段娜 欒波 侯愛潔 羅德鋒
[摘要] 目的 探討不同程度側(cè)支循環(huán)對冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞性病變患者心功能的影響。 方法 選取2016年1月至2018年12月遼寧省人民醫(yī)院接受冠狀動(dòng)脈造影明確診斷至少有一支冠狀動(dòng)脈血管完全閉塞并成功開通的冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病患者110例,根據(jù)Rentrop分類將患者分為側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組(0級或1級)和側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組(2級或3級);收集兩組患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個(gè)月和術(shù)后6個(gè)月的N端腦鈉肽前體指標(biāo)、6 min步行試驗(yàn)、超聲心動(dòng)圖評價(jià)的左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)及左心室舒張期末容積。 結(jié)果 術(shù)后1個(gè)月,兩組患者NT-proBNP水平均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05);側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組術(shù)后1個(gè)月NT-proBNP水平低于術(shù)前,術(shù)后6個(gè)月水平低于術(shù)后1個(gè)月(P<0.05);側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組術(shù)后1個(gè)月NT-proBNP水平低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),術(shù)后1個(gè)月和術(shù)后6個(gè)月NT-proBNP水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);不同程度側(cè)支循環(huán)與不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)NT-proBNP指標(biāo)存在交互效應(yīng)(P<0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和6個(gè)月LVEDD水平均低于術(shù)前,LVEF值高于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但不存在交互效應(yīng)(P>0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和6個(gè)月6 min步行試驗(yàn)距離明顯長于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),同時(shí)不同程度側(cè)支循環(huán)與不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)6 min步行試驗(yàn)距離存在交互效應(yīng)(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 側(cè)支循環(huán)對冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞性病變患者術(shù)前心功能及活動(dòng)耐量有一定的改善作用,并且對于冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞性病變患者成功開通閉塞血管后的心功能改善具有一定的預(yù)測價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞性病變;冠狀動(dòng)脈;側(cè)支循環(huán);心功能
[中圖分類號] R542.22? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)08-0024-05
Effects of different degrees of collateral circulation on cardiac function in patients with chronic complete occlusive disease of coronary artery
DUAN Na? ?LUAN Bo? ?HOU Aijie? ?LUO Defeng
Department of Cardiology, People′s Hospital of China Medical University, People′s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang? ?110016, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of different degrees of collateral circulation on the cardiac function of patients with chronic complete occlusive disease of coronary artery. Methods A total of 110 patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease who underwent coronary angiography and had at least one coronary artery completely occluded and successfully opened in People′s Hospital of Liaoning Province from January 2016 to December 2018 were continuously collected. According to the Rentrop classification, the patients were divided into the poor collateral circulation group(grade 0 or 1) and the good collateral circulation group(grade 2 or 3). The N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide indexes, 6-min walk test, and echocardiography were collected to evaluate left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end-diastolic volume before the operation, at one month after the operation, and six months after the operation. Results One month after operation, NT-proBNP levels in the two groups were lower than those before operation(P<0.05) The level of NT-proBNP at 1 month after operation was lower than that before operation, and that at 6 months after operation was lower than that at 1 month after operation(P<0.05); The level of NT-proBNP in the group with good collateral circulation at 1 month after operation was lower than that before operation(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of NT-proBNP between 1 month after operation and 6 months after operation(P>0.05); There were interaction effects between different degree of collateral circulation and NT-proBNP at different time points(P<0.05); LVEDD at 1 and 6 months after operation was lower than that before operation, LVEF was higher than that before operation, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05), but there was no interaction effect(P>0.05); The distance of 6 min walking test at 1 month and 6 months after operation in the two groups was significantly longer than that before operation, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). At the same time, there was interaction effect between different degrees of collateral circulation and 6 min walking test distance at different time points(P<0.05). Conclusion The collateral circulation has a certain effect on improving the preoperative cardiac function and activity tolerance of patients with chronic complete occlusive disease of the coronary artery. It has a certain predictive value for the improvement of cardiac function in patients with chronic complete occlusive disease of the coronary artery after successfully opening the occluded vessel.
[Key words] Chronic complete occlusive disease of the coronary artery; Coronary artery; Collateral circulation; Cardiac function
冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支循環(huán)(Coronary collateral circulation,CCC)是指連接不同冠狀動(dòng)脈或同一冠狀動(dòng)脈不同部分細(xì)小的解剖上存在的微循環(huán)血管。在冠狀動(dòng)脈明顯狹窄或閉塞時(shí),側(cè)支循環(huán)能發(fā)揮代償作用為遠(yuǎn)端心肌供血,它的形成是冠狀動(dòng)脈血管閉塞后形成的一種代償機(jī)制,與缺乏發(fā)達(dá)側(cè)支循環(huán)的患者相比,良好的側(cè)支循環(huán)可減少梗死面積,改善心室功能和存活率[1]。近年來隨著慢性完全閉塞(CTO)介入技術(shù),尤其是逆向技術(shù)的發(fā)展,側(cè)支循環(huán)在介入治療中的意義越來越重要。然而側(cè)支循環(huán)在冠心病患者的作用及預(yù)后仍存在爭議。在急性冠狀動(dòng)脈閉塞的心肌梗死患者中,早期研究結(jié)論不同,一些研究顯示,良好的側(cè)支血管造影對患者的臨床預(yù)后有改善作用[2-3],而其他研究則顯示無明顯差異[4]或預(yù)后更差[5]。因此,本研究通過比較成功開通CTO的冠心病患者相關(guān)指標(biāo),評價(jià)不同冠脈側(cè)支循環(huán)分級對慢性完全閉塞患者術(shù)前及行CTO-PCI術(shù)后心功能的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2016年1月至2018年12月遼寧省人民醫(yī)院接受冠狀動(dòng)脈造影明確診斷至少有一支冠狀動(dòng)脈血管完全閉塞并成功開通的冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病患者110例。CTO被定義為閉塞的動(dòng)脈,閉塞持續(xù)時(shí)間至少為3個(gè)月,病變處絕對沒有血流(TIMI 0級)[6]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):3個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生急性冠脈綜合征、失代償性心力衰竭、既往行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)者。本研究通過遼寧省人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 資料收集
收集所有入選患者的性別、年齡、吸煙飲酒史、高血壓史、糖尿病史、血脂異常史、用藥史、N端腦鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)、心臟扇掃及心功能、6 min步行試驗(yàn)等指標(biāo)以及冠脈側(cè)支循環(huán)分級。
1.3 冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療術(shù)
冠狀動(dòng)脈造影及介入治療采用常規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)介入技術(shù),使用6F或7F引導(dǎo)導(dǎo)管經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈或股動(dòng)脈入路,CTO開通后常規(guī)植入藥物洗脫支架。CTO-PCI根據(jù)病情采用合適的器械和技術(shù),如雙側(cè)造影、特殊的親水及錐形尖端導(dǎo)絲、平行導(dǎo)絲技術(shù)、微導(dǎo)管和逆向入路。導(dǎo)絲、球囊和藥物洗脫支架類型的選擇由操作醫(yī)生自行決定。術(shù)前,所有患者均被給予負(fù)荷劑量的阿司匹林(300 mg/d)、氯吡格雷(300 mg)或替格瑞洛(180 mg)。在手術(shù)過程中,靜脈注射肝素(100 U/kg)。手術(shù)后,給予氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)或替格瑞洛(90 mg/bid)至少12個(gè)月,阿司匹林(100 mg/d)長期使用。出院后,除非有禁忌,建議所有患者服用指南推薦的藥物,包括他汀類藥物、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑和β-受體阻滯劑,除非有禁忌,并在隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí)重復(fù)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影。其中CTO-PCI成功的定義是閉塞病變的再通,殘余狹窄小于30%,TIMI血流等級為3級[7]。手術(shù)成功是指沒有死亡、心肌梗死或進(jìn)行急診冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)。
1.4 冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支循環(huán)的分級
根據(jù)Rentrop分類[8],從對側(cè)血管供應(yīng)完全閉塞遠(yuǎn)端的冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支程度進(jìn)行分類:0=任何側(cè)支通道均無可見充盈;1=側(cè)支充盈,無心外膜段顯示;2=心外膜動(dòng)脈部分被側(cè)支充盈;3=側(cè)支血管完全充盈心外膜動(dòng)脈。0~1級判為側(cè)支循環(huán)不良,2~3級判為側(cè)支循環(huán)良好。造影結(jié)果由兩位??漆t(yī)師閱讀造影資料共同判定,根據(jù)Rentrop分類將患者分為側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組(0級或1級)和側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組(2級或3級)。對于存在不同程度側(cè)支循環(huán)的患者,選擇側(cè)支等級最高的血管進(jìn)行分析。
1.5 隨訪及觀察指標(biāo)
所有患者均于PCI術(shù)前及術(shù)后1個(gè)月、術(shù)后6個(gè)月抽血檢測NT-proBNP,進(jìn)行6 min步行試驗(yàn)、超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,并計(jì)算左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)及左室舒張期末內(nèi)徑(Left ventricularend diastolic dimension,LVEDD)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),同一因素不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)測量結(jié)果采用重復(fù)測量方差分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 基本資料分析
所有入選患者根據(jù)側(cè)支循環(huán)分級分為側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組56例,側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組54例,隨訪6個(gè)月,其中側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組失訪10例,側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組失訪7例,剩余側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組46例,側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組47例納入統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。兩組的性別、年齡、BMI、心梗病史、糖尿病史、高血壓史、高脂血癥史、吸煙史、飲酒史及服用ACEI/ARB史比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。其中側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組2例患者因血壓不能耐受未使用ACEI/ARB類藥物。
2.2 不同程度側(cè)支循環(huán)與不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)心功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)后1個(gè)月,兩組患者NT-proBNP水平均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05);側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組術(shù)后1個(gè)月NT-proBNP水平低于術(shù)前,術(shù)后6個(gè)月水平低于術(shù)后1個(gè)月(P<0.05);側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組術(shù)后1個(gè)月NT-proBNP水平低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),術(shù)后1個(gè)月和術(shù)后6個(gè)月NT-proBNP水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);不同程度側(cè)支循環(huán)與不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)NT-proBNP指標(biāo)存在交互效應(yīng)(P<0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和6個(gè)月LVEDD水平均低于術(shù)前,LVEF值高于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但不存在交互效應(yīng)(P>0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和6個(gè)月6 min步行試驗(yàn)距離明顯長于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),同時(shí)不同程度側(cè)支循環(huán)與不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)6 min步行試驗(yàn)距離存在交互效應(yīng)(P<0.05)。
3 討論
側(cè)支循環(huán)的形成是慢性或反復(fù)心肌缺血繼發(fā)的一種代償機(jī)制。近年來,越來越多的研究證明,側(cè)支循環(huán)在維持心肌存活中起重要作用。本研究通過統(tǒng)計(jì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),①左心室功能與冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支循環(huán)程度有關(guān);②成功的CTO病變血管介入治療能改善冠心病患者左心室功能。側(cè)支循環(huán)能保護(hù)缺血的心肌細(xì)胞,減少和改善心肌缺血和心肌梗死面積。良好的冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支循環(huán)是降低冠心病患者不良心血管事件的重要因素,并與冠心病患者預(yù)后有關(guān)[9]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對于心肌缺血的區(qū)域,良好的側(cè)支循環(huán)能減少心肌壞死的程度,并能改善左心室功能不全及減少因此導(dǎo)致的死亡[10]。
血清NT-proBNP水平升高是心功能不全的重要生物學(xué)標(biāo)記,可較準(zhǔn)確地反映心肌細(xì)胞,尤其是心室肌細(xì)胞的功能狀態(tài)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,側(cè)支循環(huán)不良組術(shù)前NT-proBNP水平較側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組偏高,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。盡管冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變的出現(xiàn)被認(rèn)為是側(cè)支循環(huán)形成的先決條件,但是由于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的影響,側(cè)支循環(huán)的生長機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜。發(fā)達(dá)的側(cè)支血供不能完全代替正常的冠狀動(dòng)脈血流[11],因此良好的側(cè)支循環(huán)對心肌保護(hù)是不夠的。成功的CTO血運(yùn)重建可顯著改善所對應(yīng)心肌的心肌灌注和收縮功能[12],且可進(jìn)一步改善患者預(yù)后[13]。目前關(guān)于側(cè)支循環(huán)對于心臟功能恢復(fù)程度的影響尚無定論。
本研究通過對CTO介入治療患者的隨訪,并對術(shù)前術(shù)后相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析比較發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和6個(gè)月的LVEF值和6min步行試驗(yàn)均有所提高,同時(shí)NT-proBNP指標(biāo)和LVEDD均有所下降,進(jìn)一步證明了成功的CTO介入治療可改善左室心肌重塑,提高患者的心功能。
成功的CTO介入治療清除了冠狀動(dòng)脈前向血流的阻力,重建正向血流,導(dǎo)致側(cè)支循環(huán)血管阻力增加,隨著時(shí)間的推移,大多數(shù)患者的良好側(cè)支循環(huán)在成功再通CTO后會逐漸消退[11],可能導(dǎo)致在成功的CTO介入治療術(shù)后側(cè)支循環(huán)良好的患者中,再次血運(yùn)重建和整體MACE事件的發(fā)生率相似或增加。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),成功的CTO介入治療術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄的發(fā)生在側(cè)支循環(huán)良好的患者中升高[14]。與非閉塞病變相比,CTO病變血流重建后側(cè)支循環(huán)功能減退[15]更明顯。早期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[16],發(fā)育良好的側(cè)支循環(huán)功能與再狹窄或再閉塞具有相關(guān)性,特別是CTO患者成功PCI術(shù)后大量的側(cè)支血管競爭恢復(fù)的前向血流,導(dǎo)致類似動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化過程的支架內(nèi)再狹窄。而本研究隨訪6個(gè)月,尚未行冠脈造影檢查,但臨床指標(biāo)隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),側(cè)支循環(huán)良好組患者術(shù)后LVEF值明顯改善,可能與側(cè)支循環(huán)的消退有關(guān)。
綜上所述,冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支循環(huán)對冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞性病變患者術(shù)前心功能及活動(dòng)耐量有一定的改善作用,并且對于冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞性病變患者成功開通閉塞血管后的心功能改善具有一定的預(yù)測價(jià)值。
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(收稿日期:2020-09-22)