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      疫苗知識問答

      2020-10-09 11:18趙晨輝
      英語世界 2020年9期
      關(guān)鍵詞:抗原病原體免疫系統(tǒng)

      趙晨輝

      Vaccines are one of our most effective health interventions, but are often misunderstood. In this Q&A, we explain what they are, how they work and why they are important.

      What is a vaccine?

      Were protected from infectious disease by our immune system, which destroys disease-causing germs—also known as pathogens—when they invade the body. If our immune system isnt quick or strong enough to prevent pathogens taking hold, then we get ill.

      We use vaccines to stop this from happening. A vaccine provides a controlled exposure to a pathogen, training and strengthening the immune system so it can fight that disease quickly and effectively in future. By imitating an infection, the vaccine protects us against the real thing.

      Why are vaccines important?

      They protect us from dangerous diseases. In some regions or populations, dangerous diseases are constantly present (endemic). Examples include hepatitis B, cholera and polio. So long as these diseases are around, we need vaccines to bolster1 our immune systems and protect us from harm.

      They protect children and the elderly. Our immune systems are strongest in adulthood, meaning that young children and the elderly are particularly susceptible2 to dangerous infections. By strengthening our immune systems early and late on in life, vaccines bypass this risk.

      They protect the vulnerable. If enough of a population is vaccinated, infections cant spread from person to person, which means that everyone has a high level of protection—even those who dont have immunity. This is known as herd protection (or herd immunity). Its important because not everyone can be directly protected with vaccines—some people are unresponsive to them or have allergies or health conditions that prevent them from taking them.

      They can help us control epidemics. In a world of denser cities, increased international travel, migration and ecological change, the ability of emerging infectious diseases (such as Ebola) to spread and cause devastation is increasing. Vaccines can be a key tool in managing this threat—but only if we have them ready for diseases when they appear.

      They can help limit drug resistance. Medicine relies on being able to treat infectious diseases with antimicrobial3 drugs, such as antibiotics, but overuse and misuse of these drugs is leading to infections becoming resistant to them. By preventing infections that would require drug treatments, vaccines reduce the opportunity for drug resistance to develop.

      For other diseases, its a question of process: there may already be several promising vaccine candidates in development, but rigorous safety and efficacy testing to make sure they work properly means that an actual approved vaccine is still years away. Developing a vaccine typically takes over a decade.

      This is a particular problem with diseases that appear intermittently6, as theres limited scope for testing vaccines to fight them. This is why its really important to have vaccine candidates for emerging diseases ready for when outbreaks occur—so that they can be tested, approved and begin protecting people as quickly as possible, before an outbreak can harm too many people. Today we have a vaccine for Ebola only because candidates were ready to test at the beginning of the West African outbreak in 2014—and even then we were too late to prevent over 11,000 deaths.

      Finally, the absence of a vaccine may be down to economics. Vaccine development costs are often quoted in the billions, but many diseases without vaccines disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries. Pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to invest in treatments that are unlikely to return a profit. This leads to diseases that predominantly affect the low-income world becoming neglected.

      疫苗是最有效的健康干預(yù)措施之一,但卻經(jīng)常被誤解。在這篇問答中,我們會解答疫苗是什么、疫苗如何工作,以及疫苗為什么很重要。

      疫苗是什么?

      我們自身的免疫系統(tǒng)保護(hù)我們免受傳染病的侵害。當(dāng)致病微生物——也稱為病原體——侵入人體時,免疫系統(tǒng)會摧毀它們。如果我們的免疫系統(tǒng)應(yīng)對不夠快速或力量不夠強(qiáng)大,無法阻止病原體立足生根,那我們就會生病。

      我們用疫苗來阻止這種情況的發(fā)生。疫苗可以讓人體有控制地接觸病原體,訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)化免疫系統(tǒng),這樣,將來就能快速且有效地戰(zhàn)勝疾病。通過模擬感染,疫苗保護(hù)我們不會真的染病。

      為什么疫苗很重要?

      疫苗可以保護(hù)我們免受危險疾病的侵害。在某些地區(qū)或人群中,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)危險的疾?。?地方病),包括乙型肝炎、霍亂和小兒麻痹癥等。只要這些疾病還在,我們就需要疫苗來增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng),保護(hù)我們免遭傷害。

      疫苗可以保護(hù)兒童和老人。我們的免疫系統(tǒng)在成年時最強(qiáng),這意味著幼兒和老年人尤其容易受到危險的感染。借助疫苗,在生命的早期和晚期增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng),則可以避開這一風(fēng)險。

      疫苗可以保護(hù)體弱的人。如果人群中有足夠多的人接種了疫苗,傳染病就不會出現(xiàn)人際傳播,這意味著每個人都能得到高水平的保護(hù)——即使是那些沒有免疫力的人。這就是眾所周知的群體保護(hù)(或群體免疫)。群體保護(hù)很重要,因為并不是每個人都能直接得到疫苗的保護(hù)——有些人接種疫苗后沒有反應(yīng),還有些人有過敏癥或健康狀況不適合接種疫苗。

      疫苗可以幫助我們控制流行病。當(dāng)今世界,城市人口更為密集,國際旅行更加頻繁,人口移徙增加,生態(tài)環(huán)境變化加快,新出現(xiàn)的傳染?。ㄈ绨2├┑膫魅拘宰儚?qiáng)且破壞力增大。疫苗可以成為應(yīng)對這一威脅的關(guān)鍵工具——但前提是我們要在疾病出現(xiàn)時把疫苗準(zhǔn)備好。

      疫苗有助于限制病毒的耐藥性。醫(yī)治傳染病依靠的是能夠使用抗生素類殺菌藥物,但是,由于過度使用和誤用這些藥物,傳染性疾病正在對這些藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥性。通過預(yù)防需要藥物治療的傳染病,疫苗可以降低耐藥性產(chǎn)生的幾率。

      疫苗是健康干預(yù)的最有效手段。據(jù)估計,疫苗每年可防止全球200萬到300萬人死亡。不過,如果全球疫苗覆蓋率能進(jìn)一步提高,每年還可以多挽救150萬人的生命。

      疫苗是如何工作的?

      我們的免疫系統(tǒng)通過區(qū)分物質(zhì)是否屬于我們身體來對抗疾病,如果不屬于就加以摧毀。免疫系統(tǒng)通過外來異物表面叫作抗原的標(biāo)記物來識別它們。

      疫苗的工作原理是讓免疫系統(tǒng)接觸病原體的抗原,病原體就是會導(dǎo)致某種疾病的物質(zhì),比如病毒或細(xì)菌。免疫細(xì)胞遇到這些抗原時,會產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)。一種B細(xì)胞開始產(chǎn)生抗體,抗體與外來物質(zhì)結(jié)合,使其失去破壞力,將其標(biāo)記并摧毀。其他被稱為T細(xì)胞的免疫細(xì)胞攻擊并摧毀被病原體感染的身體細(xì)胞。

      與此同時,人體還會產(chǎn)生長壽型的白細(xì)胞——稱為記憶T細(xì)胞和記憶B細(xì)胞——它們能記住剛剛遇到的抗原。如果免疫系統(tǒng)再次遇到相同的抗原,這些記憶細(xì)胞會讓人體對特定的病原體產(chǎn)生非常迅速且強(qiáng)烈的反應(yīng),因而得病的可能性就很低了。

      誰來決定哪些人該接種疫苗?

      各個國家可以制定自己的疫苗政策,因此世界各國的疫苗政策也各不相同,一些國家選擇強(qiáng)制接種某些疫苗。

      例如,斯洛文尼亞要求所有兒童須在入學(xué)前接種九種主要疾病的疫苗。只有由于醫(yī)學(xué)原因不宜接種的兒童才能獲準(zhǔn)免予接種,不遵守規(guī)定的父母將被罰款。

      另一方面,其他一些歐洲國家,以及澳大利亞和加拿大,不強(qiáng)制要求接種疫苗。在那些國家,父母或(年齡足夠大的)個人自己決定是否接種。

      不過,這些國家的政府可能會推出激勵措施,以確保疫苗接種保持在較高水平。例如,在澳大利亞,只有孩子接種了所有常規(guī)疫苗,父母才能從政府那里獲得某些兒童福利。

      為什么不是每一種傳染病都有疫苗?

      對某些疾病來說,這是一個難以解決的問題。

      例如,艾滋病病毒可以將自身嵌入人體細(xì)胞的遺傳物質(zhì),并藏匿其中而不被發(fā)現(xiàn)。其他病毒,如登革熱,存在多種毒株,因而很難研制出一種能覆蓋所有毒株的疫苗。對于其他病原體來說,問題在于病毒突變:持續(xù)的變異意味著免疫系統(tǒng)基本上每次都會遇到新的威脅,使過去讓免疫細(xì)胞接觸病原體的努力變得毫無意義。這就是普通感冒如此棘手的原因。

      對于其他疾病來說,疫苗研發(fā)只是一個過程問題:幾個有希望的候選疫苗可能正在研發(fā)中,但是,為確保它們安全有效,需要經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格的安全性和有效性試驗,這意味著距離疫苗真正獲得批準(zhǔn)投入使用仍有數(shù)年時間。研發(fā)疫苗通常需要10多年。

      間歇性出現(xiàn)的疾病是一個特別麻煩的問題,因為測試對抗它們的疫苗范圍有限。這就是為什么疫情暴發(fā)時為出現(xiàn)的疾病提前準(zhǔn)備好候選疫苗非常重要——這樣就可以在疫情傷害太多人之前盡快試驗、批準(zhǔn)及投入使用,開始保護(hù)人們。今天,我們有了埃博拉疫苗,恰恰因為候選疫苗在2014年西非埃博拉疫情暴發(fā)之初就已準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)入試驗階段——盡管如此,我們也沒來得及阻止11000多人的死亡。

      最后,疫苗的缺乏可能是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)原因。疫苗研發(fā)成本通常以10億計,但許多沒有疫苗的疾病對中低收入國家的影響尤甚。制藥公司對投資不太可能盈利的藥物缺乏動力。這也導(dǎo)致主要在世界低收入地區(qū)傳播的疾病遭到忽視。

      (譯者為“《英語世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎?wù)撸?/p>

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