王湛
琳瑯滿目的商品、誘人的美食……要說杭州最有市井味、煙火氣的地方,當屬吳山夜市了。
不過,在浙江師范大學江南文化研究中心葛永海教授的眼中,吳山夜市有著不一樣的含義。他認為,千百年來,為紀念吳國名將伍子胥而興起的吳山廟會聚集了不少民俗,比如廟臺戲、賣唱小曲、變戲法、耍雜技,這些都是杭州俗文化的集中反映。
葛永海說,在江南城市文化發(fā)展歷程中,出現(xiàn)了各種類型的典型城市,而杭州當屬江南城市中市民文化的杰出代表。
南宋都城杭州,曾是世界上最大的城市
葛永海說,自宋元以來,隨著城市的興起和商業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,城市市民已經(jīng)成為中國社會結(jié)構(gòu)中一個重要的群體,到明清以后有了更加顯著的發(fā)展。
他們以城市平民、手工業(yè)者、商人、職業(yè)文人、雇傭工人等不同職業(yè)和收入的人組成了城市生活中不同的利益群體。他們共同為城市經(jīng)濟的進步和繁榮付出自己的勞動,同時創(chuàng)造出豐富多樣的城市文化生活。
這就產(chǎn)生了有別于士大夫階層精英文化的市民文化,即通常所說的俗文化。包括說唱、評書、小說、戲曲、雜耍等各類民間曲藝和民俗節(jié)慶活動,并形成了獨特的審美趣味。
葛永海介紹,在公元1200年左右,南宋都城杭州是世界上最大的城市,人口約80萬。
“宋代以來,由于生產(chǎn)力迅速提高,杭州得到很大發(fā)展,商品流通,街市繁華,市民階層壯大,杭州市民文化也因此繁榮起來。宋元時期,杭州出現(xiàn)了江南最具特色的市民文化。”因此,葛永海認為,杭州市民文化,是最能代表江南市民文化的。
與俗文化相對的,是雅文化。杭州自然環(huán)境優(yōu)美,山水旖旎,形成了以西湖為中心,融周邊山水自然景觀和歷史文化等人文景觀于一體的獨特景觀, 具有江南山水之靈秀的特點。
杭州美景也吸引了不少文人墨客,留下了不少經(jīng)典作品。比如,白居易在晚年時期,旅居杭州的時候,感嘆江南美景,寫下了“憶江南,最憶是杭州”的詩句。
因此,杭州的雅文化在江南的雅文化中占有一席之地。
雅俗相融,杭州文化是有“山頭”的
葛永海認為,杭州市民文化的最大特征是雅俗共體。
在杭州城內(nèi)外,勾欄瓦舍之中,雜劇、雜技、講史、說書、皮影、傀儡、散樂、諸宮調(diào)等,百戲薈萃,異彩紛呈。這些是俗文化。
杭州的雅文化也非常精彩。唐宋以來,文人雅士都將西湖視作人間至境,在杭州留下無以計數(shù)的詩、詞、書、畫、篆刻等文學藝術(shù)作品,許多成為千古絕唱。
就城市整體格局來說,杭州文化是有“山頭”的。杭州俗文化以西湖東南的吳山為代表,雅文化以西湖北面的孤山為代表。
吳山是民俗薈萃的大舞臺。歷史形成的吳山廟會,賣字畫、廟臺戲、賣唱小曲、變戲法、耍雜技,還有片兒川、脆皮玉米等風味飲食,這些都是杭州俗文化的集中反映。
孤山則集中了雅文化的精品。除了是風景勝地,孤山又是文物薈萃之處,南麓有文瀾閣,山頂西部有西泠印社,東北坡有紀念林和靖的放鶴亭,亭外廣植梅花,為西湖賞梅勝地。
葛永海引用了白居易的詩:“孤山寺北賈亭西,水面初平云腳低?!?/p>
“在最具代表性的宋元時代,杭州的雅文化與俗文化相融無間,有大量的文藝作品介于雅俗之間,兩者兼具。” 葛永海說。
比如,他說,一方面是俗話雅韻,宋元時期杭州興起的通俗小說,如《賣油郎獨占花魁》《金玉奴棒打薄情郎》等西湖小說,充滿了文人的情感和趣味。
另一方面是雅詩俗趣,如楊維楨首倡《西湖竹枝詞》九首,引得天下人競相唱和,“民俗意味的竹枝詞以文人的口吻出之,這本身就是雅俗相融的典型方式?!?/p>
溫潤其形剛健其心,杭州精神品格如玉
葛永海指出,若說杭州市民文化的最大特點是雅與俗的互化,那么從城市文化品格的不同維度出發(fā),可以有不同的闡釋。
他認為,就精神特質(zhì)而言,杭州文化則是柔與剛的融合,是對江南文化傳統(tǒng)的典型繼承與發(fā)揚。
杭州文化的底色是婉約溫潤的,比如“何處結(jié)同心,西泠松柏下”的蘇小小,“永鎮(zhèn)雷峰塔”的白娘子,“人間亦有癡于我,豈獨傷心是小青”的馮小青,等等。葛永海說,這些故事所反映的纏綿柔美就是西湖的性格,也是杭州文化的底色。
雄豪剛健則是杭州文化精神的另一面。這種品格同樣與許多著名人物和事跡聯(lián)系在一起,比如錢镠、岳飛、周新、于謙等。
葛永海一一舉例,從一個賣私鹽的街頭浪子,到獨占東南近百年的一方諸侯,吳越王錢镠的雄武有力為世矚目,尤其是“錢王射潮”一直傳為美談。
當然,最著名的當屬岳飛之墓。如清代小說《西湖佳話》的《岳墳忠跡》里寫道:“西湖乃山水花柳游賞之地,為何載一個千古不朽的忠勇大英雄于上?只因他生雖生在相州湯陰地方,住卻住在杭州按察司內(nèi),死又死在大理獄、風波亭上,葬則葬在北山棲霞嶺下,故借他增西湖之雄?!?/p>
葛永海把杭州文化的淵源追溯至良渚文化?!傲间疚幕拇胬m(xù)年代為距今5300~4200年,屬于新石器時期。良渚文化遺址的最大特色是其出土的玉器?!?/p>
在總結(jié)杭州文化的精神特質(zhì)時,他就將杭州比作玉,“杭州文化的特質(zhì)就如同良渚的玉器一般,溫潤其形,剛健其心,杭州的精神品格就是玉的品格,杭州文化的傳承就是一個關于玉的不老傳說!”
Professor Ge Yonghai works at Jiangnan Culture Institute under Zhejiang Normal University. Recently he has taken a close look into the cultural characteristics of Hangzhou. The following is a brief summation of his study.
Cultural development in cities in Jiangnan, the south of the Yangtze River Delta, has taken many different ways and there are diverse types of urban cultures in Jiangnan. Hangzhou has bred an urban culture characterized by the secular life of urban people.
In the Southern Song (1127-1279), Hangzhou, the capital of the dynasty, was the worlds largest city. Statistics indicate that Hangzhou had a population of 800,000 around the year 1200AD. The city thrived. Of the residents living in Hangzhou were craftsmen, traders and shopkeepers, clerks, laborers. They contributed considerably to the material and cultural prosperity of the city. The city had an entertainment industry that catered to these people. Apparently, the entertainments and recreations of these people differed from those enjoyed by the elite people.
A city of natural beauty, history and culture, Hangzhou attracted a large traffic of tourists even back then. Among these tourists were poets and painters whose creations are part of the cultural wealth of the city. This part of the cultural wealth constitutes the elite component of the culture.
The distinction of the two sides of the culture is also marked by localities. Wu Hill hugs the West Lake on the southern side and was the very center of the popular entertainment and festivities. At Wu Hill, the annual temple fair was held, where people watched all kinds of shows, and enjoyed fair foods unavailable anywhere else. Solitary Hill in the lake, connected with the outside world through bridges, represented and still represents the elite side of the culture of Hangzhou. Nestled around Solitary Hill are the Wenlange Library where an imperial encyclopedia of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) is housed and Xinling Seal Art Society, the unique one of its kind in China for more than 100 years, just to name two of all the cultural sites in Solitary Hill.
However, the two facades of the culture never stand apart from each other. In fact, there is much more in the cultural tradition of the city where the refined and the popular tastes are blended and it would be hard to tell them apart even if one tries. Romances written in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) by well established storywriters are perfect examples of how the refined and the popular tastes are one. In the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), Yang Weizhen (1296-1370) wrote nine poems titled ?and the love poems caused a sensation among elite poets and ordinary readers. Yang compiled a collection of ?including poems by his own and 119 other poets.
If the most outstanding feature of the urban culture of the city is the mixing of the refined and popular tastes, then the cultural personality of the city can be explained in various ways. The cultural personality of the city can be portrayed in the combination of force and grace. There are stories and tales and personages of Hangzhou depicting the grace side of Hangzhou: romances and those who suffer in these romances. The force of the city is represented by heroes in history such as Qian Liu, Yue Fei, Zhou Xin, and Yu Qian.
The culture of Hangzhou can be traced back to Liangzhu Culture, which existed from 5,300 to 4,200 years ago. The ancient culture is known as a jade producer. Professor Ge Yonghai compares the spirit of Hangzhou to jade: it looks nice and feels nice, and it is tough in the heart.