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      再構(gòu)英語(yǔ)文本,巧妙用活教材

      2021-08-11 01:23韓麗萍
      校園英語(yǔ)·中旬 2021年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:文本再構(gòu)原則內(nèi)容

      【摘要】《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》中指出:英語(yǔ)課程力求面向全體學(xué)生,為學(xué)生發(fā)展綜合語(yǔ)言能力打好基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)促進(jìn)學(xué)生整體人文素養(yǎng)的提高。在教學(xué)中,教師要善于根據(jù)教學(xué)的需要,對(duì)教材加以適當(dāng)?shù)娜∩岷驼{(diào)整。文本再構(gòu)是教師創(chuàng)造性使用教材的一種路徑,有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,從而提高英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)的有效性。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】文本再構(gòu);原則;方法;內(nèi)容

      【作者簡(jiǎn)介】韓麗萍, 廣東省惠州市李瑞麟小學(xué)。

      一、文本再構(gòu)的定義

      文本是教學(xué)的根本,也是教學(xué)的延伸。文本再構(gòu)是教師對(duì)現(xiàn)有教材中的教學(xué)內(nèi)容和學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平對(duì)教材進(jìn)行二度開(kāi)發(fā),以教材為語(yǔ)量基礎(chǔ),挖掘語(yǔ)言點(diǎn),在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行文本的改編、改寫(xiě)或整合,以適合不同的學(xué)生個(gè)體或群體。通過(guò)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)組織學(xué)生在新的情景中鞏固運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言,提高學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。

      二、文本再構(gòu)的途徑

      1.局部再構(gòu)。局部再構(gòu)只是在原來(lái)教材內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充或添加部分句子,從而形成新的文本。例如:PEP Book 8 Unit 3 “Where did you go ?” A Let's learn,教材內(nèi)容只是簡(jiǎn)單的5個(gè)新授詞組rode a horse、rode a bike、went camping、hurt my foot 、went fishing,如果只是按傳統(tǒng)的拼單詞、做單詞游戲等,學(xué)生學(xué)到的就只是一個(gè)詞或詞組。但通過(guò)文本局部再構(gòu),將單詞設(shè)計(jì)到一個(gè)合適的語(yǔ)境中認(rèn)知和運(yùn)用,從而構(gòu)建一個(gè)情境性符合學(xué)生認(rèn)知范疇的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)材料。

      On the Labour Day , I went to Xinjiang with my parents. We rode a horse at Mt. Tianshan. I went camping with my parents. Then we went fishing. We had a good time.

      I went to the forest park with my friend on May 2nd. We rode a bike there. It was fun. But I hurt my foot. Next time I should be careful.

      2.整體再構(gòu)。整體再構(gòu)就是在保留話題主干的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)分析學(xué)情,把握與本話題有關(guān)的知識(shí)點(diǎn),特別是新舊知識(shí)的聯(lián)系,將新舊知識(shí)進(jìn)行再構(gòu)、拓展、重組,文本內(nèi)容也由易到難、由簡(jiǎn)到繁,語(yǔ)段的設(shè)計(jì)層層遞進(jìn),讓學(xué)生有一種“跳一跳就能摘到果子”的感覺(jué)。例如:PEP Book 6 Unit 2“ My favourite season ”B Read and write,教材內(nèi)容如下圖。

      顯然,教材文本對(duì)五年級(jí)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)略顯簡(jiǎn)單了。為了把與季節(jié)有關(guān)的新舊知識(shí)聯(lián)系起來(lái),我們進(jìn)行了文本再構(gòu):

      Huizhou is in the south of China. It has four seasons. Spring is the best season of the year. The days get longer, the nights get shorter, and the weather gets warmer. Grass and trees begin to turn green. Children begin to fly kites and go on a picnic outdoors.

      Summer comes after spring. It is the hottest season in the year. People try to find a cool place then. They always go swimming in the sea, lakes and rivers. Children like eating ice cream.

      Fall is the harvest season. It's gets cool. Farmers begin to gather in food. Many flowers are in full bloom. People are still wearing shirts and skirts.

      Winter is short in Huizhou. The weather gets cold but not very cold. It never snows in Huizhou. Children can't play in the snow and can't have the fun of making snowmen or skiing.

      再構(gòu)后的文本融入了三、四年級(jí)學(xué)過(guò)的顏色、食物、天氣、穿著等舊知識(shí),本單元關(guān)于季節(jié)的活動(dòng)也一脈相承,同時(shí)初步接觸月份,為接下來(lái)有關(guān)月份的單元做輔墊。

      3.內(nèi)涵再構(gòu)。內(nèi)涵再構(gòu)指借助教材主題,進(jìn)一步挖掘主題背后所包含的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀來(lái)進(jìn)行文本再構(gòu)。例如:PEP Book 6 Unit 4 “When is Easter ? ”B Read and write,教材表層上描述了兩只小貓的生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程,如果我們?cè)诮虒W(xué)中只是簡(jiǎn)單地把文本學(xué)完,那就損失了一個(gè)很好的情感升華機(jī)會(huì)了。但如果挖掘文本背后的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀,我們就可以再構(gòu)這樣的文本:“當(dāng)父母慢慢變老了,我們可以為父母做什么?”(如下文)。

      During my growth, my parents always do a lot for me. Now my parents are getting older and older. I can show my love to them.I think love can be a kiss or a hug.It can also be a smile or a song.When they are tired,I can give them a cup of tea,I can help them do housework.When I go out ,I will remember give them a telephone call.When I grow up ,I will stay with them and make them happy.

      三、文本再構(gòu)在小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用

      1.運(yùn)用文本再構(gòu),創(chuàng)設(shè)詞匯教學(xué)的整體性。修訂后的人教版 PEP教材,每個(gè)單元都由ABC三部分組成,其中AB部分都由Let's talk、 Let's learn 組成,在教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,依然存在部分教師只拘泥于教材文本的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)方法。文本再構(gòu)就是要求教師“跳出教材教能力”,通過(guò)創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容更深刻的認(rèn)知。如果運(yùn)用文本再構(gòu),在文本中帶動(dòng)詞匯的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生就能在語(yǔ)境中體驗(yàn)、理解、記憶和運(yùn)用詞匯了。而這種詞匯文本再構(gòu)可以是單元的詞匯,也可以是單元與單元之間,甚至是學(xué)段與學(xué)段之間,目的是新舊內(nèi)容在不同課時(shí)、不同年級(jí)中的復(fù)現(xiàn),提煉精華、挖掘知識(shí)、充實(shí)內(nèi)容,將教材內(nèi)容通過(guò)縱向與橫向聯(lián)系構(gòu)成一個(gè)較為完整的知識(shí)體系,讓學(xué)生能對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)舉一反三。例如:PEP Book 8 Unit 2和Unit 3的詞匯部分都是關(guān)于動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。我們運(yùn)用文本再構(gòu),把新舊動(dòng)詞融合起來(lái)。

      May Day

      On the first day, I rode a bike to the Honghua Lake. On the way to the lake, I fell off my bike and hurt my foot. I went to the supermarket with my friends and bought some gifts on the 2nd day. On the 3rd day, my brother and I went camping. We took a lot of pictures. In the park, I rode a horse. It was very interesting. On the 4th day, I read some books in the library. In the afternoon, I played badminton with my brother. The 5th day is my favourite day, I was very happy! Because I saw a film with my best friend, We bought many books. We listened to music and watched TV together. The last day, I stayed at home with my parents. I cleaned my room and washed my clothes in the morning. In the afternoon, I went swimming and went fishing. The water was very cold so I got a cold. That was bad! I slept very early.

      What a busy holiday!

      文本再構(gòu)體現(xiàn)了教學(xué)內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性、遞進(jìn)性以及螺旋上升的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)體系,學(xué)生在語(yǔ)篇中感受新知的同時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)舊知,提高了綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。

      2.運(yùn)用文本再構(gòu),充實(shí)對(duì)話的交際性。教材中對(duì)話部分是把單元中的核心詞匯和句子融入有意義的語(yǔ)境中,幫助學(xué)生鞏固記憶并形成語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。但如果教學(xué)中只是停留在某個(gè)對(duì)話內(nèi)容上孤立地使用,話題與話題之間毫無(wú)關(guān)系,那么學(xué)生也只是“只見(jiàn)樹(shù)林未見(jiàn)森林”。例如:PEP Book 6 Unit 2 “My favourite season ”B Let's talk的內(nèi)容如下圖:

      Amy: Hello, Miss White. Look at my picture. I like fall best.

      Miss White: Why ?

      Amy: Because the weather is good and the colours are beautiful. Many flowers and trees are in full bloom.I can pick apples.I can go on apicnic.And my birthday is in fall. How wonderful!What about you ?

      Miss White: I like season.

      Amy: Why?

      Miss White: I like spring, because it's warm. The birds are singing. The butterflies are dancing. They're happy. I'm happy too. I can go hiking. I can catch butterflies, pick up leaves,take pictures. But I also like summer, beacause I like summer vacation !

      Amy : Haha...Cool!

      教師對(duì)文本進(jìn)行再構(gòu),充實(shí)對(duì)話的內(nèi)容,相關(guān)的舊知和新知圍繞一個(gè)話題,拓展了對(duì)話的交際性。

      3.運(yùn)用文本再構(gòu),增加語(yǔ)音教學(xué)的語(yǔ)用性。修訂后的人教版PEP教材非常注重語(yǔ)音教學(xué),增加了Letters and sound和Let's spell板塊,但由于教材沒(méi)有安排對(duì)音標(biāo)的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)生難度很大。在教學(xué)中我們除了利用Phonics來(lái)進(jìn)行教學(xué)外,如果以發(fā)音例詞為基礎(chǔ)創(chuàng)設(shè)出語(yǔ)境化的文本,這將大大降低學(xué)習(xí)難度,讓學(xué)生在文本中自然感知詞匯中所含字母的發(fā)音。例如:PEP Book 5 Unit 4 “What can you do? ”A Let's spell(如下圖)。

      我們以發(fā)音例詞為基礎(chǔ),創(chuàng)設(shè)出語(yǔ)境化的文本。

      通過(guò)繪本故事的形式,學(xué)生在語(yǔ)境中感知詞匯的發(fā)音規(guī)律,達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

      4.運(yùn)用文本再構(gòu),拓展讀寫(xiě)教學(xué)的延續(xù)性。教材中的Read and write板塊是學(xué)生融合新舊知識(shí)、內(nèi)化知識(shí)體系的過(guò)程,也是學(xué)生對(duì)單元主題語(yǔ)言內(nèi)化輸出的過(guò)程,是語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的高階。教師應(yīng)該根據(jù)單元的核心詞匯與句子,對(duì)文本進(jìn)行再構(gòu),促進(jìn)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力的綜合發(fā)展。例如:PEP Book 6 Unit 3 “What would you like ? ”B Read and write(如下圖)。我們學(xué)習(xí)原文本后,通過(guò)內(nèi)涵再構(gòu)的方式拓展了新的文本。

      Eating right is very important. It can help you stay healthy.Every day you must eat a lot of grains, like rice, noodles, wheat.And you must eat a lot of vegetables and fruits. You also need to eat some protein. There is protein in milk, fish, eggs and so on. It helps you grow. But you don't eat much food with rich sugar and calorie. It is unhealthy.

      四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

      教師要想在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中發(fā)揮出文本再構(gòu)最大的功效,就要做到心中有教材、眼中有學(xué)生。只有以教材的主題為語(yǔ)用基礎(chǔ),在學(xué)生的現(xiàn)有知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備量及最近發(fā)展區(qū)之間搭建起語(yǔ)言支架,以學(xué)生的需求及教材的空白點(diǎn)、沖突點(diǎn)作為創(chuàng)造語(yǔ)境的依據(jù),才能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)用情趣,體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的有效性。文本再構(gòu)在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用還處于初步嘗試階段,在再構(gòu)的過(guò)程中,如何拓展、拓展哪些內(nèi)容、拓展到何種程度、語(yǔ)言輸入量如何得到保障、再構(gòu)出來(lái)的文本是否符合學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平等問(wèn)題都是我們今后要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間探討和實(shí)踐的問(wèn)題。

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1]教育部.義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2012.

      [2]徐靜,郭淑華.基于語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)的文本再構(gòu)[J].小學(xué)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),2015 (36):12-13.

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