陳德彰
自古以來(lái),中國(guó)不少文人墨客(literati; poets and literary men)喜歡用諧音創(chuàng)作各種有蘊(yùn)意的(implicative)語(yǔ)句作品,有的含蓄,有的幽默,包括歇后語(yǔ)、謎語(yǔ)、對(duì)聯(lián)(antithetical couplet)、詩(shī)詞等。
巧用諧音詞的對(duì)聯(lián)有不少,如:
1)月朗晴空今夜斷言無(wú)雨(無(wú)語(yǔ))/風(fēng)寒露冷來(lái)晚必定成霜(成雙)
It wont rain as the moon is shining in the clear sky.
The frost will surely come in the evening as the cold wind is blowing and the dew is cold.
2)獨(dú)覽梅花掃臘雪(哆瑞咪發(fā)嗦啦西)/細(xì)睨山勢(shì)舞流溪(一二三四五 六七)——此聯(lián)巧將簡(jiǎn)譜和數(shù)字編成了形容風(fēng)景的句子,可謂獨(dú)具匠心。
I alone watch the plum flowers sweeping the snow in the coldest month.
Carefully watch the towering mountains dance the flowing stream.
古詩(shī)詞諧音的句子也很多,如:
1)劉禹錫:東邊日出西邊雨,道是無(wú)晴卻有晴。(晴—情)
筆者見(jiàn)到一種英譯:Its sunny in the east and raining in the west. / I think its a raining day but actually its sunny. 意思倒是說(shuō)出來(lái)了,但毫無(wú)詩(shī)意。有人在后面加上了but sunny affection is everywhere,譯文大有起色,可惜諧音“晴”“情”構(gòu)成的雙關(guān)(pun)蕩然無(wú)存。蘇軾也寫過(guò)以“晴”諧音“情”的詩(shī)句:“回首向來(lái)蕭瑟處(desolate place),歸去,也無(wú)風(fēng)雨也無(wú)晴?!?/p>
2)李商隱:春蠶到死絲方盡,蠟炬成灰淚始干。(絲—思)
筆者見(jiàn)到一種英譯:The silkworm does not stop producing silk till its death / the candle keeps shedding its tears till it burns to ashes / My love for you is just like them / which ends only when I die. 為了表達(dá)其含義,譯者加了個(gè)說(shuō)明,反而顯得畫蛇添足(add feet to a snake),把本來(lái)婉轉(zhuǎn)的情誼說(shuō)白了,破壞了其含蓄的表達(dá)。下面這版譯文顯然要好得多:A spring silkworm keeps spinning silk till the day of its death / and a candle goes on giving off light till it turns into ashes. 還有一版譯文詩(shī)意要濃烈得多,且句末還押韻(rhyme):The silkworm emits silk threads till its breath stops / To ashes burnt, the candle sheds tears to the last drop.
3)《樂(lè)府詩(shī)集》(The Collection of Poems of Yuefu)中的“西洲曲”(West Islet)是一首有名的戀歌,寫一個(gè)女子對(duì)戀人的思念。詩(shī)中的“蓮子”即“憐子”,也就是“愛(ài)你”之意;“清”諧“情”音,暗寓“愛(ài)你的感情如水般清純忠貞”。下面是該詩(shī)節(jié)選:“采蓮南塘秋,蓮花過(guò)人頭。/低頭弄蓮子,蓮子清如水。/置蓮懷袖中,蓮心徹底紅?!敝熳郧逑壬凇逗商猎律罚∕oonlight in the Lotus Pond)中引用了其中幾句,英譯時(shí)用的是散文形式:In autumn she went to pick lotus seeds in the south pond, where lotus were taller than her. She bowed to arrange the lotus seeds, which were as clean as the water.不過(guò),筆者更喜歡另一個(gè)仍采用詩(shī)體格式的譯文:Red lotus in the south pond / Were head-high in the fall. / She bowed to pick lotus seeds / That were as green as the water / She tucked in her sleeve the seeds / That had plumules all red.
諧音在散文中也屢見(jiàn)不鮮。王勃的《滕王閣序》(Preface to the Pavilion of the King of Teng)被譽(yù)為歷代駢文(rhythmical prose characterized by parallelism and ornateness)之首,其中 “落霞與孤鶩齊飛,秋水共長(zhǎng)天一色”一句被譽(yù)為千古絕唱(be ranked as a masterpiece throughout the ages)。然而句中的“落霞”被誤解了幾千年。“落霞”(sunset clouds)是靜物,可是“孤鶩”(lone duck)是動(dòng)物,兩者似乎不配對(duì)。其實(shí),這里的“落霞”是諧音,指的是一種類似飛蛾(moth)的小昆蟲。這一句說(shuō)的是“零散的飛蛾與孤獨(dú)的野鴨一同飛翔”。這樣解釋不但語(yǔ)義順得多,也比較貼近生活。因?yàn)樗叡緛?lái)就多有飛蛾,尤其是傍晚時(shí)分,它們會(huì)躁動(dòng)不安(become restless)而亂飛,這時(shí)一只野鴨突然飛起,二者映襯在夕陽(yáng)的剪影下,這一美好的瞬間被王勃抓住記錄下來(lái)。
《紅樓夢(mèng)》(A Dream of Red Mansions,也有按《石頭記》之名譯為The Story of the Stone)中有大量的諧音人名。曹雪芹在這方面傾注了大量心血(devote oneself fanatically;pour much of ones heart into it),將某個(gè)人物的性格和其名或字,或幾個(gè)人的名字聯(lián)系起來(lái),大有深意。有的暗示了人物的命運(yùn),有的則是對(duì)故事情節(jié)發(fā)展的某種隱喻,有的概括了人物性格的某些特點(diǎn),有的是對(duì)人物行事為人的絕妙諷刺,有的是對(duì)人物故事的某種暗示(drop a hint)??芍^“諧”得非常巧妙,足見(jiàn)作者的苦心妙思(take pains to produce wonderful thinking)和駕馭文字(master the words)的能力。
甄士隱、賈雨村:“真事隱,假語(yǔ)存”(hide the truth but let falsehood exist)。
賈寶玉:“假寶玉”,具有反叛精神的“真頑石”。
妙玉:“廟”中之玉,表明了她的身份,原是出家人(Buddhist monk or nun)。
元春、迎春、探春、惜春四姐妹:一說(shuō)是“原應(yīng)嘆息”(should have caused people to sigh in pity)的諧音,嘆息她們短暫的青春年華;也有紅學(xué)家認(rèn)為是“原因探析”(exploration and analysis of the cause)的諧音,探析封建社會(huì)衰敗、滅亡的原因。
王熙鳳:鳳為雄性神鳥(niǎo),喻意鳳姐像個(gè)才干卓越(outstandingly capable)、犀利鋒快(sharp and incisive)的男人。也諧音“枉是鳳”,雖然才干出眾,也免不了一領(lǐng)草席裹尸丟曠野、女兒差點(diǎn)兒被賣的下場(chǎng)。
秦可卿:“親可情”。
晴雯:“情文”。
賈政:“假正”,即“假正經(jīng)”。
賈赦:“假設(shè)”,是說(shuō)他在賈府是個(gè)擺設(shè)。
賈瑞:“假瑞”,暗示了假的喜兆(false good omen),不但賈瑞死了,接著群芳一個(gè)個(gè)香消玉殞(pass away)。蔡元培認(rèn)為,賈瑞就是“假文天祥”,因?yàn)橘Z瑞字“天祥”,而文天祥剛好字“宋瑞”,所以這個(gè)人物是用來(lái)譏諷那些投降滿清的明朝人,暗指他們沒(méi)骨氣(be spineless/chicken-hearted)。
最后抄錄一則網(wǎng)上流傳的與諧音有關(guān)的翻譯,供大家一樂(lè):
滴水之恩,當(dāng)涌泉相報(bào)。
A patty favor should be repaid generously.
One should requite a favor with greater favor.
You dida dida me. Ill huala huala you.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?□