曲永華

一、for與since

當句中有“for +段時間”或“since +點時間”等時，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時，謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞，若是非延續(xù)性動詞，要改為延續(xù)性動詞或表狀態(tài)的詞（短語）。

1. for +一段時間

I have been here for 2 weeks. 我到這里兩周了。

He's studied English for 17 years. 他學(xué)習(xí)英語已經(jīng)17年了。

2. since +表示過去某一時間的時間點

I have been here since 3 years ago. 三年前我就來這里了。

I have been here since I graduated in 1988. 從1988年畢業(yè)后我就來這里了。

【溫馨提示】 since也可單獨使用，表示“自那時起”;另外，since前也可加上ever，以加強語氣。

It is nearly two years since I came here. 我來這兒快兩年了。

I have been here （ever） since I graduated in 2015. 自從2015年畢業(yè)后我就來這兒了。

對for或since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語提問必須用how long，不能用when。

—How long have you lived here？ 你住在這里多久了？

—I have lived here for 10 years. 我住在這里10年了。

二、短暫性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞詳解

1. 短暫性動詞：表示動作一開始馬上就結(jié)束，不能延續(xù)，也叫非延續(xù)性動詞或終止性動詞。

常用的詞有：begin 開始;close 關(guān)，關(guān)閉;finish 完成，結(jié)束;hear 聽，聽到，聽說;lend借給;marry 結(jié)婚，嫁，娶;open 打開;put 放;receive 收到，接收;sell 賣，推銷;start 開始，出發(fā);stop 停止，終止等。

短暫性動詞不能與表示一段時間的for， since或how long等狀語連用，但在否定句中，有時可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。

We haven't heard from Jane for a long time. 我們好久沒有收到簡的信了。（但是不可說We have heard from Jane for a long time.）

2. 延續(xù)性動詞：指動作發(fā)生后還可以延續(xù)一段時間。

常用的詞有：have 有;live 居住，生活;rain 下雨;sleep 睡覺;study 學(xué)習(xí);wait 等候;work 工作等。

延續(xù)性動詞可以和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。

I have already waited for Tom for two hours. 我已經(jīng)等湯姆兩個小時了。

3. 短暫性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換

leave—be away （from）; come / go （to）—be （in / at）; arrive （in / at）—be （in / at）; get （to）—be （in / at）; reach—be （in / at）; buy—have; borrow—keep; finish—be over; join—be in / be a member of; start / begin—be on; die—be dead; close—be closed; open—be open; return—be back; marry—be married; come back—be back; finish—be over; fall ill—be ill （sick）; wake up—be awake; fall asleep—be asleep; lose， leave—be gone / lost / missing等。

He has been a soldier for three years. 他參軍三年了。

His father has been dead for two years. 他父親去世兩年了。

The film has been on for 5 minutes. 電影已經(jīng)開始五分鐘了。

We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)習(xí)英語已經(jīng)三年了。

【隨堂檢測】

1. My sister ____________ English since she was 9 years old. She can talk to foreigners freely.

A. learns? ? ? ? ? ? B. learnt? ? ? ? ? C. has learnt? ? ? ? D. have learnt

2. —Does Jimmy still work as a driver？

—No. He has ____________ for two years.

A. left the company? ? B. gone to Shanghai? ? C. studied in college? D. lost his job