姜德友 李文昊 解穎 任鵬鵬 韓潔茹
摘要 目前隨著痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)病率逐年上升,對該病炎性反應(yīng)及疼痛機制的研究越來越多,該病主要由尿酸鹽沉積及ATP刺激P2X7R、Nod樣受體蛋白3、NEK7表達誘導(dǎo)炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)成熟與分泌所致,但具體機制尚不明確?,F(xiàn)對P2X7R、NLRP3、NEK7的國內(nèi)外研究進展進行綜述,以探討GA炎性反應(yīng)及疼痛的發(fā)病機制,為防治GA提供新思路與治療靶點。
關(guān)鍵詞? 痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎;P2X7R;Nod樣受體蛋白3;NEK7;IL-1β;疼痛;尿酸鈉;信號通路
Progress in the Mechanism of Purinergic Receptor P2X, Ligand-gated Ion Channel 7 and its Downstream Molecules in Gouty Arthritis
JIANG Deyou,LI Wenhao,XIE Ying,REN Pengpeng,HAN Jieru
(Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Harbin 150040,China)
Abstract At present,with the increasing incidence of gouty arthritis year by year,more and more studies have been done on the inflammatory reaction and pain mechanism of gouty arthritis.Scholars believe that the disease is mainly caused by the deposition of uric acid and ATP stimulating the expression of P2X7R,NLRP3 and NEK7 to induce the maturation and secretion of inflammatory factors,but the specific mechanism is still unclear.Therefore,this paper reviewed the research progress of P2X7R,NLRP3 and NEK7 at home and abroad,in order to explore the pathogenesis of inflammation and pain in GA,and to provide new ideas and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of GA.
Keywords Gouty arthritis; P2X7R; NLRP3; NEK7; IL-1β; Pain; Sodium urate; Signaling pathway
中圖分類號:R242;R593 文獻標識碼:A doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2020.08.028
痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎(Gouty Arthritis,GA)是一種由遺傳、環(huán)境和生活方式因素混合導(dǎo)致的嚴重并潛在進展的急慢性代謝性疾病[1-2]。主要因嘌呤代謝障礙、血尿酸升高及尿酸鹽沉積所致,以急慢性關(guān)節(jié)炎,關(guān)節(jié)劇烈疼痛,甚則關(guān)節(jié)畸形為主要臨床表現(xiàn)。若未及時治療,累及腎臟,可導(dǎo)致尿酸性腎石病,慢性間質(zhì)性腎炎,急慢性腎衰竭以及尿毒癥等嚴重后果[3]。全球流行病學(xué)調(diào)查表明,隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,人民生活水平的提高,GA的發(fā)病率及住院率逐年上升[4-6]。因此,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對GA炎性反應(yīng)及疼痛發(fā)病機制的關(guān)注越來越多,由于其機制復(fù)雜,目前仍缺乏系統(tǒng)認識,現(xiàn)將GA主要的發(fā)病機制整理歸納如下,為防治GA提供新的思路及新的治療靶點。
國內(nèi)外研究表明在GA炎性反應(yīng)中,尿酸鈉(Sodium Urate,MSU)沉積和ATP刺激均起到關(guān)鍵作用[7]。其中MSU晶體主要通過激活Toll樣受體(TLR)和Nod樣受體蛋白3(Nod-like Receptor Protein 3,NLRP3)的炎性體信號,觸發(fā)下游炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì),如IL-1β的成熟與分泌,導(dǎo)致急性GA[7-9]。ATP則通過與細胞膜上嘌呤配體P2X門控離子通道型受體7(Purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 7,P2X7R)結(jié)合,調(diào)控NLRP3[10]與核因子-κB[11]炎性信號通路,導(dǎo)致GA。此外,ATP與MSU導(dǎo)的NLRP3炎性小體的激活均需要NEK7,即Nima相關(guān)蛋白激酶7(Nima-related Kinase 7,NEK7)的參與。由此可知,GA炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)生離不開P2X7R、NLRP3、NEK7的作用。
1 P2X7R參與GA炎性反應(yīng)的機制
P2X7R屬于P2X家族中的一員,是一種由細胞外三磷酸腺苷(eATP)激活的門控離子通道。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)P2X7R rs3751142基因與GA易感性相關(guān)[12],并且痛風(fēng)患者P2X7R的表達與紅細胞沉降率、IL-1β及IL-18等正相關(guān)[13]。研究亦表明,P2X7R在關(guān)節(jié)滑膜組織中參與炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)表達[14],ATP刺激P2X7R與pannexin-1(panx-1)結(jié)合并誘導(dǎo)大型非選擇性孔形成[15],通過改變細胞內(nèi)外離子梯度,將胞質(zhì)溶膠從“高K+-低Na+-低Cl-”離子環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤暗蚄+-高Na+-高Cl-”環(huán)境,引起K+外流,激活NLRP3,進而調(diào)控半胱天冬酶-1(caspase-1)、IL-1β[16-17]及IL-18的成熟與分泌[18],參與GA的發(fā)生。此外,P2X7R為NLRP3的上游分子,亦在樹突狀細胞、中性粒細胞、小膠質(zhì)細胞等不同細胞中被證實[19-21]??芍档靡惶岬氖?,有學(xué)者在小鼠N13小膠質(zhì)細胞中,應(yīng)用免疫共沉淀方法和共聚焦顯微鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)P2X7R在mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平上調(diào)節(jié)NLRP3的表達,并在離散的胞質(zhì)亞質(zhì)膜區(qū)觀察到P2X7R和NLRP3形成蛋白復(fù)合體[22],因此在GA中,P2X7R與NLRP3關(guān)系緊密,但二者之間是否具有直接相互作用國內(nèi)外尚未報道。此外,有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)乙醇能夠通過上調(diào)P2X7R誘導(dǎo)NLRP3炎性小體激活,這可能為GA患者過度飲酒導(dǎo)致GA發(fā)作的機制提供依據(jù)[23]。
綜上所述,依賴P2X7R觸發(fā)的NLRP3炎性體激活的機制可能為K+流出、線粒體活性氧(ROS)產(chǎn)生、某些活化劑及溶酶體破裂以及二者之間的相互作用[24-25]。
2 NLRP3參與GA炎性反應(yīng)的機制
NLRP3炎性小體是由NLRP3、接頭蛋白ASC和效應(yīng)蛋白Caspase-1組成的一種相對分子質(zhì)量約為700 000的大分子多蛋白復(fù)合體[26]。在GA中,NLRP3被MSU及ATP刺激后,解除自我抑制狀態(tài),暴露NACHT結(jié)構(gòu)域,發(fā)生寡聚化,NLRP3氨基端的PYD結(jié)構(gòu)域招募含有PYD的ASC接頭蛋白,ASC的CARD結(jié)構(gòu)域招募含有CARD的pro-Caspase-1,完成炎性小體的組裝[26]。為IL-1β和IL-18等炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)生成與分泌的主要炎性平臺[27-30]。阻礙NALP3炎性復(fù)合體的裝配或激活,可以防治GA炎性反應(yīng)的的發(fā)生[31]。
3 NEK7在GA中的作用機制
NEK7屬于NIMA(Never-in-Mitosis A)相關(guān)激酶家族,主要參與調(diào)節(jié)有絲分裂過程和DNA損傷反應(yīng)。有學(xué)者研究認為NEK7在NLRP3炎性小體激活過程中有重要作用[32-35],并且所有NLRP3的刺激物(包括ATP、尼日利亞菌素、MSU結(jié)晶和明礬)誘導(dǎo)的NLRP3炎性小體的激活均需要NEK7。NEK7是NLRP3炎性小體激活的正向調(diào)節(jié)因子。當(dāng)細胞外有高濃度的K+時,NEK7和NLRP3的相互作用被抑制,表明二者之間相互作用需要K+的外流,有學(xué)者認為可能是因為細胞內(nèi)K+濃度的降低引起NLRP3構(gòu)象的改變,從而促進NEK7與NLRP3結(jié)合[26],即NEK7在K+外流的下游可調(diào)控NLRP3的寡聚化、ASC斑點的形成和Caspase-1的激活[32];當(dāng)NLRP3發(fā)生不依賴于K+外流的激活突變(NLRP3R258W)時,炎性小體的激活仍然需要NEK7[32]。因此,NEK7對NLRP3炎性小體激活十分重要。
由此可知,P2X7R、NLRP3與NEK7對炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)的成熟與分泌具有重要作用,是炎性反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵因素。其中P2X7R、NLRP3在GA炎性反應(yīng)中起到關(guān)鍵作用,目前雖然沒有NEK7參與GA炎性反應(yīng)的報道,但根據(jù)NEK7參與炎性反應(yīng),推測NEK7在GA炎性反應(yīng)中亦有作用。
4 P2X7R、NLRP3與NEK7在GA疼痛中的作用機制
按疼痛發(fā)作原因,可將其分為生理性疼痛和病理性疼痛。病理性疼痛主要包括炎性疼痛(Inflammatory Pain)及神經(jīng)病理性疼痛(Neuropathic Pain)[36]。雖然目前GA的疼痛機制尚不明確,但由于GA主要表現(xiàn)是因炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)分泌刺激所致的關(guān)節(jié)局部紅、腫、熱、痛,因此其疼痛的產(chǎn)生與炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)密切相關(guān),GA患者疼痛嚴重程度與血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)正相關(guān)[37-38],而IL-1β等炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)的成熟與分泌與P2X7R、NLRP3、NEK7密切相關(guān)[7-9,13]。因此我們推測P2X7R、NLRP3、NEK7通過調(diào)控炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)的表達,參與GA炎性疼痛的發(fā)作。
GA的疼痛機制亦與神經(jīng)傳感有關(guān),陳文照等[39]推測GA疼痛的原因為外周疼痛遞質(zhì)K+、去鉀腎上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)、5-羥巴胺(5-HT)等局部致痛物質(zhì)過度分泌,刺激局部感覺神經(jīng)末梢所致。痛風(fēng)泰顆??梢越档突そM織中5-HT表達,減輕腫脹關(guān)節(jié)周徑,發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用[40]。周敏等[41]研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn)痹清膠囊通過降低痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎模型大鼠滑膜組織5-HT及K+的濃度,減少疼痛遞質(zhì)的釋放,較好地發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用。5-HT及K+均是致痛因子,可通過第二信使(環(huán)核苷酸、鈣離子)作用于局部和旁分泌,刺激感覺神經(jīng)末梢而產(chǎn)生疼痛[42]。而上述離子濃度的改變與神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的傳導(dǎo),均與P2X7R、NLRP3、NEK7密切相關(guān)[15,26,32]。
此外,ATP通過激活小膠質(zhì)細胞上的P2X4R、P2XR7以及P2Y12R,誘導(dǎo)Pannexin-1表達,參與炎性疼痛的調(diào)制過程[43-44]。Dell′Antonio等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)P2X7R抑制劑治療后,由角叉菜膠和福氏完全佐劑引起的炎性疼痛大鼠熱痛敏得以緩解,而對正常大鼠的熱痛敏和運動功能無影響。反向研究表明,敲除Pannexin-1可通過干擾P2X7R-Panx1信號復(fù)合體形成,緩解嚙齒類動物的關(guān)節(jié)疼痛[46-47]。并且研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn)P2X7R抑制劑(A-740003)通過酪氨酸羥化酶(TH)和生長相關(guān)蛋白43(GAP 43)顯著降低IL-1β和神經(jīng)生長因子(NGF)的生成[48],最終減弱交感神經(jīng)過度支配,達到調(diào)節(jié)疼痛的作用。
5 小結(jié)
在GA中,P2X7R激活可調(diào)控細胞膜上Pannexin-1表達及離子通道開放,引起細胞內(nèi)外離子交換,進一步調(diào)控NEK7、NLRP3的表達,促進IL-1β等炎性反應(yīng)遞質(zhì)及疼痛遞質(zhì)的分泌,從而引起炎性反應(yīng)及疼痛。
6 討論
張永[9]認為ATP-P2X7R-IL-1β為GA急性發(fā)作的治療靶標,該研究結(jié)果豐富了GA的發(fā)病機制,但并未具體的對P2X7R與IL-1β的關(guān)系進行探討,可能與NLRP3、NEK7的表達相關(guān)。資生腎氣丸能調(diào)控GA大鼠NALP3-Caspase-1-IL-1β、NALP6-caspase-1-IL-1β炎性信號通路,抑制GA大鼠NALP3、NALP6、Caspase-1、IL-1β的表達[49-50]。華亮等[31]應(yīng)用清熱除濕通絡(luò)法通過在蛋白質(zhì)翻譯層面下調(diào)NLRP3、Caspase-1蛋白,干擾NLRP3炎性復(fù)合體的裝配或激活,發(fā)揮拮抗痛風(fēng)炎性反應(yīng)的作用,亦證明NLRP3在GA防治中的靶向性。由此可知,NLRP3及其上下游分子的表達在GA炎性反應(yīng)及疼痛的機制研究及治療藥物相關(guān)作用靶點的研究中,具有重要意義。雖然目前并未有研究報道P2X7R及NEK7在GA中的確切作用機制,但二者與NLRP3的表達密切相關(guān),研究證實三者具有通路型上下游調(diào)控的關(guān)系,因此可推測,P2X7R-NLRP3-NEK7信號通路在GA中具有重要作用,而應(yīng)用藥物對該通路進行靶向治療,可能達到防治GA的作用。
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