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      經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)治療輸尿管梗阻繼發(fā)的尿源性膿毒血癥死亡危險(xiǎn)因素分析

      2021-06-22 14:59:55袁小旭葉嘯鄧健謝群龐國福
      新醫(yī)學(xué) 2021年6期

      袁小旭?葉嘯?鄧健?謝群?龐國福

      【摘要】目的 探討經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)治療輸尿管梗阻繼發(fā)的尿源性膿毒血癥的全因死亡危險(xiǎn)因素。方法 回顧性分析164例經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)治療輸尿管梗阻繼發(fā)的尿源性膿毒血癥患者的臨床資料,進(jìn)行入院到出院后30 d內(nèi)的死亡危險(xiǎn)因素分析,當(dāng)變量在單因素分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義時(shí),采用多因素Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果 164例中11例(6.7%)在住院期間或出院后30 d內(nèi)死亡。與幸存組患者比較,死亡組患者在ICU時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)更低,堿性磷酸酶、直接膽紅素、總膽紅素和血漿滲透壓均更高(P均< 0.05)。腎積水面積以及經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)當(dāng)日、術(shù)后第2日的序貫器官衰竭估計(jì)評(píng)分(SOFA)和術(shù)后第2日SOFA升高值與病死率相關(guān)(P均< 0.05)。術(shù)后呼吸頻率更快、快速SOFA更高的患者病死率更高(P均< 0.05)。PCN前后呼吸頻率變化、精神狀態(tài)變化和快速SOFA變化與病死率相關(guān)(P均< 0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)后第2日的SOFA與死亡率相關(guān)(P = 0.001)。結(jié)論 對(duì)于經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)治療的輸尿管梗阻繼發(fā)尿源性膿毒血癥患者,術(shù)后第2日的SOFA是其入院到出院30 d內(nèi)全因死亡的最重要的危險(xiǎn)因素。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】死亡危險(xiǎn)因素;尿源性膿毒血癥;輸尿管梗阻;經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)

      Risk factors of mortality in patients with urosepsis secondary to ureteral obstruction manipulated by percutaneous nephrostomy Yuan Xiaoxu, Ye Xiao, Deng Jian, Xie Qun, Pang Guofu. Department of Urology, Zhuhai Peoples Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, China

      Corresponding author, Pang Guofu, E-mail: pangguofu010919@ 163. com

      【Abstract】Objective To explore the significant risk factors associated with the all-cause mortality in patients with urosepsis secondary to ureteral obstruction manipulated by percutaneous nephrostomy.Methods Clinical data of 164 patients with urosepsis secondary to ureteral obstruction undergoing percutaneous nephrostomy were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors of mortality rate before admission and within 30 d after discharge were analyzed. The significant variables identified by univariate analysis were subject to multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results Eleven (6.7%) of 164 patients with urosepsis secondary to ureteral obstruction manipulated by percutaneous nephrostomy died during hospitalization or within 30 d after discharge. The mortality rate of patients with longer length of ICU stay was significantly increased (P = 0.001). Patients with higher mortality rate presented with lower lymphocyte count, alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, higher total bilirubin and Plasma osmolality(all P < 0.05). Hydronephrosis, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores on the day of percutaneous nephrostomy and postoperative 2 d and the increase in SOFA score at 2 d after percutaneous nephrostomy were significantly correlated with the mortality rate (all P < 0.05). Patients with higher respiration rate and quick SOFA (qSOFA) score after percutaneous nephrostomy showed higher mortality rate (both P < 0.05). The changes of respiration rate before and after percutaneous nephrostomy, mental status and the changes of qSOFA scores before and after percutaneous nephrostomy were significantly correlated with the mortality rate (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that SOFA score at 2 d after percutaneous nephrostomy was significantly associated with the mortality rate (P = 0.001). Conclusion SOFA score at 2 d after percutaneous nephrostomy is the most significant risk factor of the all-cause mortality rate in patients with urosepsis secondary to ureteral obstruction undergoing percutaneous nephrostomy.

      【Key words】Risk factor of mortality;Urosepsis;Ureteral obstruction;Percutaneous

      尿源性膿毒血癥是由泌尿生殖道感染引起的膿毒血癥。盡管與過去相比,尿源性膿毒血癥的病死率有所降低,但尿源性膿毒血癥仍然是院內(nèi)死亡的重要原因之一,住院病死率為2% ~ 33%[1-8]。

      大多數(shù)尿源性膿毒血癥繼發(fā)于輸尿管梗阻,除了輸尿管內(nèi)支架置入,經(jīng)皮腎造瘺術(shù)(PCN)也是解除梗阻的方法之一。本研究組探討了PCN治療輸尿管梗阻繼發(fā)的尿源性膿毒血癥患者的死亡危險(xiǎn)因素。

      對(duì)象與方法

      一、研究對(duì)象

      回顧性分析珠海市人民醫(yī)院2015年1月至2020年12月收治的164例行PCN解除梗阻繼發(fā)尿源性膿毒癥的患者的資料,將其分為死亡組與幸存組。根據(jù)國際公認(rèn)的第3版膿毒癥和膿毒癥休克的定義,將尿源性膿毒血癥定義為尿路感染和序貫器官衰竭估計(jì)評(píng)分(SOFA)≥2。本研究獲得珠海市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)(LW-2020-15)。

      二、研究方法

      收集患者人口學(xué)資料、臨床數(shù)據(jù),包括患者在入院時(shí)、尿源性膿毒血癥起病時(shí)、送介入室前、送回普通病房或ICU后的快速SOFA(qSOFA)和生命體征等數(shù)據(jù),行PCN當(dāng)日及術(shù)后第2日的SOFA,腎積水、結(jié)石、糖尿病、最高體溫、體溫超過38℃的總時(shí)間、Charlson合并癥指數(shù)等資料。收集實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù),包括血常規(guī)、電解質(zhì)、肝功能、腎功能、尿常規(guī)、尿/血培養(yǎng)、心肌酶、凝血試驗(yàn)、CRP和降鈣素原(PCT)。如果診斷24 h內(nèi)給予的抗生素包含至少1種體外實(shí)驗(yàn)敏感的抗生素[根據(jù)臨床與實(shí)驗(yàn)室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)會(huì)(CLSI)指南],則判定初始經(jīng)驗(yàn)性抗生素是“適當(dāng)?shù)摹保駝t判定為“不適當(dāng)?shù)摹?。診斷后24 h內(nèi)給予的初始經(jīng)驗(yàn)性抗生素是否包括碳青霉烯類也予以記錄。分析入院到出院后30 d內(nèi)的死亡危險(xiǎn)因素。

      三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

      采用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)量資料先用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn)做正態(tài)性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,符合正態(tài)分布者以表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(下四分位數(shù),上四分位數(shù))表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。采用Fisher確切概率法、χ2檢驗(yàn)分析無序分類變量。采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)對(duì)有序分類變量進(jìn)行分析。將單因素分析中P < 0.05的變量納入多因素二元Logistic回歸, 采用向前偏似然估計(jì)法計(jì)算影響病死率的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      結(jié)果

      一、死亡組與幸存組尿源性膿毒血癥患者的基本資料及臨床數(shù)據(jù)比較

      164例患者中11例(6.5%)在住院期間或出院后30 d內(nèi)死亡。死亡組與幸存組患者腎積水面積、ICU住院日數(shù)比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均 < 0.05)

      二、死亡組與幸存組尿源性膿毒血癥患者的實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)比較

      死亡組與幸存組患者的淋巴細(xì)胞、堿性磷酸酶、直接膽紅素、總膽紅素和血漿滲透壓比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均 < 0.05)

      三、死亡組與幸存組尿源性膿毒血癥患者的生命體征及SOFA比較

      死亡組與幸存組患者行PCN后呼吸頻率、行PCN后的qSOFA、PCN前后呼吸頻率變化、PCN前后神志變化、PCN前后qSOFA變化比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均 < 0.05),見表3。2組行PCN當(dāng)日的SOFA、PCN術(shù)后第2日的SOFA及PCN術(shù)后2 d SOFA的變化值比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均 < 0.05)。

      四、多因素Logistic回歸分析獨(dú)立死亡危險(xiǎn)因素

      單因素回歸分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的危險(xiǎn)因素包括:ICU住院時(shí)間、淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)、總膽紅素、直接膽紅素、堿性磷酸酶、血漿滲透壓、PCN當(dāng)日的SOFA、PCN術(shù)后第2日的SOFA、行PCN后呼吸頻率、行PCN后的qSOFA、PCN前后呼吸頻率變化、PCN前后神志變化和PCN前后qSOFA變化。將這些因素納入多因素二元Logistic回歸,結(jié)果顯示,PCN術(shù)后第2日的SOFA與入院到出院后30 d內(nèi)的病死率相關(guān)(P = 0.001),是獨(dú)立的死亡危險(xiǎn)因素。

      討論

      輸尿管梗阻常常導(dǎo)致腎積水及泌尿系統(tǒng)感染,如長(zhǎng)期不解除梗阻,腎盂壓力高,病原體可逆向進(jìn)入腎組織及血液,導(dǎo)致膿毒血癥。快速和及時(shí)地治療尿源性膿毒血癥包括給予足夠的晶體和廣譜抗生素,嚴(yán)重的病例需要及時(shí)解除尿路梗阻,出現(xiàn)膿毒性休克時(shí)使用升壓藥物也很重要。解除梗阻的常用方式為PCN或輸尿管鏡下內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)[3]。PCN治療繼發(fā)的尿源性膿毒血癥患者的死亡危險(xiǎn)因素的研究尚無報(bào)道,本研究是首項(xiàng)相關(guān)研究。

      以前的研究顯示尿源性膿毒血癥的病死率為1.7% ~ 8%[2, 7]。Qiang等[7]報(bào)告,膿毒血癥類型和SOFA與患者生存相關(guān)。本研究顯示,PCN術(shù)后第2日的SOFA與PCN治療的輸尿管繼發(fā)尿源性膿毒血癥患者入院到出院后30 d內(nèi)的病死率相關(guān),這提示及早行PCN引流梗阻所致的器官功能障礙、降低SOFA可提高患者生存率。Lee等[11]認(rèn)為,X線定位介入PCN引流時(shí),應(yīng)采取2種方法來避免高腎內(nèi)壓和病原體回流到血液,首先,在注射造影劑之前,應(yīng)先吸出尿液。其次,為了明確導(dǎo)管定位,在操作結(jié)束時(shí)應(yīng)避免做腎造影。我院介入放射科醫(yī)師在PCN結(jié)束時(shí)對(duì)所有患者進(jìn)行了腎造影,容易導(dǎo)致腎盂壓力升高,細(xì)菌及毒素進(jìn)入血液,死亡組PCN術(shù)后生命體征明顯改變、qSOFA升高,Seymour等[18]認(rèn)為qSOFA與病死率密切相關(guān),介入放射科醫(yī)師的這種操作不當(dāng)或是本組患者病死率偏高的原因之一。

      Baek等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)感染性急性腎損傷患者內(nèi)源性堿性磷酸酶活性顯著升高。Cheung等[20]報(bào)道血堿性磷酸酶和CRP水平顯著相關(guān)。Hwang等[21]得出結(jié)論,血清堿性磷酸酶水平較高的腹膜透析患者感染相關(guān)死亡和感染相關(guān)住院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。這些研究表明,堿性磷酸酶可能是較好的感染標(biāo)志物,這與我們的研究相似。死亡組血漿滲透壓升高可能是由于鈉、鉀、葡萄糖和尿素氮4種電解質(zhì)濃度不顯著升高的累積作用所致,在病理生理方面,死亡組血漿滲透壓較高,可能是由于更嚴(yán)重的感染導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的滲出。

      本研究存在一定局限性,首先,樣本量較小,這可能使單變量分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的數(shù)據(jù)在多因素回歸分析中被篩出。其次,本研究是單中心研究,難以防止偏差。此外,回顧性研究所固有的局限不能被忽略,例如因?qū)嶒?yàn)數(shù)據(jù)不完整使納入尿源性膿毒血癥患者不全。綜上所述,進(jìn)一步開展更大規(guī)模的多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究以深入探討PCN治療輸尿管梗阻繼發(fā)的尿源性膿毒血癥患者死亡危險(xiǎn)因素十分必要。

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      (收稿日期:2021-02-26)

      (本文編輯:洪悅民)

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