霍科科 蔡勝國 張楠 張恩生
摘要 記述采自中國河北省黑蚜蠅屬一新種:河北黑蚜蠅Cheilosia hebeiensis sp.nov.。新種隸屬于promixa種團,據Vujic' et al (2013)檢索表,新種近似C.rufimana Becker,1894,但新種小盾片后緣主要為淺色鬃狀長毛,且雄性上葉形態(tài)不同。新種模式標本保存于陜西理工大學和河北省木蘭圍場國有林場林草有害生物防治檢疫站。給出新種詳細的形態(tài)描述與主要特征圖,同時記述了該種的生活史。
關鍵詞 蚜蠅科;黑蚜蠅屬;河北黑蚜蠅;新種;形態(tài);特征;生活史
中圖分類號 Q969.44 文獻標識碼 A
文章編號 0517-6611(2021)17-0011-04
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.17.003
Abstract The paper described a new species,Cheilosia hebeiensis sp.nov.,from Hebei Province,China.The new species belonged to the promixa group.Based on the key of Vujic' et al (2013),the new species was similar to Cheilosia rufimana Becker,1894 in appearance,but differs from the latter by whitish long bristle-like hairs on posterior margin of scutellum and the forms of superior lobe of male.The type specimens were deposited in Shaanxi University of Technology and Forestry and Grassland Pest Control and Quarantine Station,Hebei Mulan Paddock State Forest.The study detailed description and figures of the new species were offered and the life cycle of the species were also reported.
Key words Syrphidae;Cheilosia;Cheilosia hebeiensis sp.nov.;New species;Morphology;Characteristics;Life cycle
蚜蠅科(Syrphidae)黑蚜蠅屬(Cheilosia)主要分布在古北區(qū)、新北區(qū)和東洋區(qū),新熱帶區(qū)和澳洲區(qū)亦有分布,全世界已知約480種,其中古北區(qū)種類約占70%[1-15]。從1927年Sack教授記述中國黑蚜蠅屬種類開始,許多學者對中國黑蚜蠅屬種類進行了研究,使中國黑蚜蠅屬種類增至約105種[16-36]。
河北省木蘭林場位于河北省圍場滿族蒙古族自治縣境內,地處渾善達克沙地南緣、灤河上游地區(qū),屬陰山、大興安嶺、燕山余脈的匯接地帶,區(qū)域地理坐標為41°35′~42°40′N、116°32′~117°14′E,海拔750~1 998 m。該地區(qū)屬半干旱向半濕潤過渡區(qū)、寒溫帶向中溫帶過渡區(qū),氣候為大陸性季風型山地氣候,年平均氣溫-1.4~4.7 ℃,極端最高氣溫38.9 ℃,極端最低氣溫-42.9 ℃,年均降水量380~560 mm,主要集中在7—9月。2018—2019年對林場區(qū)域的森林昆蟲進行系統(tǒng)調查,在華北落葉松林內發(fā)現幼蟲期生活于華北落葉松樹膠中的一種黑蚜蠅,通過幼蟲形態(tài)及生活史、蛹和成蟲的觀察與研究,確定為一新種。新種模式標本保存于陜西理工大學和河北省木蘭圍場國有林場林草有害生物防治檢疫站。筆者對新種及其相關生物學特性進行了分析。
1 河北黑蚜蠅Cheilosia hebeiensis sp.nov.(圖1)
雄性:復眼密被淡黃毛。頭頂隆起,被暗褐色長毛和白色粉被,單眼三角呈等邊三角形。額略鼓起,額角較大;額黑色,覆白色粉被,被白色長毛和少量黑毛。新月片黑色,觸角窩分開。顏寬,黑色,具白色綿毛,中突小,側面觀超過額突,略超過口前緣;眼緣中等寬,最寬處不大于觸角第3節(jié)高的一半,黑色,有時在復眼下方呈暗褐色,密被白毛和粉被。頰高,黑色,被白色長毛和粉被。觸角基部2節(jié)黑褐色,第3節(jié)近圓形,黃褐色,背緣色暗。觸角芒黑褐色,被毛極短。
胸部黑色,覆白色粉被,被長度近一致的白色長毛,胸部背板側緣無鬃,小盾片后緣具白色鬃狀長毛,盾下緣纓白色,長而密;側板粉被和毛同背板。后胸腹板被白色長毛。
足黑色,各足腿節(jié)端部及脛節(jié)基部暗褐色,覆白色粉被,被白色短毛,前、中足腿節(jié)腹面及后側具白色長毛,后足腿節(jié)前側具較稀疏的白色長毛,為短毛的3~4倍,脛節(jié)前側具暗褐色鬃狀長毛,長度不大于脛節(jié)的直徑。翅前部略染黃色,具微刺;翅脈M1與R4+5相交呈銳角;平衡棒黃色,基部及頭部黃褐色。腹部近長橢圓形,黑色,被長度一致的白色長毛。
雄性尾器:黑褐色。第九背板側面觀高大于長。尾須近四邊形,淺黃色,被淡黃色長毛的暗褐色鬃狀長毛。背針突三角狀,頂端寬而鈍圓,背緣中部形成明顯的隆脊,具暗褐色長鬃,端部內表面具暗褐色短鬃。第九腹板筒狀,腹面后部中部具透明區(qū)。上葉狹長,基部近長方形,端部向腹面中央扭曲,呈前后扁平狀,頂端圓形。陽莖端面背面觀呈叉狀,兩叉之間具膜質的射精突。
雌性:被毛明顯短于雄性。復眼被短毛。頭頂及額較寬,頭頂在復眼后緣處寬約為頭寬1/3,具細刻點,具3條縱溝,前部具橫溝;頭頂及額黑色,額中部兩側沿眼緣具黃色狹長斑,覆近白色粉被,主要被黑短毛。觸角黃褐色,第3節(jié)橙黃色,大而圓。胸部背面主要被黑色短毛,背板前部白色粉被形成明顯的中條紋和亞中條紋。小盾片后緣具白色長鬃,有時黑鬃。足似雄性,但被毛短,后足腿節(jié)無長毛。腹部黑亮,基部覆白色粉被。腹部背面具細刻點,被黑色短毛,基部及側緣具白毛。
體長:♂ 9 mm,♀ 9 mm;翅長:♂ 7 mm,♀ 7 mm。
本種應屬于promixa種團,據Vujic' et al (2013)檢索表,新種近似C.rufimana Becker,1894,但新種小盾片后緣主要為淺色鬃,且二者雄性上葉形態(tài)不同[37]。
正模:♂,2019-Ⅴ-6,河北木蘭林場種苗場(41°43′2.6″N、118°02′1.4″E,海拔1 078 m),蔡勝國采;副模:1♂10♀,同正模。
2 生活史研究
河北黑蚜蠅1年1代,以蛹和幼蟲2種蟲態(tài)越冬,其中蛹在樹皮外的松脂內越冬,幼蟲在樹皮內韌皮部與木質部交界處松脂內越冬。越冬蛹翌年5月羽化為成蟲,隨后產卵,經過短暫幾天卵孵化為幼蟲,7月轉移至流脂孔下方附近松脂塊內化蛹。越冬幼蟲翌年6月化蛹,6—7月羽化、產卵,幼蟲孵化后取食至9月,隨即進入越冬狀態(tài)。
2.1 卵
成蟲羽化后3~5 d產卵,多粒,產卵位置多在樹干受傷流脂孔邊緣。卵為粒狀,0.8~1.0 mm,初產淡黃色。卵期6~10 d。
2.2 幼蟲 幼蟲取食期5—8月,9月—翌年4月為越冬態(tài)。初孵幼蟲乳白色,大小1 mm左右,老熟幼蟲體長12~14 mm。幼蟲為無頭無足鼠尾蛆型,具有刮吸式口器,口鉤黑色、彎曲,尾端具有一對短的呼吸管。體圓筒形,端部略逐漸變小,末端圓,原足不發(fā)達,無趾鉤,后氣門著生在短管上(圖2)。
幼蟲孵化后通過蠕動直接侵入樹皮下,生活于木質部和韌皮部之間,以樹脂為食。隨著幼蟲危害加劇落葉松樹干分泌大量松脂,過量松脂流出樹體外(圖3~6)。
2.3 蛹
7月中旬始見老熟幼蟲從其危害的樹皮下隨流出的松脂轉移到樹皮外,在流脂孔下方附近松脂塊中準備化蛹,流出后經15 d左右老熟幼蟲化蛹,8月上旬(立秋季節(jié)前后,波斯菊盛花)為化蛹始盛期,9月上旬為化蛹盛期(落葉松開始落葉),蛹在流孔下方的樹皮外松脂內(此時松脂流動性變差開始變硬)越冬。圍蛹長8~10 mm,粗2.5~3.0 mm,棕褐色(圖7~10)。
2.4 成蟲期
翌年5月上旬(落葉松雄花成形,針葉展葉期)隨著氣溫快速升高,樹液流動,蛹開始羽化為成蟲,5月中旬—6月上旬為羽化盛期,羽化期持續(xù)至6月中、下旬。成蟲壽命7~10 d,自然狀態(tài)下林間成蟲量少,不易發(fā)現。成蟲很少在林冠層活動,多在樹冠以下位置。室內觀察,成蟲羽化時間多集中在11:00—13:00,成蟲在10:00—16:00較活躍,喜歡在陽光下飛翔。
3 討論
黑蚜蠅屬廣布于世界各動物地理區(qū)域,為古北區(qū)蚜蠅科中最大的屬,雖然大多數種類都很常見,但對他們的生物學習性了解甚少。Dufour[38]首次報道黑蚜蠅的生物學習性。
黑蚜蠅屬種類通常產卵于植物莖、葉等表面,具體的產卵位置因種而異,或產于葉背面基部,或只在離地面不遠的葉片上,或產于莖干上;選擇的寄主植物1種或幾種不等;產卵方式以單粒散產為主,或數個卵堆在一塊。幼蟲為害植物幼莖頂端、花等器官[39-43]。
黑蚜蠅3齡幼蟲形態(tài)與取食方式有關,可分為菌食性、葉食性、莖根鉆蛀性和樹汁及形成層取食者。現已知黑蚜蠅屬部分種類的幼蟲為植食性,幼蟲在高等植物的莖干及根中鉆蛀生活,或在葉中鉆蛀生活,部分種類的幼蟲為腐食性或菌食性,以真菌的子實體為食,還有一些種類生活于針葉樹的形成層,取食樹液(樹脂)[40,44-45]。
關于黑蚜蠅生活在針葉樹樹脂中的報道并不多。Cheilosia alaskensis在異葉鐵杉(Tsuga heterophylla)形成層取食樹汁,幼蟲生活于松香中,而Cheilosia hoodiana幼蟲生活于白冷杉(Abies concolor)[46]。Cheilosia morio成蟲生活于云杉林,幼蟲在云杉樹皮的樹脂瘤上生活,引起云杉形成脂瘤[47-49]。河北黑蚜蠅生活于華北落葉松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林中,成蟲產卵于華北落葉松樹干受傷流脂孔邊緣,且幼蟲以松脂為食,明顯不同于已記錄的其他種類。
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