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      妙用五招 文采飛揚
      ——談提高讀后續(xù)寫語言生動性的策略

      2020-12-29 10:47:07浙江
      教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2020年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:實義畫面感生動

      浙江

      讀后續(xù)寫要求學(xué)生在閱讀一篇350詞以內(nèi)的文本后,完成兩個段落的文字續(xù)寫。考生要在有限的時間內(nèi)用150左右的單詞將自己對文本中的故事情節(jié)發(fā)展、人物個性和情感價值觀的理解表達(dá)出來。如果把故事主題看成故事的靈魂,把結(jié)構(gòu)看成它的骨骼,那么語言則是構(gòu)建骨骼、裝載靈魂的血液。在過去的寫作實踐中,學(xué)生使用的更多且更為習(xí)慣的是記敘性的語言,缺乏對描寫性語言的積累和運用。因此,在新高考新題型的背景下,有些考生要么記流水賬,要么堆積重復(fù)性和概括性的語言,這就造成了記敘枯燥干澀、內(nèi)容空洞、表達(dá)千篇一律。那么,考生應(yīng)該如何提高語言的表現(xiàn)力,使語言生動形象、具有畫面感呢?

      一、抓住五種感覺,多維再現(xiàn)畫面

      通過耳朵(聽覺)、眼睛(視覺)、舌頭(味覺)、鼻子(嗅覺)和手(觸覺),我們接受外界傳遞的信息。因此,在寫景狀物時,我們可以提煉五種知覺帶來的沖擊和體驗,使描寫細(xì)膩、逼真。

      如2016年10月浙江省高考英語讀后續(xù)寫,所給原文講述的是女主人公Jane與丈夫Tom在野營過程中發(fā)生爭吵賭氣獨自走開,隨后迷路的故事。續(xù)寫部分第一段所給的句子是“But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again...”。分析原文語境和本段開頭句可知,本段續(xù)寫內(nèi)容可以預(yù)設(shè)為女主人公Jane天黑陷入困境之后的內(nèi)心活動。如果考生采用“Jane was alone in the dark wilderness,feeling very frightened.”之類的概括性語言,記敘就會顯得呆板空洞,缺乏語言魅力??忌梢宰プ£P(guān)鍵字眼“it was getting dark again”,并結(jié)合原文語境,以五種感覺為抓手,對當(dāng)時的自然環(huán)境細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行渲染,以烘托女主人公Jane的內(nèi)心狀態(tài):

      But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again.Clusters of stars decorated the vast sky,weakly shining in the moon-eclipsed darkness.(視覺)The shrubs were standing in the distance like human figures,appearing to be ready to attack anybody in sight.(視覺)The leaves were rustling as if some monsters were advancing towards them.(聽覺)At that very moment,the atmosphere seemed to be permeated with blood-sucking beasts.(嗅覺)She scratched her head,only to find it was bleeding.(觸覺)She slapped herself on the face,regretting that she had lost her mind over trivial details.

      上文通過視覺、聽覺、嗅覺和觸覺的綜合運用,從側(cè)面反映出了女主人公的處境艱難,也襯托出了女主人公的恐懼和后悔之情。當(dāng)然,由于受篇幅所限,考生在進(jìn)行續(xù)寫創(chuàng)作時,可以只抓住五種感覺中的一種或任意幾種組合來描寫再現(xiàn)畫面。

      二、聚焦鏡頭特寫,創(chuàng)意畫面拼接

      在續(xù)寫創(chuàng)作過程中,針對故事情節(jié)的鋪設(shè)考生不能平均用力,有些鏡頭或者畫面應(yīng)該濃墨重彩,而有些只需點到為止,有些甚至采用留白的手法即可。為了讓故事情節(jié)扣人心弦,鏡頭特寫不可或缺。特寫應(yīng)該生動形象、有條理、有層次,有時可以把一個整體分解成若干個畫面來描寫??忌枰阽R頭特寫的基礎(chǔ)之上,再進(jìn)行畫面拼接,輔之以上文提到的五種感覺中的一種或者幾種感覺描寫,便可以達(dá)到畫面躍然紙上的描寫效果。

      如2020年1月浙江省高考英語讀后續(xù)寫,所給原文講述了小主人公深情地告別父母和寵物狗Poppy去上大學(xué),之后Poppy因為思念小主人公而茶飯不思,小主人公父母買來了另外一條寵物狗,希望可以安撫Poppy的故事。續(xù)寫部分第一段的開頭語為“Dad opened the box and a sweet little dog appeared.”。分析原文語境和本段開頭句可知,本段續(xù)寫內(nèi)容可以預(yù)設(shè)為“兩條狗之間的互動情況”和“父母與兩條狗之間的互動情況”。如果考生采用“Poppy was very happy to see a new friend after some hesitation and they soon became close friends.In the end,the boy’s parents felt relieved.”之類的概括性的語言,描寫就變成了流水賬,毫無畫面感,也無法引起讀者的共鳴。此時,考生可以聚焦兩條狗互動的鏡頭,以及兩條狗和小孩父母的互動鏡頭,然后創(chuàng)意拼接,烘托出一條新的小狗到來之后家庭氛圍的巨大變化——告別了“The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there.”死氣沉沉的氛圍,迎來了家庭生機(jī):

      Dad opened the box and a sweet little dog appeared.Feeling greatly astonished,Poppy leapt backwards,with her back arched and tail wagging intensely.The next minute,she barked with great excitement,fixing her eyes on the adorable little companion.Noticing Poppy’s curiosity and hospitality,the little dog jumped forward,stretched out her two fluffy legs,and hugged Poppy.Instantly,the two dogs were playing a game of chase in the courtyard,with excited barks lingering around.Such a scene warmed the hearts of the boy’s parents,who had never expected that the two dogs could break the ice so soon.A relieved smile flashed across Dad’s face while Mom turned back and wiped off her happy tears which welled up unconsciously.

      上文聚焦兩條狗互動的畫面和父母欣慰感動的畫面,再進(jìn)行兩個畫面的創(chuàng)意拼接,使得整個場面描寫極具畫面感,兩條狗互動的形象躍然紙上,父母的感動欣慰也讓人感覺身臨其境。運用“鏡頭特寫,畫面拼接”時,要注意條理,按照時間或空間順序,排好畫面順序。最后拼接時,要不留痕跡。如本片段中“Such a scene warmed the hearts of the boy’s parents”,看似是對上文的總結(jié),其實更是對下文的總起。

      三、選取典型特征,塑造人物形象

      在進(jìn)行讀后續(xù)寫創(chuàng)作之前,考生需要分析記敘文的基本要素,即分析5w1h(what、who、when、where、why和how),厘清文本中的故事情節(jié)、語言特色、情感基調(diào)、人物形象、價值取向以及寫作意圖等。故事主題是文章的靈魂,人物刻畫則是創(chuàng)作成功與否的關(guān)鍵。在續(xù)寫創(chuàng)作時,刻畫人物是塑造人物形象、展現(xiàn)人物性格的重要手段。故事續(xù)寫講求短小精悍,因此在刻畫人物時應(yīng)該選取主人公的典型特征,通過外貌描寫、語言描寫、動作描寫、心理描寫和神態(tài)描寫等塑造人物形象。

      如2017年11月浙江省高考英語讀后續(xù)寫,所給原文講述了健忘的媽媽帶著丈夫和兩個孩子跨州出游的故事。所給文本第一段交代了媽媽的人物典型特征——absent-minded and forgetful。續(xù)寫第一段開頭句為“The next day we remembered the brand-new tent we had brought with us.”。依據(jù)續(xù)文和原文的人物個性應(yīng)保持協(xié)同的原則可知,本段可以預(yù)設(shè)為“健忘的媽媽帶領(lǐng)全家?guī)づ褚盃I過程中的趣事”??忌鷳?yīng)抓住媽媽健忘的這一典型特征,并以此語境展開畫面,如:

      Having decided on our camping site,we pulled over beside a lake,where we found a lot of travelers busy putting up their tents.The sunset cast a ray of orange light over Mom’s face and sparkled her otherwise tired face,kindling her interest in taking selfies.Unconsciously,half an hour had passed before she noticed that we were asking her where she packed away the tent.Abruptly,the enchanted smile on her face took a French leave.“Oh,Gosh,I forgot to pack it up,”Mom screamed.When we finally borrowed one from other campers,Mom was heard screaming again.“Oh,I left the pillows behind!”What a misconception! Despite the ache of my neck,we had some great nights.

      上文通過典型事件描寫“忘記帳篷”和“忘記枕頭”以及語言描寫、外貌描寫和動作描寫來刻畫、渲染媽媽的健忘的特點,使得媽媽的形象栩栩如生,并以此回扣主題“健忘的媽媽使我有一個有趣的童年”。

      四、善用修辭手法,激活多維畫面

      在敘事抒情時,可以借助一些修辭手法來達(dá)到理想的表達(dá)效果。英語中的修辭手法繁多,筆者在此僅列舉適用于故事續(xù)寫的其中幾種。例如:比喻(simile or metaphor)能生動形象、簡潔凝練地描寫事物,化抽象為具體;擬人(personification)可以賦予事物以人的思想、感情、個性和動作,使物人格化,從而達(dá)到描寫生動形象之效果;夸張(hyperbole)能凸顯人或物的特征,從而給讀者強烈而鮮明的印象;擬聲法(onomatopoeia)的運用能形象生動地再現(xiàn)人物心情、事物特征、動作行為狀態(tài),使讀者產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想。押韻(rhyme)則能賦予讀者詩歌般的美感與享受。

      如2017年6月浙江省高考英語讀后續(xù)寫,原文講述了Mac因為脫離同伴獨自騎行,路遇野狼襲擊的故事。續(xù)文第一段的開頭語為“The car abruptly stopped in front of him.”。分析原文可知,續(xù)寫第一段續(xù)寫內(nèi)容可以設(shè)定為“司機(jī)搭救,奮勇逃生”的驚險畫面。為了使畫面更具沖擊力,可以嘗試使用多種修辭,如:

      The car abruptly stopped in front of him.A man screeched(擬聲)the car to a sudden stop,and stretched out his hand,bellowing,“Get in!” Mac clutched at the last straw(比喻)without delay of even one second,flung his bicycle behind,flew into(夸張)the car and banged the door closed behind him.The blood in his body was boiling(夸張)and his hair was standing up,making him gasp.Sitting still in shock,he was trembling all over,fearing as if the fiery eyes of the bloodthirsty wolf would penetrate the steel window of the car(夸張).A chill crept down his spine(擬人),spawning goose bumps.However,the car whizzed away(擬聲),leaving the wolf far behind,which made him sigh(擬聲)with relief.Mac thanked Paul and Becky and afterwards they pulled over by the road to wait for Mac’s friends.

      通過一系列修辭的合理運用,作者把司機(jī)搭救、奮勇逃生、劫后驚魂未定的場面描寫得驚心動魄,亦讓讀者身臨其境,血脈僨張。

      五、運用文字技巧,活化語言運用

      在進(jìn)行故事續(xù)寫實踐時,考生還可以靈活運用文字技巧,使語言生動形象化、場景描寫可視化。語言技巧的習(xí)得關(guān)鍵在于訓(xùn)練與積累,可以從句子訓(xùn)練做起,然后拓展到片段描寫,最后過渡到語篇層面。

      1.用“實義動詞+修辭”替換be動詞。如:

      (1) It was a rainy day.(用be動詞表達(dá))

      (2) The rain fell pitter patter on the window made of canvas.(用“實義動詞fall +擬聲pitter patter”替換be動詞)

      (3) Raindrops also dripped down from the eaves as if they would never want to have a rest.(用“實義動詞drip +擬人”替換be動詞)

      (4) The rain wove a thick silk cascade,blurring my sight.(用“實義動詞weave +比喻”替換be)

      (5) The rain drummed on the window,putting on an orchestra together with the twitter of the birds and chirp of the insects.(用“實義動詞drum +比喻”替換be動詞)

      對比句(1)與句(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)可以感覺到,be動詞的表達(dá)不如“實義動詞+修辭”那么生動形象,也無法創(chuàng)設(shè)具有畫面感的語境之美。

      2.用表意更具體的實義動詞替換表意相對籠統(tǒng)的實義動詞。如:

      (1) “I have something to tell you,” the boss said.(用實義動詞say來表達(dá)“說”,聽者不明其意)

      (2) “I have something to tell you,” the boss boasted.(用實義動詞boast來表達(dá)“說”,聽者知道老板要炫耀一番)

      (3) “I have something to tell you,” the boss whined.(用實義動詞whine來表達(dá)“說”,聽者知道老板要哭訴一番)

      (4) “I have something to tell you,” the boss announced.(用實義動詞announced來表達(dá)“說”,聽者知道老板要宣布事項)

      (5) “I have something to tell you,” the boss whispered.(用實義動詞whisper來表達(dá)“說”,聽者知道老板有秘密要分享)

      對比句(1)與句(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)可知,有時表意相對籠統(tǒng)的實義動詞會給人以枯燥死板的感覺,甚至?xí)屄犝卟幻髌湟?。而具體的實義動詞更達(dá)意,且生動形象,令人眼前浮現(xiàn)鮮活的畫面。當(dāng)然,文字運用技巧還有很多,希望本文能起拋磚引玉的作用。

      總之,一篇優(yōu)秀的續(xù)寫文章,所續(xù)寫段落要在與原文內(nèi)容、語言、結(jié)構(gòu)和情節(jié)等方面高度協(xié)同的基礎(chǔ)上,做到語言豐富、形象生動和具有畫面感。因此,學(xué)生在進(jìn)行續(xù)寫創(chuàng)作時,應(yīng)立足文本語境,挖掘故事主題,展開故事情節(jié),嘗試?yán)蒙鲜鑫宸N策略描繪形象,喚起語言表象的藝術(shù)功能,使寫作生動形象、具有畫面感,以此塑造細(xì)節(jié),強化主題。

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