程 盛,趙 益,王永琛,黃 平
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科,重慶400016
結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是指發(fā)生在結(jié)腸和直腸的惡性腫瘤,又名大腸癌,是消化系統(tǒng)常見的惡性腫瘤。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì),CRC是世界范圍內(nèi)發(fā)病率排名第三的惡性腫瘤,也是導(dǎo)致癌癥相關(guān)死亡的第四大主要原因[1]。CRC在全球有明顯的地域分布差異,高發(fā)區(qū)為大洋洲(澳大利亞和新西蘭),低發(fā)區(qū)為非洲、亞洲和南美洲。在我國(guó)表現(xiàn)為男性多見、發(fā)病年齡明顯提前、直腸癌較結(jié)腸癌多見、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)發(fā)病率高、右半結(jié)腸癌比例呈上升趨勢(shì)等[2]。在我國(guó),男性CRC的發(fā)病率在全身惡性腫瘤中排第五位,女性排第四位;男性和女性CRC的死亡率均排在第五位[3]。
15%~25%的CRC 患者在確診時(shí)已存在肝轉(zhuǎn)移,而25%~50%的患者在3 年內(nèi)發(fā)生肝轉(zhuǎn)移[4]。目前,當(dāng)技術(shù)上可行時(shí),肝切除仍然是CRC 唯一的潛在治療方法[5]。截至目前,由于新手術(shù)技術(shù)與更有效的治療方法的結(jié)合,適合肝切除的患者數(shù)量急劇增加[6-7]。因此,肝切除患者5 年生存率從10%增加到50%[8]。在英國(guó),盡管CRC 在手術(shù)、局部治療(消融、栓塞和放射治療)和系統(tǒng)治療方面取得了進(jìn)展,但處于美國(guó)癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(huì)(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)CRC TNM分期Ⅳ期的患者5年總生存率仍很低,僅為8%[9]??梢姡砥贑RC 預(yù)后差,嚴(yán)重影響人類生命健康。評(píng)估結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移(colorectal cancer liver metastasis,CRLM)患者預(yù)后的因素以往主要依據(jù)臨床特征,但此方法不夠敏感,無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估CRLM患者的預(yù)后。在此背景下,生物標(biāo)志物可以在篩選、診斷、治療、預(yù)后、隨訪以及優(yōu)化治療方案的選擇方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。
在過(guò)去的數(shù)年,評(píng)估KRAS、NRAS和BRAF的基因狀態(tài)對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)移性CRC的優(yōu)化治療越來(lái)越重要[10]。有10%的CRC 患者存在BRAFV600E 突變[11]。BRAFV600E 突變明確定義了預(yù)后不良、具有特定臨床生物學(xué)特征、淋巴結(jié)及腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移率高的患者亞群[12-15]。然而,V600E 以外的BRAF突變患者(594 或596 密碼子)在分子特征和病理特征上是不同的,并沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出不良的臨床結(jié)局[16]。近年來(lái),有關(guān)BRAF突變對(duì)肝切除后的CRLM患者預(yù)后影響的報(bào)道很少,BRAF在CRLM 患者中突變率較低,因此不能得出明確的預(yù)后結(jié)論。因此,本研究對(duì)有BRAF突變的肝切除后CRLM 患者預(yù)后的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行meta 分析,以期為臨床決策提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)。
為了評(píng)估BRAF突變對(duì)肝切除后的CRLM 患者預(yù)后的影響,meta分析的主要終點(diǎn)為總生存期(overall survival,OS),次要終點(diǎn)為無(wú)病生存率(disease-free survival,DFS)。
檢索PubMed 上10 年間的臨床研究,起止時(shí)間為2010年1月—2020年6月。僅檢索用英語(yǔ)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),檢索方式為"BRAF" and("colon" or "colorectal" or "rectal" or"rectum")and("metastasis" or "metastatic" or "metastases" or"mets"or"metastasectomy")and("hepatic"or"liver")。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對(duì)象被確診為CRLM。②CRLM患者行肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤全切除術(shù)。③有BRAF基因狀態(tài)的遺傳檢測(cè)結(jié)果。④有根據(jù)BRAF基因狀態(tài)進(jìn)行分層分析的OS 和/或DFS 結(jié)果。⑤在多變量分析基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)基因狀態(tài)提供患者OS 和/或DFS 的危險(xiǎn)比(hazard ratio,HR)。上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都必須符合。對(duì)于符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)或基于相同患者隊(duì)列的文獻(xiàn),納入患者人數(shù)較多的一篇。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①評(píng)論、書信、案例、綜述、系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)或meta 分析。②研究對(duì)象存在CRC 以外的原發(fā)性癌癥。③研究對(duì)象初診時(shí)已存在肝外轉(zhuǎn)移(如CRC 肝、肺轉(zhuǎn)移)。④研究只有單變量分析。⑤BRAF與其他基因或預(yù)后因素合并的分析。
2位研究者根據(jù)上述納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立地進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選。若2 位研究者未能達(dá)成共識(shí),則征詢第3 人的意見,并經(jīng)過(guò)討論達(dá)成共識(shí)后做出最終決定。
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和meta 分析首選報(bào)告的條目(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses,PRISMA)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取。提取的數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容包括第一作者、發(fā)表年份、研究數(shù)量、檢測(cè)BRAF基因狀態(tài)的組織來(lái)源、治療方案、結(jié)局指標(biāo)(OS和/或DFS)、根據(jù)BRAF突變狀態(tài)的多變量分析的95%CI和HR值。整理結(jié)局指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),將納入患者根據(jù)BRAF基因類型分為2組:BRAF突變型以及BRAF野生型。
采用RevMan 5.4 進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。二分類變量采用HR為效應(yīng)值,區(qū)間估計(jì)使用95%CI。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)使用Q檢驗(yàn)和I2統(tǒng)計(jì)值檢驗(yàn)法。當(dāng)P<0.1、I2>50%時(shí),顯示納入各研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型估計(jì)合并效應(yīng)值。當(dāng)P≥0.1、I2≤50%時(shí),顯示納入各研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)同質(zhì)性,選用固定效應(yīng)模型估計(jì)合并效應(yīng)值。使用漏斗圖評(píng)估OS 和DFS 分析的發(fā)表偏倚。P<0.05 表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
初步檢索了159 篇文獻(xiàn)。經(jīng)閱讀題目及摘要初篩后,剩余16 篇文獻(xiàn)。精讀全文后,根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),排除了9 篇文獻(xiàn)[17-25]。再次2 人同時(shí)進(jìn)行反復(fù)評(píng)估,最終有7 篇文獻(xiàn)[26-32]符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。具體篩選過(guò)程見圖1。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖Fig 1 Flow chart of literature inclusion
共2 722 例患者被納入meta 分析,其中BRAF突變占5.77%(157例)(表1)。納入研究的患者均接受了化學(xué)治療(化療)、靶向治療。多數(shù)研究化療方案均含有奧沙利鉑、氟尿嘧啶。1 項(xiàng)研究[31]中,肝切除后患者還接受了肝動(dòng)脈灌注化療。
通過(guò)RevMan 5.4 分析系統(tǒng)中的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià)。7 個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)條目包括隨機(jī)序列產(chǎn)生、分配隱藏、研究者與被研究者盲法、結(jié)果評(píng)估盲法、不完全結(jié)局資料、選擇性結(jié)局報(bào)告和其他偏倚。選項(xiàng)中綠色為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),黃色為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不明確,紅色為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),結(jié)果見圖2。
2.4.1BRAF突變與肝切除后CRLM 患者的OS 7 篇研究[26-32]報(bào)道了CRLM 患者行肝切除后,按BRAF基因狀態(tài)進(jìn)行分層分析的OS,總計(jì)2 722 例患者(表1),BRAF突變率為5.77%。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,I2=0、P=0.72,說(shuō)明各研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)同質(zhì)性,使用固定效應(yīng)模型。meta 分析結(jié)果(圖3)顯示,合并效應(yīng)量HR=3.04,95%CI2.30~4.01,P=0.000,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說(shuō)明有BRAF突變的CRLM 患者,行肝切除后OS 縮短。圖4 報(bào)告了根據(jù)BRAF突變進(jìn)行分層分析的OS的HR漏斗圖,漏斗圖基本對(duì)稱,未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的發(fā)表偏倚。
圖3 BRAF突變與肝切除后CRLM患者OS的meta分析Fig 3 Meta-analysis of BRAF mutation and OS of CRLM patients after hepatectomy
圖4 BRAF突變的CRLM患者行肝切除后OS的HR漏斗圖Fig 4 HR funnel plot of CRLM patients' OS with BRAF mutation after hepatectomy
2.4.2BRAF突變與肝切除后CRLM 患者的DFS 3 篇文獻(xiàn)[29-31]報(bào)道了CRLM 患者行肝切除后,按BRAF基因狀態(tài)進(jìn)行分層分析的DFS,共1 237 例患者(表1),BRAF的突變率為9.62%。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,I2=77%、P=0.01,說(shuō)明各研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。meta 分析結(jié)果(圖5)顯示,合并效應(yīng)量HR=2.07,95%CI1.06~4.03,P=0.03,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說(shuō)明有BRAF突變的CRLM 患者,行肝切除術(shù)后DFS 縮短。圖6 報(bào)告了根據(jù)BRAF突變分層分析的DFS 的HR漏斗圖,可見漏斗圖不對(duì)稱,不能確定是否存在發(fā)表偏倚,可能與納入的研究較少有關(guān)。
圖5 BRAF突變與肝切除后CRLM患者DFS的meta分析Fig 5 Meta-analysis of BRAF mutation associated with DFS of CRLM patients after hepatectomy
圖6 BRAF突變CRLM患者行肝切除后DFS的HR漏斗圖Fig 6 HR funnel plot of CRLM patients' DFS with BRAF mutation after hepatectomy
本研究共納入2 722 例患者,其中BRAF突變占5.77% (157 例)。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[33]報(bào)道,在轉(zhuǎn)移性CRC 中BRAF突變的發(fā)生率低于10%,與本研究結(jié)果相仿。Bachet 等[31]研究中提供的26.5%的數(shù)據(jù),并非BRAF突變率;因其采用了匹配病例對(duì)照研究的設(shè)計(jì)方法,26.5%是匹配后的BRAF突變患者占所納入總患者的比例,作者提供的BRAF突變率為1%~9%。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),存在BRAF突變的CRLM 患者,肝切除后具有較差的OS,漏斗圖基本對(duì)稱,未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的發(fā)表偏倚;存在BRAF突變的CRLM 患者,肝切除后的具有較差的DFS,但漏斗圖出現(xiàn)明顯的不對(duì)稱,不能排除樣本量越小的研究產(chǎn)生越大影響的可能性,即所涉及的研究樣本量較小也可能導(dǎo)致漏斗圖的不對(duì)稱[34]。Bachet 等[31]研究結(jié)果表明,CRLM 患者是否存在BRAF突變,與肝切除后較差的DFS無(wú)關(guān),原因可能是存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性和偏倚。因此,關(guān)于BRAF突變對(duì)DFS 的影響,只有3 篇文獻(xiàn)被納入,可能存在潛在的發(fā)表偏倚,需更多研究來(lái)證實(shí)。
Tosi 等[35]研究的是KRAS突變對(duì)CRLM 患者肝切除后OS 和無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存率(relapse-free survival,RFS)的影響,其中納入的3 篇文獻(xiàn)涉及BRAF突變。本研究在其基礎(chǔ)上增加4 篇文獻(xiàn)[29-32],擴(kuò)大了meta 分析的樣本量,匯總后得出了更可靠的結(jié)論,并且還分析了BRAF突變對(duì)DFS 的影響。Passiglia 等[36]研究的仍是KRAS突變對(duì)CRLM 患者肝切除后OS 和RFS 的影響,納入的BRAF突變對(duì)OS 影響的文獻(xiàn)也只有3 篇,且未研究BRAF突變對(duì)RFS 或DFS 的影響。本分析中,沒(méi)有納入Karagkounis等[17]的研究,因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為BRAF突變率低,對(duì)生存的影響不顯著,并未給出BRAF突變對(duì)OS 或RFS 影響的結(jié)論,故我們認(rèn)為與主題無(wú)關(guān)。此外,本研究主要分析BRAF突變對(duì)OS 的影響,與Passiglia 等[36]的研究相比,增加5 篇文獻(xiàn)[27,29-32],并且分析了BRAF突變對(duì)DFS 的影響,得出更加全面的結(jié)論。
目前,肝切除是治療CRLM 患者的主要手段,但肝切除手術(shù)程序復(fù)雜且費(fèi)用昂貴,許多患者仍有可能復(fù)發(fā),無(wú)法長(zhǎng)期獲益。因此,篩選適宜的CRLM 患者行肝切除手術(shù)有著重要的意義。以往的篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要根據(jù)臨床特征,而不是腫瘤的生物標(biāo)志物水平。術(shù)前的系統(tǒng)治療現(xiàn)已作為多學(xué)科治療方法的一部分,用于檢測(cè)腫瘤的生物侵襲性和選擇最適合手術(shù)的患者[37]。據(jù)報(bào)道[38-40],術(shù)前化療的放射學(xué)反應(yīng)和術(shù)后病理反應(yīng)是CRLM 患者長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后的重要預(yù)測(cè)因素。一些預(yù)后評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(包括臨床表現(xiàn)、分期、肝轉(zhuǎn)移程度等)已被開發(fā)出來(lái),亦可用于支持治療的決策[41-43]。然而,這些評(píng)分系統(tǒng)不夠敏感,不能排除不必要手術(shù)的患者。此外,評(píng)估CRLM 是否可切除的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)存在爭(zhēng)議,仍缺乏支持治療決策的生物標(biāo)志物。因此,本研究結(jié)果提示,BRAF突變可以與其他已知的臨床特征結(jié)合,從而考慮患者是否有必要施行肝切除術(shù)。
本研究具有以下局限性:①納入的研究在術(shù)前或術(shù)后的治療方案中存在差異。大多數(shù)研究的化療方案中含有奧沙利鉑、氟尿嘧啶,也用到了靶向治療,但其中4篇文獻(xiàn)[27,29,31-32]未提及這些內(nèi)容。對(duì)于手術(shù)后無(wú)法留下足夠體積肝臟的患者,1項(xiàng)研究[31]采取了局部消融的方法。②檢測(cè)BRAF基因狀態(tài)的組織來(lái)源不同。多項(xiàng)研究檢測(cè)的組織來(lái)源于肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,部分研究[28-29,31-32]來(lái)源于原發(fā)灶。研究[44-45]表明,盡管不常見,但這2 個(gè)位點(diǎn)之間存在差異。為解決這一問(wèn)題,有研究者[46]提出使用液體活檢進(jìn)行循環(huán)腫瘤DNA 檢測(cè),可能可以克服原發(fā)灶或肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤組織檢測(cè)引起的空間異質(zhì)性和肝活檢固有的采樣偏差,還有藥物選擇壓力造成的時(shí)間異質(zhì)性。③未將BRAF基因分為V600E 和非V600E 突變進(jìn)行亞組分析。研究[16]表明,V600E 以外的BRAF突變(594 或596 密碼子)并沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出不良的臨床結(jié)局。本研究納入的3 篇文獻(xiàn)[27-28,30]中,僅檢測(cè)了BRAF基因V600E 突變;1 篇文獻(xiàn)[29]檢測(cè)了V600E 和非V600E 突變,并進(jìn)行了亞組分析;2 篇文獻(xiàn)[26,31]檢測(cè)了V600E 和非V600E 突變,但未進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行亞組分析,作者認(rèn)為非V600E突變?cè)贐RAF基因中發(fā)生率較小,無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確判斷其對(duì)預(yù)后的影響;1篇文獻(xiàn)[32]中未提及BRAF基因分型,也未給出具體的說(shuō)明。我們認(rèn)為,非V600E突變?cè)贐RAF基因中占比很小,可能對(duì)最終的分析結(jié)果影響不大。
綜上,BRAF突變是肝切除后的CRLM 患者預(yù)后不良的生物標(biāo)志物,與較差的OS 相關(guān);而與較差的DFS 的關(guān)系,仍需更多研究來(lái)證實(shí)。為預(yù)測(cè)肝切除后CRLM 患者的預(yù)后,并制定個(gè)性化全身和局部治療策略,可綜合考慮BRAF基因以及其他臨床病理因素。
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