何國(guó)彬 吳巧杏 吳起
【摘要】 目的:探討橈骨近端骨折的損傷機(jī)制與骨折類型和合并傷的關(guān)系。方法:回顧性分析2014年1月-2018年12月本院就診的50例橈骨近端骨折患者的臨床資料。采用Mason分型對(duì)骨折類型進(jìn)行區(qū)分,探討橈骨近端骨折的損傷機(jī)制與骨折類型和合并傷的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:不同骨折類型的手部著地,外翻位摔倒情況比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且此損傷機(jī)制下以Ⅱ型骨折為主。不同骨折類型的肘部直接著地、跌落前受到強(qiáng)力牽拉以及硬物撞擊情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。不同損傷機(jī)制對(duì)是否伴有合并傷比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:手部著地、外翻位摔倒是橈骨近端骨折的主要損傷機(jī)制,且損傷機(jī)制與伴有合并傷有關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 橈骨小頭 橈骨頸 橈骨近端骨折 損傷機(jī)制
Relationship between Injury Mechanism of Proximal Radius Fracture and the Fracture Types and Complicated Injuries/HE Guobin, WU Qiaoxing, WU Qi. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(23): -170
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the relationship between the injury mechanism of the proximal radius fracture and the fracture types and complicated injuries. Method: The clinical data of 50 patients with proximal radius fracture treated in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The Mason classification was used to distinguish the fracture types and to explore the relationship between the injury mechanism of the proximal radius fracture and the fracture types and complicated injuries. Result: There was significant difference in valgus fall among different fracture types (P<0.05), and type Ⅱ fracture was the main injury mechanism. There were no significant differences in the direct landing, the strong pulling before falling and the impact of hard objects on the elbow of different fracture types (P>0.05). There was significant difference among different injury mechanisms in the combination of injuries (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hand landing and valgus fall are the main injury mechanism of the proximal radius fracture, and the injury mechanism is related to the complicated injuries.
[Key words] Radial capitulum Radial neck Proximal radius fracture Injury mechanism
First-author’s address: Leliu Hospital Affiliated to Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan 528322, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.23.041
橈骨近端骨折是較為常見的肘關(guān)節(jié)損傷,并常伴有不同程度的軟組織損傷[1-3]。近端橈骨包括盤狀的橈骨小頭和橈骨頸。橈骨小頭上面為凹面,其直徑略大于肱骨小頭的直徑,與肱骨小頭形成肱橈關(guān)節(jié),使得肱尺關(guān)節(jié)能自由活動(dòng)。環(huán)繞在橈骨小頭環(huán)狀關(guān)節(jié)面的為環(huán)狀韌帶,其附著于尺骨并與橈尺骨緊密連接在一起,功能為使橈骨小頭在其內(nèi)部旋轉(zhuǎn),且在肘關(guān)節(jié)屈曲時(shí)避免橈骨小頭脫位[4-9]。肘關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)副韌帶(MCL)的前側(cè)束是維持肘關(guān)節(jié)外翻穩(wěn)定性的主要結(jié)構(gòu),橈骨近端骨折易造成MCL損傷,從而嚴(yán)重影響肘關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性[10-13]。橈骨近端骨折主要是摔倒后患者手掌撐地,此時(shí)前臂旋前且肘關(guān)節(jié)伸直,外翻力量軸向傳遞至肘關(guān)節(jié),使橈骨小頭與肱骨頭發(fā)生撞擊,從而造成橈骨小頭或橈骨頸發(fā)生骨折,嚴(yán)重者還伴有MCL撕裂及肘關(guān)節(jié)脫位。橈骨近端骨折主要以橈骨小頭骨折最為常見,而橈骨小頭骨折約有10%伴有肘關(guān)節(jié)的脫位,以及側(cè)韌帶損傷[14-15]。對(duì)于橈骨近端骨折處理方法較多,臨床關(guān)于其治療方法的選擇存在較大爭(zhēng)議,但其骨折形態(tài)的確認(rèn)是恰當(dāng)選擇處理方法的前提條件。目前臨床主要借助于X射線、CT以及核磁手段對(duì)骨折類型進(jìn)行診斷,而由于不同的檢查手段側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,且存在漏診及誤診等情況,臨床較為復(fù)雜的情況需結(jié)合不同的手段綜合判斷,從而造成患者等待時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。本文擬通過對(duì)橈骨近端骨折的損傷機(jī)制與骨折類型和合并傷的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析,以期為臨床判斷骨折類型、迅速做出治療方案、提高判斷疾病預(yù)后等提供參考依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 回顧性分析2014年1月-2018年12月本院就診的50例橈骨近端骨折患者的臨床資料。(1)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①典型癥狀為肘部后外側(cè)呈紅腫,且有疼痛感,肘關(guān)節(jié)行旋轉(zhuǎn)、屈伸等活動(dòng)時(shí)疼痛加劇;②以肘關(guān)節(jié)正側(cè)位進(jìn)行X射線等常規(guī)檢查為主,必要時(shí)進(jìn)行CT檢查,并結(jié)合MRI對(duì)是否發(fā)生MCL或環(huán)狀韌帶等軟組織損傷進(jìn)行輔助診斷。(2)骨折分類:骨折分類以Mason分型,Ⅰ型為骨折無移位;Ⅱ型為骨折有分離移位,骨折塊有大小,有時(shí)小骨折塊嵌如關(guān)節(jié)間隙或游離于肱橈關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)緣;Ⅲ型為橈骨頭粉碎性骨折,橈骨頭呈粉碎狀,移位或無移位;Ⅳ型為橈骨小頭骨折并肘關(guān)節(jié)脫位。(3)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡7~58歲;②經(jīng)醫(yī)師診斷為橈骨近端骨折。(4)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并心、肺、胃腸功能疾病;②合并高血糖、高血壓;③入組前6個(gè)月內(nèi)接受過腹部相關(guān)手術(shù)。本研究已經(jīng)獲得醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),且受試者均已簽署書面知情同意書。
1.2 方法 對(duì)開放性損傷進(jìn)行清創(chuàng)。根據(jù)骨折類型、骨折移位大小、骨折片段數(shù)及大小、粉碎程度、關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性、前臂內(nèi)旋及外旋程度等,進(jìn)行切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定治療、橈骨頭切除術(shù)或進(jìn)行橈骨頭置換。對(duì)合并肘關(guān)節(jié)脫位者行手法復(fù)位。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) (1)觀察不同骨折部位患者的一般資料。(2)比較不同骨折類型的損傷機(jī)制。(3)分析損傷機(jī)制與合并傷的關(guān)系。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用χ檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資量用(x±s)表示。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 不同骨折部位患者的一般資料 橈骨頭骨折患者年齡19~58歲,平均(30.27±1.81)歲;橈骨頸骨折患者年齡7~42歲,平均(22.13±3.82)歲。納入患者一般資料情況見表1。有2例患者為肘關(guān)節(jié)骨折恐怖三聯(lián)征,其影像檢測(cè)結(jié)果見圖1。
2.2 不同骨折類型的損傷機(jī)制比較 不同骨折類型的手部著地,外翻位摔倒情況比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且此損傷機(jī)制下以Ⅱ型骨折為主。不同骨折類型的肘部直接著地、跌落前受到強(qiáng)力牽拉以及硬物撞擊情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 損傷機(jī)制與合并傷的關(guān)系 不同損傷機(jī)制的是否伴有合并傷比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
3 討論
橈骨近端與橈骨干形成一定的角度,約為15°,近端組成包括橈骨小頭及橈骨頸。橈骨近端骨折包括橈骨頸骨折及橈骨小頭骨折,由于兒童橈骨小骨仍為軟骨,橈骨頸骨折更多見于兒童,但橈骨小頭骨折在成人中更常見,約有20%的肘關(guān)節(jié)骨折為橈骨小頭骨折。本文中納入的50例患者,40例患者為橈骨小頭骨折,10例患者為橈骨頸骨折,其中13例患者位有脫位。損傷原因以前臂旋前伸展位摔傷為主,這與文獻(xiàn)[16-17]報(bào)道的橈骨近端骨折及脫位的主要致傷原因一致。當(dāng)摔倒時(shí),多數(shù)人出于保護(hù)意識(shí)會(huì)采用手掌撐地的方式以避免、減少對(duì)身體其他部位的損傷,此時(shí)肘關(guān)節(jié)提攜角則可導(dǎo)致較大的外翻應(yīng)力的軸向傳導(dǎo),這時(shí)肱骨小頭則對(duì)橈骨小頭產(chǎn)生撞擊力,最終使橈骨小頭發(fā)生骨折。因而損傷機(jī)制中以手部著地、外翻位摔倒最為常見,且通過本文的研究顯示,不同骨折類型的手部著地,外翻位摔倒情況比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且此損傷機(jī)制下以Ⅱ型骨折為主。不同骨折類型的肘部直接著地、跌落前受到強(qiáng)力牽拉以及硬物撞擊情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。不同損傷機(jī)制的是否伴有合并傷比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。易造成Ⅱ型骨折以及韌帶損傷、肘關(guān)節(jié)脫位等合并傷。提示在臨床工作中患者如以前臂旋前伸展位摔傷,而且損傷機(jī)制為手部著地、外翻位摔倒的情況,則應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行CT、MRI等檢查,對(duì)骨折形態(tài)、合并傷情況及時(shí)了解,以便制定出恰當(dāng)?shù)奶幹梅椒?,最大程度緩解患者痛苦,降低損傷對(duì)患者生活能力及生活質(zhì)量的不良影響[18-19]。
恐怖三聯(lián)征是指橈骨小頭骨折,而同時(shí)尺骨冠狀骨折,并伴有肘關(guān)節(jié)向后脫位,一般情況還可能合并肘關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)或者內(nèi)側(cè)副韌帶損傷,是最嚴(yán)重的肘關(guān)節(jié)損傷類型[20-21]。當(dāng)前臂處于旋后狀態(tài)時(shí),軸向力作用于前臂,肘關(guān)節(jié)處于外展位從而產(chǎn)生壓縮剪切力。臨床中恐怖三聯(lián)征愈合效果較差,且易產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎等并發(fā)癥,從而影響預(yù)后[22]。本研究中有2例患者為恐怖三聯(lián)征患者,一例為58歲女性,一例為27歲男性,均為跌落傷,著地時(shí)為手部撐地、外翻位倒地。本研究中對(duì)于上述兩位均以內(nèi)固定術(shù)處置,以避免橈骨頭切除術(shù)等引起的并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后至出院前患者恢復(fù)情況較好,還需進(jìn)一步跟蹤恢復(fù)情況。此外,筆者在臨床中治療橈骨近端骨折時(shí)以恢復(fù)解剖學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、實(shí)現(xiàn)肘關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行無痛且穩(wěn)定的運(yùn)動(dòng)、避免關(guān)節(jié)創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致的退行性改變及其他并發(fā)癥。綜合骨折類型、關(guān)節(jié)損傷情況及合并損傷情況,選擇治療手段。對(duì)于臨床肘關(guān)節(jié)骨折伴脫位時(shí),建議修復(fù)或重建橈骨近側(cè),以保持肘關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)翻、外翻穩(wěn)定性,減少尺側(cè)副韌帶的應(yīng)力,從而可有效防止近端橈骨移位。本研究雖對(duì)橈骨近端骨折損傷機(jī)制與骨折類型及合并傷的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行了分析,但納入病例數(shù)較少,且不能實(shí)際掌握患者實(shí)際損傷的真實(shí)情況,因此尚難以實(shí)現(xiàn)根據(jù)損傷機(jī)制對(duì)骨折形態(tài)進(jìn)行一定程度的預(yù)判。后期研究中將對(duì)病例數(shù)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大,同時(shí)根據(jù)實(shí)際損傷事件、結(jié)合生物力學(xué)原理,對(duì)損傷機(jī)制進(jìn)行深入探討,以期為骨折類型的預(yù)判以及如何在應(yīng)急事件中最大限度地避免非必要骨折損傷提供參考。
綜上所述,手部著地、外翻位摔倒是橈骨近端骨折的主要損傷機(jī)制,且損傷機(jī)制與伴有合并傷有關(guān)。
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(收稿日期:2020-09-21) (本文編輯:張明瀾)