王化清
遺漏介詞是學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)容易發(fā)生的錯(cuò)誤,為了避免大家在運(yùn)用英語知識(shí)時(shí)遺漏介詞,特介紹三種防范對(duì)策。
一、仔細(xì)分析句子,弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 注意帶“邏輯賓語”的動(dòng)詞需加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。例如:
他住哪一房間?
誤:Which room does he live?
析:此句與where does he live不同,where是疑問副詞,作狀語;而which room相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,且又作live的“邏輯賓語”,有“住在房間里”之意,故live后須加介詞in。
正:Which room does he live in?
2. 當(dāng)間接賓語(人)置于直接賓語(物)后時(shí),需要加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。例如:
母親給兒子做了一件新外套。
誤:Mother made a new coat her son.
析:間接賓語在直接賓語前不用加介詞,而當(dāng)間接賓語位于直接賓語之后時(shí),有的動(dòng)詞要求用介詞to,這些動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive, show, bring, take, send, lend, leave, pass, tell, write, return, throw, teach等;而有的動(dòng)詞則要求用介詞for,這些動(dòng)詞有buy, get, make, do, play, sell, keep, carry, call, save, order, cook, sing, find等。
正:Mother made a new coat for her son.= Mother made her son a new coat.
3.帶有疑問代詞/ 疑問副詞的不定式,有時(shí)作定語修飾前面的中心詞(一般是名詞),需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。例如:
格林先生給了我們一些如何學(xué)好外語的指點(diǎn)。
誤:Mr. Green gave us some advice how to learn a foreign language well.
析:疑問副詞how與不定式to learn連用,構(gòu)成不定式短語作定語修飾中心詞advice,根據(jù)句意與結(jié)構(gòu)須加介詞on。
正:Mr. Green gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language well.
二、認(rèn)真識(shí)別不及物動(dòng)詞,須加介詞(或副詞)才能帶賓語
1.識(shí)辨“too ...to”結(jié)構(gòu)中的“邏輯賓語”,例如:
那片森林太寬了,那些孩子走不過去。
誤:The forest is too wide for the children to walk.
析:在“too...to”結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式與句子的主語有邏輯上的“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”時(shí),若動(dòng)詞不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,則須用“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。walk是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面應(yīng)加介詞through。
正:The forest is too wide for the children to walk through.
2.注意一些短語動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,不要遺漏介詞。例如:
從來沒有人像那樣跟你說過話嗎?
誤:Have you never been spoken like that?
析:speak在此處是不及物動(dòng)詞,構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞才能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài),不可遺漏介詞to。
正:Have you never been spoken to like that?
3.由不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)慣用語較多,這里的介詞不可遺漏。例如:
不要擔(dān)心你的母親,她看上去氣色挺好。
誤:Don’ t worry your mother. She looks fine.
正:Don’ t worry about your mother. She looks fine.
三、行為動(dòng)詞接不定式/動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí),應(yīng)考慮加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~
在那時(shí)愛迪生的母親需要立即做手術(shù)。
誤1:At that time Edison’ s mother needed operating at once.
誤2:At that time Edison’ s mother needed to be operated at once.
析:need的賓語用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式和不定式的被動(dòng)式一樣,均有被動(dòng)意義。若need的賓語是由不及物動(dòng)詞(如operate等)的動(dòng)名詞/不定式充當(dāng),則須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。
正1:At that time Edison’ s mother needed operating on at once.
正2:At that time Edison’ s mother needed to be operated on at once.
小練習(xí):單項(xiàng)選擇。
1. Children get gifts Christmas and their birthdays.
A. on; on ? B. at; on ? C. in; in ? D. in; on
2. —There is nothing tomorrow afternoon, is there?
—No. We can have a game of table tennis.
A. on ? ? B. in ? C. out ? D. up
3. A lot of students in our school were born March, 1981.
A. in ? B. at ? C. on ? D. since
4. The train is starting five minutes.
A. in ? B. at ? C. for ? ? D. still
5. Mike does his exercises seven the evening.
A. on; to ? B. at; in ? ? C. by; of ? D. at; on
Keys:AACAB
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·提升版2020年5期