9.16,P<0.05);與D-半乳糖組相比,D-半乳糖+AOS各劑量組(C、D、E組)小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl的蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加,Bax、caspase-3的蛋白表達(dá)明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);不同濃度AOS干預(yù)組小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl的蛋白表達(dá)呈濃度依賴性增加,E組與C組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);不同濃度AOS干預(yù)組小鼠晶狀體Bax、caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)呈濃度依賴性減少,E組與C組、D組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖2、表1。

      3 討論

      白內(nèi)障是老年人常見(jiàn)致盲性眼病,衰老是老年人白內(nèi)障的重要病因之一。研究表明,晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞受損與白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生和發(fā)展有密切聯(lián)系,除先

      天性白內(nèi)障外,晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞凋亡在多種類型白內(nèi)障發(fā)生中起重要作用[5-6]。

      D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)的亞急性衰老模型被廣泛應(yīng)用于構(gòu)建衰老嚙齒類動(dòng)物模型,廣泛應(yīng)用于增齡性聽(tīng)力下降[7]、白內(nèi)障[8]、記憶障礙[9]、腎臟衰老[10]、心臟衰老[11]等研究。高劑量半乳糖可誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生過(guò)量活性氧,從而促進(jìn)晶狀體上

      皮細(xì)胞的脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化[12]。此外,多項(xiàng)研究表明,D-

      半乳糖通過(guò)損傷晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞促進(jìn)白內(nèi)障形成[13-14]。晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞凋亡是多種類型白內(nèi)障發(fā)生的細(xì)胞學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[6,15-16]。研究表明,經(jīng)D-半乳糖處理后的動(dòng)物表現(xiàn)為氧化應(yīng)激損傷與糖基化反應(yīng)同時(shí)存在,導(dǎo)致晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核和線粒體功能、結(jié)構(gòu)損傷,進(jìn)一步引起細(xì)胞凋亡[17-18]。此外,D-半乳糖在氧化酶的作用下分解形成木酮糖和CO2,并產(chǎn)生氧自由基和H2O2,導(dǎo)致晶狀體氧化損傷,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致晶狀體混濁[19]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,應(yīng)用D-半乳糖處理后的小鼠晶狀體混濁度評(píng)分明顯增加,細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-xl蛋白的表達(dá)明顯降低,Bax、

      caspase3蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加,表明D-半乳糖可以誘導(dǎo)白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生,其機(jī)制可能與細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。

      根據(jù)晶狀體的混濁程度可進(jìn)行白內(nèi)障病情分級(jí)。晶狀體混濁通常從周邊開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)空泡,逐漸向中心發(fā)展,最終出現(xiàn)核混濁[20]。病理改變主要表現(xiàn)為晶狀體細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)破壞以及晶狀體纖維水腫、崩解等[21-22]。AOS因其無(wú)免疫原性、無(wú)毒性、可生物降解等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被應(yīng)用于生物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域。已有研究表明,AOS對(duì)肺動(dòng)脈高壓[23]、心血管疾病[24]、腎臟損傷[25]等具有重要保護(hù)作用,但其對(duì)白內(nèi)障的影響卻鮮有研究。本研究結(jié)果顯示,D-半乳糖組小鼠晶狀體混濁度評(píng)分明顯升高,AOS干預(yù)顯著改善了晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及排列紊亂,表明D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)了C57BL/6J小鼠白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生,AOS顯著延緩了D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)的C57BL/6J小鼠白內(nèi)障的進(jìn)展。本研究顯示,應(yīng)用不同濃度的AOS干預(yù)后,小鼠晶狀體混濁度呈濃度依賴性降低,高劑量組降低效果最為明顯;晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及排列紊亂得到明顯改善;且細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-xl表達(dá)呈劑量依賴性增加,而B(niǎo)ax、caspase3蛋白表達(dá)呈劑量依賴性減少,以高劑量組效果最為明顯。表明AOS可以延緩白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生,其機(jī)制可能與抑制細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。

      細(xì)胞凋亡是為了維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定,在基因調(diào)控

      下的細(xì)胞程序性死亡,受多種基因如Bcl-2家族

      Bax、Bcl-xl以及caspase家族中的caspase-3等調(diào)控。Bax屬于Bcl-2家族中重要的凋亡調(diào)節(jié)基因,Bax的過(guò)度表達(dá)可以拮抗Bcl-2的保護(hù)作用,從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。Bcl-xl是Bcl-2家族基因中重要的拮抗細(xì)胞凋亡基因,可與Bax結(jié)合形成異二聚體,發(fā)揮抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的作用[26-28]。JING等[29]在研究過(guò)氧化氫誘導(dǎo)的人晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞凋亡時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),Bax、caspase-3的mRNA表達(dá)明顯增加,表明其在細(xì)胞凋亡中發(fā)揮重要作用。caspase-3是近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)的在細(xì)胞凋亡中起關(guān)鍵作用的蛋白酶[30-31]。有研究表明,老年白內(nèi)障病人和中青年白內(nèi)障病人晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞凋亡與caspase-3的表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比較,D-半乳糖組小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl蛋白表達(dá)明顯減少,Bax、caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加;與D-半乳糖組相比,AOS干預(yù)各組小鼠晶狀體Bcl-xl的蛋白表達(dá)呈劑量依賴性增加,Bax、caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)呈劑量依賴性減少,以高劑量組效果最為明顯,表明白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生與細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-xl、Bax和caspase-3的表達(dá)有關(guān)。

      綜上所述,AOS顯著延緩了D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)的C57BL/6J小鼠白內(nèi)障的進(jìn)展,其機(jī)制可能與AOS抑制晶狀體細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。但其具體分子調(diào)控機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

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      [31]YANG Liuqin, FANG Dianchun, WANG Rongquan, et al. Effect of NF-κB, survivin, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 on apoptosis of gastric cancer cells induced by tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand[J].? World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2004,10(1):22-25.

      (本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))

      [收稿日期]2020-02-29; [修訂日期]2020-03-28

      [基金項(xiàng)目]國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(3157100089)

      [第一作者]馮美蘋(píng)(1990-),女,碩士研究生。

      [通信作者]毛擁軍(1964-),男,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。

      E-mail:mmc168@126.com。

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