曾經(jīng)的教堂 今為文物保護單位

楊艷

1891年，重慶正式開埠。門戶洞開之后，英、法、日等國紛紛在重慶設(shè)海關(guān)、建碼頭、修倉庫、開洋行。此外，英、美、法的傳教士沿著長江深入中國腹地，紛紛來到西部門戶重慶傳教，修建教堂，辦學(xué)堂、醫(yī)院，留下了大量文化遺存。

坐落在南岸區(qū)雞冠石鎮(zhèn)群山之中的法國大教堂，又稱“慈母山修院”，主講經(jīng)堂簡稱為“慈母堂”。這里林深葉茂，可遠眺長江。教堂以其歷史淵源、優(yōu)越的地理位置、特有的建筑風格，如今吸引了大量游客。

雞冠石法國大教堂始建于清朝，法國天主教川東教區(qū)副主任納慈宣經(jīng)過多處勘察后，選定南岸雞冠石觀音山麓為修院地址，1911年動工，1913年建成，至今已有上百年歷史。1939年夏，蔣介石偕夫人宋美齡曾來此參觀，贊曰：真福地也。

慈母山修院呈三合院布局，院內(nèi)樹木蔥蘢，環(huán)境幽靜，其中由多道拱門構(gòu)成的廊道極具美感。座南朝北，占地面積80余畝，總建筑面積3420平方米，院內(nèi)有大、小房間80余間，院內(nèi)房屋為西式建筑，主體建筑禮拜堂高約18米，大廳為羅馬式教堂建筑風格，穹窿頂，五顏六色的玻璃窗，圓柱上雕刻花草紋浮雕。整個禮拜堂顯得寬敞明亮，莊嚴肅穆。院內(nèi)現(xiàn)尚存6棵伊拉克棗樹，高約6米，為重慶市珍稀樹種。

這里作為天主教重慶教區(qū)神學(xué)院所在地，先后創(chuàng)辦天主教大、中、小修院，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生350余人。

馬跑教堂位于距大足縣城15公里的石馬鎮(zhèn)，是渝西地區(qū)最大的天主教堂。由法籍羅蘭神父主持修建，于1904年修建竣工，至今已有100多年歷史，被列為重慶市第一批重點文物保護單位。19世紀末，這里曾發(fā)生了著名的“大足教案”事件，為當時重大教案之一。

馬跑教堂系法國哥特式教堂建筑，其垂直型框架結(jié)構(gòu)給人以偉岸挺拔、高聳入云之感。教堂內(nèi)有水池、平房、木樓、地下室、來賓樓。庭院幽靜，古樹參天，是以傳統(tǒng)北方四合院為主要建筑格局，中西合璧的建筑群落。教堂經(jīng)歷過數(shù)次修繕，至今保持完好，其中尤以鐘樓、正經(jīng)堂、圣母亭最為著名。

忠縣城西20公里有一座天池森林公園，海拔1092米，山高林密，物產(chǎn)豐饒。在這山巔之上，有一座歐式建筑—天池天主教堂。

據(jù)《忠縣志》記載，清光緒十七年（1891年），法籍天主教徒于池前修建“震野修院”又名“天池修院”，可容男女修士百余人，并設(shè)教會小學(xué)堂于此。

整座教堂分三部分：上天池占地2500多平方米，建有哥特式尖頂大教堂;中天池是神職學(xué)校震野中修院，占地1萬多平方米，有足球場、網(wǎng)球場、籃球場、游泳池;下天池是歐式山莊的教職員宿舍，占地3000平方米。但這些建筑有所損壞，教堂在1986年完成修復(fù)。

巫山縣西南邊陲，距縣城57公里的廟宇鎮(zhèn)，有一座建筑精美，堪稱渝東地區(qū)最大、保存最完整的天主教堂，名叫圣安多尼堂。因建筑精美，圣安多尼堂被評為“重慶市優(yōu)秀近現(xiàn)代建筑”。

《巫山縣志》記載，光緒二十二年（1896年），法國神父德司望來縣，在廟宇鎮(zhèn)耗時7年創(chuàng)建天主教堂，占地5458平方米，其中房屋建筑面積2482平方米。圣安多尼教堂興盛時期，禮拜的教徒曾達到2000余人。該地率先辦起天主女學(xué)校，招收學(xué)生100余人，從法國購來銅鼓、銅號供教學(xué)之用，鐘樓的鐘聲可以傳到幾十里外。1945年，教堂運來西藥，創(chuàng)辦天主堂診療所，附帶辦學(xué)。

如今的廟宇鎮(zhèn)上還隨處可見德司望帶來的無花果，成了廟宇鎮(zhèn)一大經(jīng)濟作物。

圖片/相關(guān)區(qū)縣宣傳部 文化旅游委 文管所提供

In 1891， Chongqing was officially opened as a port. After port opening， Britain， France， Japan and other countries had set up customs， built docks， constructed warehouses and opened foreign firms in Chongqing one after another. In addition， British， American and French missionaries went deep into the hinterland of China along the Yangtze River and finally arrived in Chongqing， the gateway to the west. They did missionary work， built churches， ran schools and hospitals， leaving behind numerous cultural relics.

Located in the mountains of Jiguangshi Town， Nan'an District， the French Cathedral is also known as "Cimu Mountain Monastery" with the main lecture hall called "Cimu Hall" in short. Surrounded by deep forest and lush leaves， one can look into Yangtze River here from a distance. The church's historical origin， superior geographical location and distinctive architectural style have attracted numerous tourists at present.

First built in the Qing Dynasty， after several reconnaissance trips by Natsu， deputy director of the French Catholicism Eastern Sichuan Parish， Guanyin Mountain， Jiguanshi， Nan'an District was selected as monastery site of Jiguangshi French Cathedral. The construction was started in 1911 and completed in 1913， spanning over a century. In the summer of 1939， Chiang Kai-shek and his wife， Soong Mei-ling， visited this place and lauded it as "a truly blessed place".

A three-section compound， Cimu Mountain Monastery boasts lush trees and tranquil environment in the yard as well as a highly aesthetic gallery composed of multiple arches. Facing north with an area of 80 mu and a total floor area of 3，420 square meters， the monastery has 80-plus various rooms of Western style with a 18-meter high main building chapel， a Roman-Church-architecture-styled lobby， a dome roof， colorful stained glass windows， and plant embossment carved on round columns. The whole chapel gives a spacious， bright and solemn presence. Six 21.87 feet-high Iraqi jujube trees still stand in the monastery and have been listed as the rare tree species in Chongqing.

As the site of the Catholic seminary of Chongqing parish， it has successively established Catholic major， medium and minor monasteries with over 350 students trained.

Located in Shima Town， 15 kilometers away from Dazu County， Mapao Catholic Church is the largest Catholic Church in Western Chongqing. Initially constructed by French priest Roland and and completed in 1904， the church has century-old history and is listed as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Chongqing. At the end of the 19th century， the famous "Dazu Church Uprising" took place here. It was one of the major church uprising at that time.

Mapao Catholic Church has a French Gothic styled with vertical frame structure， giving a towering presence. There are ponds， single-storey buildings， wooden buildings， basements and guest buildings in the church. With majestic ancient trees in tranquil yard and a traditional northern quadrangle dwelling as the main architectural pattern， the church is a building cluster with a combination of Chinese and western styles. Though the church has undergone several repairs， it remains intact， especially with the bell tower， the Orthodox Hall and the Virgin Mary Pavilion as the most reputed buildings.

Located 20 kilometers west of Zhong County， with an altitude of 1，092 meters， Tianchi Forest Park boasts high mountains， lush forests and abundant products. On the pinnacle of the mountain perches a European-styled building - Tianchi Catholic Church.

According to the Zhong County Annals， in the 17th year （1891） of the reign of the Guangxu Emperor in the Qing Dynasty， French Catholics built a "Zhenye Monastery" in front of the pond， also known as "Tianchi Monastery". It could accommodate over 100 nuns and monks， and had set up a church primary school here.

The whole church is divided into three parts： the upper Tianchi covers an area of over 2，500 square meters with a Gothic spire cathedral; the middle Tianchi is a seminary - Zhenye medium monastery， covering an area of 10，000-plus square meters， with a football field， tennis court， basketball court and swimming pool; the lower Tianchi is the faculty dormitory of European villa， covering an area of 3，000 square meters. However， some of these buildings were damaged， and the church was repaired in 1986.

On the southwest border of Wushan County， in Miaoyu Town， 57 kilometers away from the county， an exquisite building， namely St. Anthony's Church， is basically the largest and best preserved Catholic Church in eastern Chongqing. Thanks to its sophisticated architecture， St. Anthony's Church was rated as "Exceptional Modern Building in Chongqing".

According to Wushan County Annals， in the 22nd year （1896） of the reign of the Guangxu Emperor in the Qing Dynasty， the French priest Scarella spent seven years in Miaoyu Town to establish a Catholic Church. It covers an area of 5，458 square meters， including 2，482 square meters of housing construction area. During the prime time of St. Anthony's Church， the number of believers once reached over 2，000. The church took the lead in setting up a Catholic girls' school， enrolling over 100 students， and bought copper drums and brass trumpets from France for teaching. The bell tone of the bell tower could be heard dozens of miles away. In 1945， the church brought Western medicine and founded a Catholic clinic as well as a school.

Today， figs brought by Scarella can be seen everywhere in the Miaoyu Town as a major cash crop here.

Photos/Provided by publicity departments， cultural tourism committees and cultural relics management offices of relevant districts and counties