高詩奇 鄧代華 楊靜
摘要:成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(FGF21)是一種參與糖脂代謝和胰島素分泌調(diào)控的內(nèi)分泌因子,主要在肝臟、脂肪、胰腺和肌肉組織中表達(dá)和分泌。近年來研究表明,F(xiàn)GF21具有心血管保護作用,可抑制動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。FGF21不僅可以作為預(yù)測動脈粥樣硬化的生物標(biāo)志物,還可能作為治療代謝性疾病及動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病的潛在靶點。本文就FGF21及其抗動脈粥樣硬化作用、生物標(biāo)記物作用作一綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子21;動脈粥樣硬化;生物標(biāo)志物
中圖分類號:R543.5? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.19.009
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)19-0028-03
Abstract:Fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) is an endocrine factor involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin secretion. It is mainly expressed and secreted in liver, fat, pancreas and muscle tissues. Recent studies have shown that FGF21 has cardiovascular protective effects and can inhibit the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. FGF21 can be used not only as a biomarker for predicting atherosclerosis, but also as a potential target for the treatment of metabolic diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. This article reviews FGF21 and its anti-atherosclerosis and biomarker effects in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.
Key words:Fibroblast growth factor 21;Atherosclerosis;Biomarker
動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是心血管疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要病理生理基礎(chǔ),也是高血壓、糖尿病、高尿酸血癥等代謝性疾病導(dǎo)致的靶器官損害之一,其特點是在炎癥、氧化應(yīng)激等的作用下,動脈內(nèi)膜過度纖維化、脂肪斑塊形成、平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[1-3]。在發(fā)生動脈粥樣硬化之前,利用生物標(biāo)志物識別高風(fēng)險人群對于預(yù)測和預(yù)防動脈粥樣硬化、降低心血管疾病發(fā)生率和改善預(yù)后具有重要意義。成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(fibroblast growth factor 21,F(xiàn)GF21)是成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子超家族(fibroblast growth factors,F(xiàn)GFs)中的一員,是近些年被廣泛研究的代謝調(diào)節(jié)因子,具有改善胰島素抵抗、改善脂代謝、抗氧化應(yīng)激、抗炎等作用[1-3]。研究表明[4,5],在亞臨床及臨床動脈粥樣硬化患者血清中FGF21水平升高。另有研究表明[6-8],給予外源性FGF21對動脈粥樣硬化有潛在治療作用。本文主要從FGF21概述及其抗動脈粥樣硬化作用、生物標(biāo)記物作用進(jìn)行綜述。
1 FGF21概述
FGF21基因最早于2000年由Nishimura T等[9]從小鼠胚胎組織中克隆得到。FGF21屬于FGF19亞家族,是一種多功能蛋白,主要由肝臟、脂肪組織、胰腺組織和肌肉組織分泌[9],在體內(nèi)通過一種單通道跨膜蛋白βKlotho作為專性輔因子激活FGF受體(fibroblast growth factor receptor,F(xiàn)GFR)形成FGF21-βKlotho-FGFR復(fù)合體而發(fā)揮生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。FGF21的表達(dá)主要受肝臟中過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體α(peroxisome proliferators activated receptor α,PPARα)的調(diào)控和脂肪細(xì)胞中過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ(peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ,PPARγ)的調(diào)控。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[10,11],F(xiàn)GF21有改善胰島素的敏感性、降低血糖、改善脂代謝等生理學(xué)作用。
2 FGF21的抗動脈粥樣硬化作用
2.1對血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的保護作用? ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡是動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展的重要步驟。Chen J等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GF21可以降低oxLDL誘導(dǎo)的線粒體動力相關(guān)蛋白(dynamin-related protein 1,Drp1)表達(dá),抑制線粒體分裂,保護線粒體和細(xì)胞形態(tài)功能,減少ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(vascular endothelial cells,VECs)凋亡,進(jìn)一步抑制動脈粥樣硬化。Yan X等[13]研究表明,F(xiàn)GF21可以通過抑制Fas的表達(dá)來保護人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)的凋亡,在apoE-/-小鼠中可通過改善Fas介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡來減輕動脈粥樣硬化。另研究表明[14],F(xiàn)GF21可通過激活CaMKK2-AMPKα信號通路改善糖尿病誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮功能障礙小鼠的氧化應(yīng)激,并且FGF21可與FGF受體結(jié)合對主動脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞直接發(fā)揮作用,以減輕高糖對內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能的損害。
2.2改善脂代謝? 動脈內(nèi)膜中過多脂質(zhì)的積累是動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生和發(fā)展的重要原因之一[2],降低脂質(zhì)譜,尤其是膽固醇,可以抑制動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。Dong J等[15]體內(nèi)研究結(jié)果顯示,對肥胖或超重2型糖尿病患者單次靜脈注射長效FGF21類似物PF-05231023,可顯著降低甘油三酯、總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平,并使高密度脂蛋白水平升高。Talukdar S等[16]對肥胖獼猴連續(xù)靜脈注射長效FGF21類似物PF-05231023,可顯著降低體重體重,改善血漿脂蛋白譜并使脂聯(lián)素水平升高。脂聯(lián)素是體內(nèi)由脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的一種重要的生物活性因子,可通過減輕氧化應(yīng)激,減少血管細(xì)胞粘附分子1(VCAM-1)等粘附分子來抑制巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤,從而發(fā)揮抗動脈粥樣硬化作用。
膽固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白2(sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-2,SREBP2)是調(diào)節(jié)膽固醇生物合成的主要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。Lin Z等[17]研究顯示,apoE-/-小鼠注射FGF21后可通過激活FGFR2-βklotho受體復(fù)合物進(jìn)而抑制SREBP-2表達(dá),并降低apoE-/-小鼠肝臟中的總膽固醇。Li Q等[18]研究表明,蘇木乙酸乙酯提取物(ethyl acetate extract of sappanwood,SEAE)可通過FGF21/SREBP-2信號通路降低動脈粥樣硬化大鼠的總膽固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白水平。自噬是一種高度保守的細(xì)胞應(yīng)激反應(yīng),它通過減少泡沫細(xì)胞中脂滴降解來調(diào)節(jié)動脈粥樣硬化。研究表明[19],F(xiàn)GF21增加了ApoE-/-小鼠斑塊激活的蛋白激酶C受體1(activated kinase C receptor 1,RACK1)和自噬相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),促進(jìn)膽固醇外排,從而減少泡沫細(xì)胞中膽固醇的積累,進(jìn)而改善高脂飲食ApoE-/-小鼠的動脈粥樣硬化??傊現(xiàn)GF21可通過改善脂質(zhì)譜、調(diào)節(jié)脂代謝而發(fā)揮抗動脈粥樣硬化作用。
2.3改善氧化應(yīng)激及抗炎作用? 炎癥反應(yīng)及氧化應(yīng)激是動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要環(huán)節(jié)。研究表明[20,21],F(xiàn)GF21是一種新型的氧化應(yīng)激調(diào)節(jié)因子。核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2相關(guān)因子(nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor,Nrf2)是氧化應(yīng)激的敏感調(diào)節(jié)因子,也與動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展相關(guān)。Jia H等[22]研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),上調(diào)動脈粥樣硬化大鼠FGF21可增加Nrf2-ARE信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),提高抗氧化指標(biāo)水平,降低內(nèi)皮功能障礙水平,降低炎癥指標(biāo),而下調(diào)FGF21可以逆轉(zhuǎn)這些作用。表明FGF21可通過Nrf2-ARE信號通路降低動脈粥樣硬化大鼠的炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激。Liu J等[23]給予暴露于缺氧條件下的大鼠服用FGF21,發(fā)現(xiàn)FGF21減輕了缺氧引起的平均肺動脈壓、右心室肥厚和肺動脈平滑肌細(xì)胞(pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs)的過度增殖。南瑛等[24]研究表明,F(xiàn)GF21可以通過SIRT1/PGC1α通路改善棕櫚酸酯誘導(dǎo)的線粒體活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)產(chǎn)生,改善細(xì)胞線粒體損傷及線粒體功能障礙,同時可減少腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)和白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等炎癥細(xì)胞因子的釋放,從而減輕炎癥反應(yīng)。總之,F(xiàn)GF21可以通過改善氧化應(yīng)激、抗炎來實現(xiàn)抗動脈粥樣硬化的作用。
3 FGF21的生物標(biāo)記物作用
越來越多證據(jù)表明,F(xiàn)GF21水平在代謝疾病及動脈硬化性心血管疾病中多有升高,被認(rèn)為是疾病早期診斷的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。Wang X等[25]對68例冠心病患者進(jìn)行了模擬組織-血管超聲檢查,并測定其循環(huán)FGF21的濃度,發(fā)現(xiàn)血清FGF21水平與斑塊負(fù)荷呈顯著正相關(guān)。另一項大規(guī)模研究表明[26],在5年的隨訪中,高水平的FGF21與2型糖尿病患者發(fā)生心血管事件的風(fēng)險增加有關(guān)。Wu L等[27]研究表明,非酒精性脂肪肝合并亞臨床動脈粥樣硬化的患者中FGF21水平升高,基線FGF21水平是動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病的獨立預(yù)測因子。Basurto L等[28]的研究對無心血管疾病史的絕經(jīng)后女性單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)和FGF21的血清濃度進(jìn)行測定,并測定頸動脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(cIMT),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)MCP-1和FGF21水平與亞臨床動脈粥樣硬化嚴(yán)重程度(即cIMT)相關(guān)。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[29],血清FGF21在合并有亞臨床動脈粥樣硬化的2型糖尿病患者中升高,logistic回歸發(fā)現(xiàn)FGF21是亞臨床動脈粥樣硬化的獨立預(yù)測因子。以上研究表明FGF21水平升高可以預(yù)測動脈粥樣硬化及動脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,可以作為早期發(fā)現(xiàn)亞臨床動脈粥樣硬化的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。
4總結(jié)
FGF21通過其抗氧化、抗炎、降脂和誘導(dǎo)脂聯(lián)素表達(dá)等作用,直接和間接地抑制了動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。但目前這些研究多在實驗?zāi)P椭羞M(jìn)行,由于人與嚙齒類動物動脈粥樣硬化易感性存在差異,因此FGF21對人動脈粥樣硬化的治療作用仍需要更多研究。此外,還需要進(jìn)一步的前瞻性研究來發(fā)現(xiàn)FGF21是否可以作為一種預(yù)測生物標(biāo)志物來識別動脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)疾病中未來發(fā)生動脈粥樣硬化的高風(fēng)險個體,或者FGF21治療是否可以降低這些疾病中動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,是否可以起到真正的預(yù)防作用。
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收稿日期:2020-07-04;修回日期:2020-07-14
編輯/杜帆