范子燁
【冷門絕學(xué)研究】
艾德沃滋的英譯本《嘯旨》及其嘯史觀念
范子燁
(中國社會科學(xué)院 文學(xué)研究所,北京 100732)
《嘯旨》是我國唐代的一部記載嘯術(shù)的專書。20世紀(jì)上半葉,《嘯旨》同時開始進(jìn)入中西方學(xué)者的視野,具有現(xiàn)代意義的《嘯旨》以及長嘯研究由此拉開序幕。1938年,英國學(xué)者艾德沃滋在其書中著錄了《嘯旨》,1957年,她又將《嘯旨》譯成英文發(fā)表。對于《嘯旨》的研究,艾德沃滋持續(xù)了二十年,其研究結(jié)論與相關(guān)闡釋充分反映了她的嘯史觀念。在1937年前后,艾德沃滋主要把嘯視為特殊的吟詩技巧。至1957年,她對嘯的理解和解釋從“吟詩說”轉(zhuǎn)為“口哨說”。她對于《嘯旨》的討論和對嘯的闡發(fā)不僅頗具文化之卓識,而且富有學(xué)術(shù)之力量。事實正如艾德沃滋預(yù)言之所期,長嘯仍在人間,那就是北方游牧民族的呼麥藝術(shù)。而作為一部具有特殊價值的“曠世奇書”,《嘯旨》是中國的,也是世界的。而在艾德沃滋的引領(lǐng)下,《嘯旨》這部秘笈得以“西游”,東方古國神秘的長嘯藝術(shù)由此被傳播到西方,這也堪稱為現(xiàn)代學(xué)術(shù)史的一個小小的奇跡。
《嘯旨》; 艾德沃滋; 嘯史觀念; 吟詩說; 口哨說; 呼麥藝術(shù)
《嘯旨》是我國唐代的一部記載嘯術(shù)的專書。關(guān)于此書的作者,古人素有孫廣和盧仝(795-835)二說,前者為中唐人,后者為晚唐人。唐封演《封氏聞見記》卷五“長嘯”條稱“永泰中,大理評事孫廣著《嘯旨》一篇”云云[1]44-45,此說為宋人王讜《唐語林》卷五所承襲①。永泰(765-766)是唐代宗李豫(727-779)的年號。封演是天寶十五年(756)進(jìn)士。王讜是宋徽宗崇寧、大觀(1102-1110)年間人。封氏的記載表明,《嘯旨》的神秘性在唐代即已受到了文化界的關(guān)注。至元明清時代,《嘯旨》更是文化人的枕中秘笈。明李濂《讀<嘯旨>有感》詩云:“嶺上偶然嘯,浪傳鸞鳳如。阿誰更多事,肬贅漫成書?!盵2]乾隆《登嘯臺有作》詩云:“謖謖天風(fēng)吹鳳鸞,即遇公和相周旋。清激《嘯旨》我不解,慷慨嘯理我或閑?!盵3]盡管接觸《嘯旨》者不少,但是沒有證據(jù)表明,有人能夠真正讀懂這部秘笈,多數(shù)讀者面對《嘯旨》大都是一頭霧水。
20世紀(jì)上半葉,《嘯旨》同時開始進(jìn)入中西方學(xué)者的視野,具有現(xiàn)代意義的《嘯旨》以及長嘯研究由此拉開序幕②。1938年,英國學(xué)者艾德沃滋(Edwards, Evangeline Dora,1888-1957)在其所著《公元618-906年的中國唐代散文作品敘錄》(以下簡稱為“《敘錄》”)一書中著錄了《嘯旨》③,1957年,她又將《嘯旨》譯成英文發(fā)表④。這實際上是以英文的形式逐字逐句對《嘯旨》進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的解讀。(見圖1)
圖1 Edwards, Evangeline Dora,倫敦大學(xué)檔案館供圖;《唐代叢書》本《嘯旨》局部⑤
艾德沃滋生于1888年8月13日,她是John Edwards神父的第三個女兒。她先后就讀于Camborne 的Redbrook學(xué)院、Islington學(xué)院以及愛丁堡的圣·Colm傳教士學(xué)院預(yù)科。在完成全部學(xué)業(yè)之后,她旅行到中國,并就讀于北平語言學(xué)校,學(xué)習(xí)漢語。兩年后,即在1915年,她被任命為Mukden北方女子學(xué)院(Women's Normal College in Mukden)院長,這是一所培訓(xùn)漢語教師的學(xué)院。在此期間,她繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí),并在1918年獲得北平語言學(xué)校的漢語專業(yè)(普通話和古漢語)畢業(yè)證書。在“一戰(zhàn)”末期,她回到英格蘭,并在1921年接受了東方與非洲研究學(xué)校的講師職位。結(jié)合工作與研究,她分別在1924年和1925年獲得了倫敦大學(xué)漢語專業(yè)的學(xué)士學(xué)位和碩士學(xué)位。1931年,鑒于她對唐代小說的卓越研究,倫敦大學(xué)授予她文學(xué)博士學(xué)位。她被倫敦大學(xué)任命為漢語朗讀教師,在這個位置上她一直工作到1939年成為漢語教授時止。在1937-1939年間,她是倫敦大學(xué)遠(yuǎn)東系的主席,并主持漢語方面的工作直到1953年。1951年,她被任命為Percival David基金會的主席,直到1955年退休。她曾經(jīng)為中國社會委員會服務(wù)多年(1925-1944),并在戰(zhàn)后訪問遠(yuǎn)東、東南亞和太平洋地區(qū),以便使軍方的服務(wù)得到倫敦大學(xué)相關(guān)專業(yè)訓(xùn)練的支持。她的著作為數(shù)眾多,如《公元618-906年的中國唐代散文作品敘錄》(1937-1938),《儒者》(1940)以及題為《龍之書》和《竹子、荷花與棕櫚樹》(1948)的兩部自選集。她還在學(xué)報上發(fā)表了大量文章,如《泰東雜志》《大不列顛遠(yuǎn)東研究學(xué)報》等等,并在1941–1955年間擔(dān)任后者的編委。她不僅把M. Granet所著《古代中國的節(jié)日與歌曲》(倫敦,1932)譯成英語,還與C.O. Blagden教授合作出版了《馬來西亞半島的漢語詞匯和短語》(6卷中的3卷,BSOS,1931)和《占族的漢語詞匯和短語》(10卷中的1卷,BSOS,1939)兩部書⑥。
對于《嘯旨》的研究,艾德沃滋持續(xù)了二十年。其研究結(jié)論與相關(guān)闡釋充分反映了她的嘯史觀念,而審視她的觀念,對于嘯史研究無疑是有積極意義的。她在《敘錄》中指出:
這是一部關(guān)于吟誦詩歌的專著,全書凡十五章,包括序跋。這本神奇的小書肯定是關(guān)于語言發(fā)音的最早專著,很少有人知道它的存在。序中提到了西王母和其他神話人物,但書中絕大部分可能討論的是在吟詩方面特殊發(fā)音的純正規(guī)則。書后明人都穆的跋寫于公元1520年。他說自己在這部書中讀到了孫登和阮籍的故事,因而去探訪位于洛陽附近的蘇門山,結(jié)果無功而返。
在這里,她把嘯翻譯為吟誦或者吟詩(chanting,chanting poetry),并且把《嘯旨》界定為“一部關(guān)于吟誦詩歌的專著”,“是關(guān)于語言發(fā)音的最早專著”,書中“可能討論的是在吟詩方面特殊發(fā)音的純正規(guī)則”。此外,在《敘錄》一書中,她還初步翻譯了《嘯旨序》以及書中記載的“外激”(Outer Expulsion)、“內(nèi)激”(Inner Expulsion)與“含”(Holding in the mouth)等三種嘯法。她在注釋中也談到了自己對于“嘯”這個語詞的理解:
嘯這個詞實際的意思是吹口哨、喊叫、吼叫以及釋放氣息。它是對虎嘯的應(yīng)答,也是一種龍吟之聲。但是,并沒有任何一部辭典給出“嘯旨”這個題目的確切含義。然而,當(dāng)一位詩人孤獨地徘徊在竹林中時,他向天空抬起自己的臉,吟詠自己或者別人的作品,這通常被稱為“仰天嘯詩”,即仰望蒼天而吟詩。這種吟詠與我們通常理解的西方的吟詩有很大差異,我們必須關(guān)注這一點。
可見在1937年前后,艾德沃滋主要把嘯視為特殊的吟詩技巧。晉人之嘯與吟詩確實有關(guān)系,所謂“嘯詠”“吟嘯”,皆是以嘯法吟詩,但嘯作為一種特殊的發(fā)聲方式以及由此形成的特殊的聲樂藝術(shù)(參見下文),并不是吟詩[4]。至1957年,她對嘯的理解和解釋有明顯的變化,主要是從“吟詩說”轉(zhuǎn)為“口哨說”,她把嘯譯為口哨或者吹口哨(whistle,Whistling)。當(dāng)然她也承續(xù)了早期關(guān)于《嘯旨》為“語音學(xué)著作”(phonetics work)的說法。她在英譯《嘯旨》序中指出:
音樂源于自然,這是為中國人所認(rèn)知的基本事實。音樂可能是有意識的產(chǎn)物(如人聲),也可能是無意識的產(chǎn)物(如動物聲、暴風(fēng)雨聲等等)。就人類嗓音和聲的極限而言,發(fā)聲之模擬是先于樂器而出現(xiàn)的。言語在人與人、大腦與大腦之間傳播,音樂則在人與自然、諸神和精靈之間傳播。經(jīng)過整合而被納入若干系統(tǒng)的古代音樂并不比自然之聲更為豐富。正如我們在這部書中所見到的那樣,人類在發(fā)聲方面對自然的模擬確實要早于器樂。學(xué)嘯者為數(shù)眾多,代代相承,而“舜演之為琴”。唐代段安節(jié)所著《樂府雜錄》指出,“聽伎,絲不如竹(蘆葦制作的樂器),竹不如肉(人的喉嚨)?!比说暮韲当热魏螛菲鞫几呒墶U纭秶[旨》所言,“笙像鳳嘯,笛像龍吟,凡音之發(fā)皆有像。故虎嘯龍吟之類,亦音聲之流”。盡管我們當(dāng)下對古代音樂之史實所知甚少,但是其在東方的影響主要是作為國家禮樂而被認(rèn)知的,音樂在中國幾乎無處不在,由此而顯得更為重要。而聲音的神秘起源以及音樂源于自然的發(fā)展史,乃是唐人所撰《嘯旨》一書極力彰顯的主題,這一主題令人好奇令人著迷,而這部書幸存于世,則彌足珍貴。關(guān)于《嘯旨》的淵源有兩種理論。第一種理論是說在六朝時代有一些帶著儒家思想的人試圖遁世,他們進(jìn)入山中,恣意而為,無所顧忌,而長嘯就是其日常行為之一,這些人遭到了禮法之士的蔑視。第二種是道教理論,其對長嘯的支撐作用可能更大,所以道教著作屢屢提及之。道徒們認(rèn)為呼吸“自然的呼吸”是獲得不朽的一條重要途徑,至于承擔(dān)不朽之累則又另當(dāng)別論。通過長嘯他們與自然相呼應(yīng),并因此而臻于仙境。這種觀點通過《晉書》得以強(qiáng)化,如書中說阮籍“尤好莊老,嗜酒能嘯,善彈琴”?!秶[旨》首見于由160種圖書組成的《唐代叢書》,對這部書的編纂者的具體情況我們還不太清楚。有關(guān)《嘯旨》問世的證據(jù)主要見于《封氏聞見記》卷五“長嘯”條,書中稱“永泰中,大理寺評事孫廣著《嘯旨》一篇”。“嘯”在漢語辭典中有如下意義:“嘶嘶的哨音,尖叫聲和吹口哨。”(這個字也讀作“肅”,意為“呻吟、悲嘆”)這部關(guān)于“如何長嘯”的著作,聲稱“出其嘯善,萬靈受職”。而按照我的看法,這是一部早期的語音學(xué)著作。它告訴人們?nèi)绾伟l(fā)出確定的聲音,當(dāng)其發(fā)出時又如何來加以檢查。盡管我試圖根據(jù)這些原則發(fā)出嘯聲,但還是不能取得成功;隨后我又假設(shè)它是一種由道教徒實踐的部分規(guī)則,如《嘯旨》所言,“考系于寂寞之間而后發(fā)”。《嘯旨》原書的作者姓名在其通行的版本中并未被明確地給出。而據(jù)其陳述,我們可以斷定它出自唐人之手,但并無更多的證據(jù)可以確認(rèn)這一點。這確實是一部曠世奇書。序言稱“西王母授南極真人,南極真人授廣成子”,對這種侈談我們不必接受。但書中記述的由孫登和阮籍確立的十二種嘯法,我們由此可以了解其一般的意義。序言說“晉太行仙人孫公以能嘯得道,而無所授,阮嗣宗所得少分,其后不復(fù)聞矣”。我曾因到洛陽做事之便探訪當(dāng)年孫登和阮籍出沒的蘇門山,但是我認(rèn)為聽到鳳鳴之聲純屬子虛烏有,更為遺憾的是我對此并不贊賞。人聲即宇宙(自然)之聲。人有古今之分,但是聲音永遠(yuǎn)沒有新舊之別?,F(xiàn)在,這部書已經(jīng)成為故紙,究竟孫登和阮籍是否可能出現(xiàn)在崇山峻嶺和茫茫林海之中?又有誰能夠確切斷言長嘯是否已經(jīng)終結(jié)?
以上她對于《嘯旨》的討論和對嘯的闡發(fā)不僅頗具文化之卓識,而且富有學(xué)術(shù)之力量:第一,“言語在人與人、大腦與大腦之間傳播,音樂則在人與自然、諸神和精靈之間傳播”,這意味著人類的音樂生成于一個信仰諸神的世界,所言極為深刻;第二,她說“人類在發(fā)聲方面對自然的模擬確實要早于器樂”,“人的喉嚨比任何樂器都更為高級”,《嘯旨》正是彰顯了長嘯這種人類之聲的初音意義;第三,她認(rèn)為“聲音的神秘起源以及音樂源于自然的發(fā)展史,乃是唐人所撰《嘯旨》一書極力彰顯的的主題”,而這也正是這部書的真正價值之所在;第四,她認(rèn)為長嘯既是魏晉風(fēng)度的聲音形態(tài)的藝術(shù)顯現(xiàn),也是道教徒的一種具有養(yǎng)生功能的聲音法術(shù);第五,“人有古今之分,但是聲音永遠(yuǎn)沒有新舊之別”,因此,她并不排除長嘯仍然在人間世界的某個區(qū)域流傳的可能。這些觀點不僅深刻,而且富有遠(yuǎn)見。由此可見,艾德沃滋已經(jīng)明確感受到嘯屬于音樂藝術(shù)的范疇這一基本事實,只是由于專業(yè)層面的音樂知識的欠缺以及音樂文化視野的局限使她無法完成相關(guān)的論證而已。今日看來,艾德沃滋的英譯《嘯旨》也并不完全準(zhǔn)確,她的譯文甚至存在許多硬傷,譬如,她把“琴”統(tǒng)一翻譯為“Lute”,即魯特琴。魯特琴又稱琉特琴,作為一種曲頸撥弦樂器,它是文藝復(fù)興時期風(fēng)靡歐洲的貴族家庭獨奏樂器。而現(xiàn)代樂器學(xué)把類似的樂器統(tǒng)稱為“琉特屬”,如吉他、琵琶、阮和月琴等等都可以包括在內(nèi)。換言之,“Lute”屬于魯特類抱彈樂器,而我國傳統(tǒng)的琴屬于齊特類臥彈樂器,翻譯成“zither”比較準(zhǔn)確,當(dāng)然,采取音譯(Qin)更為理想。
事實上,正如我國固有的闡釋傳統(tǒng)一樣[5],“嘯為口哨說”在西方漢學(xué)界也一直占據(jù)主流的地位。艾德沃滋當(dāng)為確立此說的第一人。在她的影響下,人們通常將“嘯”譯為“whistling”(口哨,名詞)或“whistle”(吹口哨,動詞)。如王維《竹里館》詩“彈琴復(fù)長嘯”一句,美國漢學(xué)祖師卜弼德(Peter A.Boodberg)譯為“To thrum the lute,once more to long while whistling”,“l(fā)ong while whistling”即相當(dāng)于“長嘯”⑦。王維《偶然作》六首之三“孫登長嘯臺”一句,宇文所安(Stephen Owen)譯為“The site of Sun Teng’s Whistling Terrace”⑧;陳子昂《入峭峽安居溪伐木溪源幽邃林嶺相映有奇致焉》“ 嘯徒歌伐木”一句,宇文所安譯為“I whistled to companions,sang ‘Chopping Wood’”⑨;陶淵明《詠二疎》“高嘯返舊居”一句,海陶瑋(James R.Hightower)譯為“With a high-pitched whistle they went back home”⑩;侯思孟(Donald Holzman)更是直言不諱地說:“As a last recourse he tries Hsiao 嘯,which I have translated as ‘Whistling’。”?《文選》卷十八成公綏《嘯賦》,對這首賦的篇名,維梅恒(Victor Mair)和康達(dá)維(David R.Knechtges)均譯為“”?。
長嘯藝術(shù)以卷舌為核心的發(fā)聲原理,乃是艾德沃滋視而不見的問題。如《嘯旨》所載“外激”之法“以舌約其上齒之里”,她譯為:“Place the tongue in close contact with the inside of the upper teeth.”卷舌乃是《嘯旨》所載“十法”的根本大法,乃是長嘯藝術(shù)的關(guān)鍵所在。但是,卷舌時不僅不能吹口哨,而且不能唱歌,甚至不能說話。如清鈕琇《觚剩續(xù)編》卷三“啞樵”條寫一個樵夫發(fā)現(xiàn)一條大蛇藏在山洞中,回家后“遂不能言”,三年后“復(fù)過前遇蛇處”,“有龍從洞中出”,此時他忽然又恢復(fù)了說話的能力。樵夫言:“向我卷舌不能出聲者,正此物為之也!”[6]對人而言,“卷舌”便“不能出聲”,這是一個常識。但是,唯一的例外就是浩林·潮爾(俗稱呼麥)藝術(shù)。如論者所言,“呼麥?zhǔn)侨梭w發(fā)音體的相對性藝術(shù)”,“利用舌把氣流分開,所謂分氣法的喉音藝術(shù)”,“呼麥的唱法是,先發(fā)出主音上的持續(xù)低音,接著便同時在其上方唱出一個音色透明的大調(diào)性旋律,最后結(jié)束在主音上。全曲是一口氣唱完的。氣流沖擊聲帶發(fā)出低音聲部,同時氣息在口腔內(nèi)被一分為二?!盵7]舌頭正是這種將氣息一分為二的工具,即用舌頭制造一個封閉的共鳴咽腔,在氣流對聲帶的沖擊下,喉頭不斷震動,發(fā)出持續(xù)的喉音,由此創(chuàng)造一種神奇的復(fù)音聲樂。圖2是蔡振家博士從物理學(xué)和發(fā)聲學(xué)的角度對呼麥唱法進(jìn)行科學(xué)測試所獲得的圖像[8]。由此可見,對呼麥藝術(shù)而言,卷舌既是發(fā)聲的基本技法,也是為喉音藝術(shù)構(gòu)建共鳴腔的基本方式。
呼麥?zhǔn)呛硪舻乃囆g(shù)。只有從呼麥藝術(shù)的角度出發(fā),才能夠正確解讀《嘯旨》?!秶[旨》乃是一部關(guān)于人類喉音藝術(shù)(呼麥)或者說泛音歌唱藝術(shù)的教科書,書中記載的十種嘯法和十五章嘯具有重大的音樂史和文化史價值。事實正如艾德沃滋預(yù)言之所期,長嘯仍在人間,那就是北方游牧民族的呼麥藝術(shù)?。而作為一部具有特殊價值的“曠世奇書”,《嘯旨》是中國的,也是世界的。而在艾德沃滋的引領(lǐng)下,《嘯旨》這部秘笈得以“西游”,東方古國神秘的長嘯藝術(shù)由此被傳播到西方,這也堪稱為現(xiàn)代學(xué)術(shù)史的一個小小的奇跡。希望本文足以告慰艾德沃滋教授那心系東方古國文化的英靈。
圖2 舌頭卷起,在前端造出共鳴腔
①《唐語林》,上海古籍出版社1978年版,第190-191頁?!秶[旨》作者為盧仝(號玉川子)之說,首見于宋王堯臣(1003-1058)的《崇文總目》,不知王氏何據(jù)。見清周中孚《鄭堂讀書記》補(bǔ)逸卷二十三《子部·藝術(shù)類·雜技》,黃曙輝、印曉峰標(biāo)校,上海書店出版社2009年版,第1651頁。封演、王讜的著作已經(jīng)詳引《嘯旨》的內(nèi)容,故《嘯旨》的作者當(dāng)以孫廣為正。
②參見趙蔭棠(1893-1970)《嘯歌之興替與音理的解釋》,《中央日報》,民國二十六年(1937)1月31日(星期日)第3張第3版《文史》副刊;后收入趙憩之《等韻源流》,臺灣文史哲出版社1985年版,第35-41頁。這是以《嘯旨》為核心的第一篇嘯史研究專論。
③,London,1938,Vol.1,,pp178-180。
④E.D.Edwards,“:,”20,1957。
⑤《唐代叢書》三集,清嘉慶十一年(1806年)刊本,陳蓮塘輯。中國社會科學(xué)院圖書館藏本。
⑥關(guān)于E.D.Edwards教授的生平資料,承蒙Michel Hockx(賀麥曉)教授(Department of the Languages and Cultures of China and Inner Asia, University of London)和倫敦大學(xué)檔案館提供,特此致謝。2013夏,我與麥曉教授在首都師范大學(xué)巧遇,遂得盡知E.D.Edwards其人之情況。
⑦(《愛文廬札記小跋》,with Postscript by S.H.Chen),Cedules Reprinted 1969,7,Selected Works of Peter A.Boodberg,Compiled by Alvin P.Cohen,p.181-182,University of California Press,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,1979。
⑧,,Part One:,,pp.40,New Haven and London,Yale University Press,1981。
⑨, pp.170,New Haven and London,Yale University Press,1977。
⑩James R.Hightower,,James R.Hightower and Florence Chia-Ying Yeh,,Published by the Harvard University Press Cambridge,Massachusetts,and London,1998。
?Donald Holzman,,8,pp.151,Cambridge University Press,1976。
?by Cheng Gongsui,translated by Victor Mair,Victor Mair ed. ,,p.429-434,New York: Columbia UP,1994;by Cheng Gongsui,translated by David R.Knechtges,,Volume III,p.315-323,Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996。
?參見拙文《論長嘯藝術(shù)與西北游牧民族之關(guān)系——以劉琨之嘯為中心》,《中國文化》2012年秋季號,總第36期;以及拙文《從文獻(xiàn)到圖像:對阮籍之嘯的還原闡釋》,《中國文化》2020年秋季號,總第52期。
[1] 趙貞信,校注.封氏聞見記校注[M].北京:中華書局,1958.
[2] 李濂.嵩渚文集:卷三十一[M].明嘉靖刻本.
[3] 乾隆.御制詩集二集:卷二十一[M].文淵閣四庫全書本.
[4] 范子燁.才絕與癡絕:晉人吟詠藝術(shù)發(fā)微[J].學(xué)術(shù)交流,2019(5).
[5]范子燁.“嘯”:東方古國的口哨音樂[J].中國文化,1995(2).
[6] 鈕琇.觚剩續(xù)編[M].清康熙三十九年臨野堂刻本.
[7] 郭云鶴.試論呼麥及其演唱方法[D].北京:中央民族大學(xué),2007.
[8] 蔡振家.泛音唱法的物理基礎(chǔ)[EB/OL].http://www.sciam.com/1999/0999issue/0999levinbox6.html.
嘯史秘笈——《嘯旨》校理
范子燁
《叢書集成初編》本作為《嘯旨》最早的校理本,保存了明顧元慶所藏宋元舊本、夷白齋重鐫本、《顧氏文房》本以及明周履靖《夷門廣牘》本的全部信息。盡管其工作十分粗糙,卻有篳路藍(lán)縷之功。1957年,英國著名漢學(xué)家艾德沃滋(E.D.Edwards)教授依據(jù)初校本將《嘯旨》譯為英文發(fā)表。此外,《嘯旨》還有元陶宗儀《說郛》本,明程明善所輯《玉川子嘯旨》本,清陳夢雷《古今圖書集成》本和清陳蓮塘所輯《唐代叢書》本。前三種本子是艾德沃滋未曾涉及的,其中的程本最為重要。這里我們以初校本為基礎(chǔ),在保存其原貌的前提下,取以上四本重?!秶[旨》,同時迻錄艾德沃滋之英譯原文,使讀者可以獲得一份關(guān)于《嘯旨》這部奇書的一份完整資料,并由此加深對長嘯這一“絕學(xué)”的理解。
唐人孫廣《嘯旨》一書的現(xiàn)代版本,首見于《叢書集成初編》(1935-1937年商務(wù)印書館出版,1985年中華書局再版,第1680冊,第1-15頁),扉頁題“撰人不詳”。此書前有題記云:“《叢書集成初編》所選陽山《顧氏文房》及《夷門廣牘》皆收有此書,顧氏依夷白齋舊本重鐫,原出宋元舊本,款式古雅,故據(jù)以排印,并注《夷門》本異文于各句之下。”因此,《叢書集成初編》本作為《嘯旨》最早的校理本(以下簡稱為“初校本”),保存了明顧元慶所藏宋元舊本、夷白齋重鐫本、《顧氏文房》本以及明周履靖《夷門廣牘》本的全部信息。盡管其工作十分粗糙(如參校本不全,有斷句而無標(biāo)點),卻有篳路藍(lán)縷之功,故臺灣新文豐出版公司刪除《嘯旨》前的這一題記實為不妥(《叢書集成新編》,第54冊,臺北,1985年版)。1957年,英國著名漢學(xué)家艾德沃滋(E.D.Edwards)教授依據(jù)初校本將《嘯旨》譯為英文發(fā)表(E.D.Edwards,“:,”20,1957。在正文中,艾德沃滋將《嘯旨》譯為“”,為便于閱讀,同時根據(jù)當(dāng)代的學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范,筆者將原文中的威爾士拼音一律改為現(xiàn)代漢語拼音),對書中標(biāo)志的《夷門廣牘》的異文情況,她時有參考,或在譯文中補(bǔ)充文本,或在校注中加以說明,表現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度。此外,《嘯旨》還有元陶宗儀(1321-1407)《說郛》本(宛委山堂本,以下簡稱為“陶本”。《說郛三種》,第七冊,上海古籍出版社1988年版,第4595-4600頁),明程明善(萬歷時人)所輯《玉川子嘯旨》本(以下簡稱為“程本”。《嘯馀譜》,明程明善輯,《續(xù)修四庫全書》,第1736冊,上海古籍出版社2002年版,第9-12頁),清陳夢雷(1650-1741)《古今圖書集成》本(以下簡稱為“陳本”?!豆沤駡D書集成·經(jīng)濟(jì)匯編·樂律典》,第七十三卷,第74冊,中華書局、巴蜀書社1985年版,第89757-89759頁。該本題曰“唐孫廣《嘯旨》”)和清陳蓮塘所輯《唐代叢書》本(清嘉慶十一年刊本,以下簡稱為“唐本”)。前三種本子是艾德沃滋未曾涉及的,其中的程本最為重要。這里我們以初校本為基礎(chǔ),在保存其原貌的前提下,取以上四本(陶本、程本、陳本和唐本)重?!秶[旨》,同時迻錄艾德沃滋之英譯原文(為便于閱讀,譯文中的威爾士拼音一律改為現(xiàn)代漢語拼音),使讀者可以獲得一份關(guān)于《嘯旨》這部奇書的一份完整資料,并由此加深對長嘯這一“絕學(xué)”的理解。
《叢書集成初編》本《嘯旨》的附錄有明都穆(1458-1525)《跋》,《嘯旨目錄》,明唐寅(1470-1524)《嘯旨后序》,晉成公綏(231-271)《嘯賦》以及明郎瑛(1487-1566)的《嘯旨辨》(所謂《嘯旨辨》,實際是明郎瑛《七修類稿》卷二十七“嘯”條的文字,明刻本),艾德沃滋雖然只翻譯了都穆的《跋》,也值得珍視,所以我們在這里亦存其舊貌。
本文校記依照初校本原段落設(shè)置,首先將初校本原有之校語從正文中剝離出來,由隨文校改為文下校,次列陶本、程本、陳本和唐本之異同情況,采用小五號字,校記后為艾德沃滋之譯文。
嘯旨
序
夫氣激于喉而濁,謂之言;激于舌而清,謂之嘯。言之濁,可以通人事,達(dá)性情;嘯之清,可以感鬼神,致不死。蓋出其言善,千里應(yīng)之;出其嘯善,萬靈受職。斯古之學(xué)道者哉①!君授王母②,王母授南極真人③,真人授廣成子,廣成子授風(fēng)后,風(fēng)后授嘯父,嘯父授務(wù)光,務(wù)光授堯,堯授舜。舜演之為琴與禹④。自后乃廢。續(xù)有晉太行山仙君孫公獲之,乃得道而去,無所授焉。阮嗣宗得少分,其后湮滅,不復(fù)聞矣⑤。
嘯有十五章句,權(quán)輿正畢有十二法⑥:“外激”,“內(nèi)激”,“含”,“藏”,“散”, “越”,“大沉”,“小沉”,“疋”,“叱”,“五太”,“五少”⑦,皆在十五章之內(nèi),則嘯之妙音盡矣⑧。
[校記]
①“斯古”句,程本作:“故古之學(xué)道者每深致意焉。”
② “君授”句,“君”字前,陳本有“老”字。原校:缺一字。陶本、唐本均有此校語,唐本作“缺字一”。又原校:案《夷門》本有“老”’字。是。
③此句陶本“母”上無“王”字,非。
④ “舜演”句,“琴”字,陳本同,是,原校:案《夷門》本作“瑟”字。非。
⑤ “君授王母……不復(fù)聞矣”諸句,程本無。“續(xù)有”句,“晉”,唐本訛作“吉”。
⑥ “嘯有”二句,陶本、陳本同,程本作“嘯有十五章,有十二法”。
⑦“外激”上,原校:案《夷門》有“一曰”二字;“內(nèi)激”上,原校:案《夷門》有“二曰”二字;“含”上,原校:案《夷門》有“三曰”二字;“藏”上,原校:案《夷門》有“四曰”二字;“散”上,原校:案《夷門》有“五曰”二字;“越”上,原校:案《夷門》有“六曰”二字;“大沉”上,原校:案《夷門》有“七曰”二字;“小沉”上,原校:案《夷門》有“八曰”二字;“疋”上,原校:案《夷門》有“九曰”二字;“叱”上,原校:案《夷門》有“十曰”二字;“五太”上,原校:案《夷門》有“十一曰”三字;“五少”上,原校:案《夷門》有“十二曰”三字。陶本、陳本和唐本無“一曰……十二曰”。
⑧“則嘯”句,“音”,陶本、陳本同,程本作“旨”。
本序“續(xù)有”句,“晉”,唐本訛作“吉”。又《太平御覽》卷第三百九十二《人事部》三十三引《嘯旨》三段,錄以備考:
嘯者,其氣激于喉中而濁謂之言,激于舌端而清謂之嘯。言之濁,可以通人事、達(dá)情性;嘯之清,可以感鬼神、致不死。出其言善,千里應(yīng)之;出其嘯清,萬靈授職。故古之學(xué)道者重矣。
太上道君授于西王母,西王母授于南極真人,南極真人授于廣成子,廣成子授于嘯父,嘯父授于務(wù)光,務(wù)光授于舜,舜演之為琴以授禹,自后而廢。續(xù)有晉太行山仙君孫公得之,乃得道,而無所授焉。阮嗣宗所得少分,其后堙滅,不復(fù)聞矣。
嘯有一十五章:一曰《權(quán)輿》,嘯之始也;二曰《流云》,乃古之善嘯者聽韓娥之聲而寫之;三曰《深溪虎》,古之善嘯者聽溪中虎聲而寫之;四曰《高柳蟬》,古之善嘯者聽而寫之;五曰《空林夜鬼》,古之善嘯者夜過空林聞而寫之;六曰《巫峽猿》,古之善嘯者聞而寫之;七曰《下鴻鵠》,出于師曠,演清角之音,善嘯者寫之;八曰《古木鳶》,九曰《龍吟》,皆嘯者聞而寫之;十曰《動地》,出于孫公,其音亦師曠清徵也;十一曰《蘇門》,孫公隱蘇門山之作也;十二曰《劉公命鬼》,仙人劉根之所為也;十三曰《阮氏逸韻》,阮籍所作也;十四曰《正章》,深遠(yuǎn)極大,非常聲也;十五曰《畢音》,五音之極而大道畢矣。(《太平御覽》第二冊,中華書局1960年影印,第1814頁。)
Preface
Air forced outwards from the throat and low in key is termed speech; forced outwards from the tongue and high in key is termed Xiao(whistle).The low key of speech is sufficient for the conduct of human affairs, for the expression of our nature feelings; the high key of whistling can move supernatural beings and is everlasting. Indeed, though a good speaker can win response from a thousand li, a good whistler commands the attention of the whole world of spirits.
The learners of the art are as follows:
(Lao)Jun transmitted it to the (Western) Royal Mother, she to the Fairy of the South Polar Star; he to Guang Cheng Zi, he to Feng Hou, and he to Xiao Fu. Xiao Fu taught it to Wu Guang, he to Yao, and Yao to Shun.
Shun developed music, and invented the lute. This passed to yu, after whom the art declined. It revived with the Immortal of the Chin Dynasty, Sun Gong of the Tai Hang Shan. Sun Gong found the Way(adopted the Taoist rule of life)and disappeared. No one was taught the art by him. Ruan Sizong had a smattering of the art after him it was quite lost, and whistling was no longer heard.
Whistling is dealt with in fifteen chapters, starting from the “First Principles”, and ending with the “Conclusion”. These give twelve methods, viz.:
(The first is called)Wai Ji
(The second is called)Nei Ji
(The third is called)Han
(The fourth is called)Cang
(The fifth is called)San
(The sixth is called)Yue
(The seventh is called)Da Chen
(The eighth is called)Xiao Chen
(The ninth is called)Pi
(The tenth is called)Chi
(The eleventh is called)Wu Tai
(The twelfth is called)Wu Shao
All these will be dealt with in the fifteen chapters, where in the beauties of Whistling are fully treated.
權(quán)輿章第一
夫權(quán)輿者,嘯之始也。夫人精神內(nèi)定,心目外息,我且不競,物無害者①,身常足,心常樂,常定②,然后可以議權(quán)輿之門。天氣正,地氣和,風(fēng)云朗暢,日月調(diào)順,然后喪其神,亡其身,玉液旁潤,靈泉外灑。調(diào)暢其出入息③,端正其唇齒之位,安其頰輔,和其舌端,考擊于寂寞之間而后發(fā)④。折撮五太之精華⑤,高下自恣,無始無卒者,《權(quán)輿》之音⑥。近而論之,猶眾音之發(fā)調(diào),令聽者審其一音也。耳有所主,心有所擊⑦,于情性和⑧,于心神當(dāng),然后入之⑨。
【外激】以舌約其上齒之里,大開兩胥而激其氣⑩,令出入?,謂之外激也。
【內(nèi)激】用舌以前法?,閉兩唇,于一角小如麥芒,通其氣,令聲在內(nèi),謂之內(nèi)激也。
【含】用舌如上法,兩唇但起,如言殊字而激其氣,令聲含而不散矣?。
【藏】用舌如上法,正其頰輔,端其唇吻,無所動用,而有潛發(fā)于內(nèi)也。
【散】以舌約其上齒之內(nèi),寬如兩椒,大開兩唇而激其氣,必散于為散也?。
【越】用舌如上法,每一聲以舌約其上顎,令斷氣絕,用口,如言失字,謂之越也。
【大沉】用舌如外激法,用氣,令自高而低,大張其喉,令口中含之。大物含氣,煌煌而雄者,謂之大沉也。
【小沉】用舌如上法,小遏其氣,令揚?。大小沉屬陰,《命鬼》《吟龍》多用之。
【疋】用舌如上法,如言“疋”字,高低隨其宜。
【叱】用舌如上法,如言“叱”字,高低隨其宜。
【五太】者,五色也。宮商徵羽角所為之?,五大八九?,五少為應(yīng),故為之大?,以配仁義禮智信。此有看之本?,謂聲者皆不逃五太?,但以宮商發(fā)應(yīng),君使次序?,理則聲理,亂則聲亂?。
【五少】者,五太之應(yīng)。五太自有陰陽,然太權(quán)而言?,五太為陽,五少為陰。用聲之至,詳而后發(fā)?。凡十二法,象一歲十二月:內(nèi)激為黃鐘,外激為應(yīng)鐘,太沉為太簇?,小沉為夾鐘,五太為姑洗,五少為仲呂,散為蕤賓,越為林鐘,疋為夷則,叱為南呂,含為無射,藏為大呂,律呂相生而成又?。此則十法二之首也?。
[校記]
①此句,陳本同,程本作“物亦無害”。
②此句陶本、陳本、唐本同,“?!弊稚?,原校:案《夷門》本有“神”字。是。
③此句陶本同,“息”字上,原校:案《夷門》本有“之”字。陳本同。
④此句“擊”下,原校:案《夷門》本作“系”。陶本、程本、陳本、唐本作“擊”,非。
⑤此句“折”字,陶本、程本、陳本、唐本同,原校:案《夷門》本作“析”。非。
⑥此句“音”字下,程本有“備矣”二字,是。
⑦此句“擊”字,陶本、程本、陳本同,原校:案《夷門》本作“系”。唐本同,是。
⑧此句“情性”,陶本同。原校:案《夷門》本作“性情”。陳本同,是。
⑨此句“入”字,陶本作“人”,誤。
⑩此句“胥”字,陶本同。原校:案《夷門》本作“唇”。陳本同。是。
?此句陶本、陳本、唐本作“令其出”。
?此句“以”字,陶本、陳本同,程本作“如”。
?此句“矣”字,陳本作“也”。
?“于”字,陶本同,陳本作“故”,原校:案《夷門》本作“之”。此句程本作“以散之所為散也”。
?此句陶本、陳本同,程本作“勿令揚”,是。
?此句陶本、陳本、唐本作“宮商角徵羽”,“宮”字上程本有“以”字。
?“大”字,陶本同,原校:案《夷門》本作“太”。“八九”系衍文,各本同。
?此句“大”,程本、陳本作“太”,是。
?此句“看”,陶本、唐本同,程本、陳本作“音”,是。
?此句“謂”,陶本、陳本同,程本作“為”;“不”下,程本有“能”字;“逃”下,程本有“此”字。
?“但以”二句,陶本、陳本同,程本作“但以宮商發(fā)聲,以角徵羽應(yīng)之,必使次序不失”,是。
?此句“亂”字,陶本、陳本同,程本于該字下有“矣”字。
?此句“太權(quán)”,陶本、唐本同,原校:案《夷門》本作“推本”。是。此句程本作“然以大概而言”。
?“用聲”二句,陶本同,程本作“若以五少論之,十二律用聲之道,詳而后發(fā)”。
?此句“太沉”,陶本同,陳本作“大沉”,是。
?此句“又”,程本、陳本作“文”,是。
?此句“法二”,陶本同,陳本作“二法”,原校:案應(yīng)作“二法”。是。
本章“亡其身”句,“其”,唐本訛作“中”;“《權(quán)輿》之音”句,“權(quán)”,唐本訛作“全”;“必散”句,“于”,唐本訛作“放”;“大小沉屬陰”句,“小”,唐本訛作“一”;“《命鬼》《吟龍》多用之”句,“鬼”,唐本訛作“見”。
No.1.
Now the First Principles are the beginning of Whistling. When a man’s psyche is in a state of abstraction, his moral vision undistorted, when his ego is undisturbed and free from emulation, when externals leave him unmoved, when his heart always pleases(the spirits), when his moral nature is in harmony and steady, then he may presume to discuss first principles.
When the atmosphere is perfectly normal and the earth currents balanced, when the sky is clear overhead and the sun and moon are in favourable conjunction, then one may mortify the spirit and nullity the body. The vivifying elixir will still diffuse, and the magic fountain gush.
Then, regulate the respiration, correct the relative positions of lips and teeth, compose the sides of the mouth, relax the tongue, practise in some retired spot. After(such preparations)one may perform.
Select the purest of the Wu Tai; let high and low notes follow in natural cadence without abrupt changes. These are the notes of the first principles.
Proceeding to discussion, certainly the production of any one note compels a listener to dwell upon that note. When the ear has mastered it, when the mind has absorbed it, when it has entered into harmony with one’s inner nature and become suited to one’s intelligence, then one really understands.
1.Wai Ji. Place the tongue in close contact with the inside of the upper teeth. Open wide both lips and force the breath outwards, letting the sound go out. This is called Wai Ji.
2.Nei Ji. Place the tongue as before; close both lips, compressing them to a point, like the opening of a stalk of wheat. Pass the breath through, making the sound go inwards. This is called Nei Ji.
3.Han. Tongue as in the above methods, but protrude the lips, as if pronouncing Shu, with forced breath. Hold the sound in, and do not let it diffuse.
4.Cang. Tongue as before; normalize the cheeks; straighten the corners of the mouth, maintaining them in this position and draw inwards as if trying to secrete it(the air)within.
5.San. Tongue nearly in contact with the inside of the upper teeth, separated by the width of two peppers. Open wide both lips and expel the breath. It must be diffused freely to produce the San result. This is called San.
6.Yue. Tongue as before. At each note, bring the tongue into contact with the roof of the mouth, producing short blasts, the mouth as in pronouncing‘Chi’. This is called Yue.
7.Da Chen. Tongue as before(in Wai Ji).Breathe so as to make the sound fall from high to low, opening the throat the while; keep the sound in the mouth as if holding a large object between the lips; utter loudly and boldly. This is called Da Chen.
8.Xiao Chen. Tongue as in previous method. Check the breath slightly and let the sound increase. Both Da Chen and Xiao Chen are Yin sounds and are used by screaming demons and droning dragons.
9.Pi. Tongue as above; as in enunciating “Pi”; high or low as felt to be suitable.
10.Chi. Tongue as above; as if enunciating “Chi”; high or low as suitable.
11.Wu Tai. The five “Tai” are five varieties, viz.:
Gong
Shang
Zhi
Yu
Jue
Most of the Wu Tai have correspondences in the Wu Shao. They are called “Tai” to match with the five virtues?Ren仁,Yi義,Li禮,Zhi智,Xin信;that is to say, they are the backbone of the notes, the fundamentals. Those who talk of notes cannot get away form these, but accept Gong and Shang as key notes, bases of the scale. If these are correct and properly ordered, then the notes are true; if they are irregular, so are the notes of the scale.
12.The Wu Shao are correspondences of the Wu Tai. The Wu Tai must belong to the groups Yin and Yang(some to each).Yet, investigating the first principles, one says that the Wu Tai are Yang and the Wu Shao are Yin. When producing a sound the method of producing it must be examined with care. All the twelve methods are like the twelve months of the year.
Nei Ji corresponds to Huang Zhong, and Wai Ji to Ying Zhong; Ta Chen corresponds to Tai Cu, Xia Chen corresponds to Jia Zhong; Wu Tai to Gu Xi, and Wu Shao to Zhong Lv; San to Rui Bin; Yue to Lin Zhong; Pi to Yi Ze; Chi to Nan Lv; Han to Wu Ye, and Cang to Da Lv. The (twelve)semi-tones represented by the pitch-pipes bring forth each other and are perfected.
流云章第二
流云,古之善嘯者,聽韓娥之聲而寫之也①。淫潤流轉(zhuǎn),妙中宮聲,沉浮起伏,若龍游戲春泉,直上萬仞②,聲遏流云,故曰流云。此當(dāng)林塘春照,晚日和風(fēng),特宜為之。始于內(nèi)激,次散,自含、越、小沉③,成于疋、叱,且吾少則《流云》之旨備矣④。其音有定,所之若龍若虎⑤,若蟬若鬼。一發(fā)之后,更無難撓。亦由易之有可適,亦謂云:凡十二嘯之變態(tài)極矣⑥。夫琴象南風(fēng),笙象鳳嘯,笛象龍吟,凡音之發(fā)皆有象⑦。故虎嘯龍吟之類,亦音聲之流。今所序故于后⑧。
[校記]
①此句“寫”,程本作“宮”,誤。
②此句“萬”字上,程本有“九”字,系衍文。
③此句“自”,陶本同,此字下,原校:案《夷門》本作“而”。
④“且吾”二字,陶本、程本同,陳本作“具五”,原校:案《夷門》本作“具五”。是。
⑤此二句,程本作:“其音無有定所,若龍若虎?!?/p>
⑥“亦由”二句,程本作:“通此《流云》,則十二嘯之變態(tài)極矣。”“其音有定……變態(tài)極矣”諸句,陳本作“其音若龍若虎,若蟬若鬼,凡十二嘯之變態(tài)極矣”。
⑦此句“象”字上,程本有一“所”字。
⑧此句陶本、程本、唐本同,陳本作“今序于后”。
本章“聽韓”句,“而寫之”,唐本訛作“王一”;“其音”句,“音”,唐本訛作“皆”。
No.2.
Fleeting Cloud was heard by one who in ancient days was good at whistling and, hearing the voice of Han O, wrote in down. Sensuous and haunting, it is most beautiful when it is in harmony with the Gong tune. It sinks and floats, rises and disappears, and may be compared with dragon sporting in a spring fountain. Rising to dizzy heights, the note checks the fleeting clouds; hence the name “Fleeting Cloud”. It recalls forest pools in spring dawn or gentle breezes at sunset.
The(specially) proper way to do it is to open with Nei Ji(2),continue to San(5) and Han(3),Yue(6),and Xiao Chen(8),ending on Pi(9) and Chi(10), continuing to Wu Shao(12).
Such is the general outline of “Fleeting Cloud”.
The notes bear a certain fixed character; the sounds tell of a dragon or a tiger or a cicada or a demon. Once performed, it is easy to repeat. Moreover, every air is followed by variations; in fact, it is said that there are a round dozen variations, all very superior.
The lute suits southern manners; the reed-organ suits the cry of the phoenix; the fife suits the dragon’s drone. Every musical sound has its counterpart (in nature).So, the roar of the tiger and the drone of a dragon all have a proper sequence of notes.
What is here prefaced is dealt with later.
深谿虎章第三
深谿虎者,古之善嘯者,聽谿中虎聲而寫之也。雄之馀,怒之末,中商之初,壯逸寬恣,略不屈撓。若當(dāng)夏郁蒸,華果四合,特宜為之。始于內(nèi)激,既藏又含,外激而沉,終于五少而五太,則《深谿虎》之音備矣。
No.3.
The “Tiger in a Deep Ravine” was heard by a good whistle of ancient days and written down.
Defiance to excess; rage to the limit. Open on Shang, and express reckless bravery unrestrained. The air suggests lush summer growth of twigs, and flowers and fruit in plenty.
The proper way to do it is to open on Nei Ji(2);proceed to Cang(6);go on to Han(3),Wai Ji(1),and Chen(7 and 8).Close upon Wu Shao(12) and Wu Tai(11).
Such is the general outline of the “Tiger in a Deep Ravine”.
高柳蟬章第四
高柳蟬者,古之善嘯者,聽而寫之也。飄揚高舉,繚繞縈徹。咽中角之初①,清楚輕切,既斷又續(xù)。華林修竹之下,特宜為之。始于大沉,次以五少,激散、越,系而令清②,終以小沉,則《高柳蟬》之音備矣。
[校記]
①此句,陶本、陳本同,程本無“咽”字。
②此句“系”,唐本同,陶本、程本、陳本作“擊”,非。
No.4
The “Cicada on a Tall Willow” was heard by a fine whistler of olden times, and written down while listening. Floating idly and rising high, it eddies and permeates.
The beginning of the sound Zhong Jiao is not clear; it is high but harsh; thin but stressed; it ceases suddenly at times, then resumes. It suggests flowering forest, with bamboos overhead.
The eminently proper way to do it is to open on the note Da Chen(7);go on to Wu Shao(12),Chi(1 and 2),San(5),and Yue(6).Continue, and make the notes thrill. Close on Xiao Chen(8).
Such is the general idea of the “Cicada on a Tall Willow”.
空林夜鬼章第五
空林夜鬼者,古之善嘯者,夜過空林而寫之也。點柳蟋蟀①,鐵竊璚絕,輕不舉,纖不滅,中徵之馀,濃雪晝暄②,凄風(fēng)飛雪之時,特宜為之。奏之,當(dāng)以道法,先呼群鬼聚于空林之中,遞為應(yīng)命,心當(dāng)危危然,若有所遇。始于內(nèi)激,次以五少,三去宮商耳③,以越連之,則《空林夜鬼》之旨備矣④。
[校記]
①此句,陳本缺“柳”字。
②此句程本作“濃云晝暝”,陳本作“濃雪晝瞑”,唐本作“濃云晝暄”。
③此句“耳”,唐本同,原校:案《夷門》本作“角”。陳本、程本同。是。
④此句“旨”,程本、陳本作“音”。
No.5.
“Night Demons in a Lonely Wood” was recorded by a good whistler of ancient days when passing through a lonely wood at night. It suggests crickets dotted about willow trees, and twittering birds in the distance. The note is low(light) and rising, soft but not dying away. It suggests heavy clouds at dawn, a time of winds and flying snow.
Eminently suitable to do it is the Taoist method: first summon a crowd of demons; assemble them in a lonely wood; gradually bring them into subjection. The heart should palpitate as though one actually met a demon.
Open on Nei Ji(2);proceed to Wu Shao(12).The sounds exclude Gong and Shang notes and Jue. But connect the sounds by the Yue method.
Such is the general idea of “Night Demons in a Lonely Wood”.
巫峽猿章第六
巫峽猿者,古之善嘯者,聞而寫之也。幽隱清遠(yuǎn),若在數(shù)里之外,若自外而至,自高而下。雜以風(fēng)泉群木之響,迥然出于眾音之表①。中羽之初,日映空山,風(fēng)生眾壑,特宜為之。初以內(nèi)激灱灱②,五連之③,前二緩而清,后三急而高,錯總偏此④,則《巫峽猿》之旨備矣⑤。
[校記]
①此句“音”,陶本、程本、陳本作“聲”;“迥”,唐本訛作“回”。
②此句“灱灱”,陳本同,原校:案《夷門》本作“初初”。此二字系衍文。
③此句程本作:“次以五少連之?!?/p>
④此句,唐本同,“總偏”,原校:案《夷門》本作“綜遍”。陳本同,是。
⑤此句“旨”,陶本、程本、陳本作“音”。
No.6.
The “Gibbon of the Magic Cavern” was written down by a good whistler on hearing it. It suggests murky darkness with brightness in the distance, approaching and falling from many li away, mingled with the roar of the wind, the rush of many waters, and the rustle of forest trees. The howling of the gibbon emerges from this confusion of many sounds. The key-note opens on Yu. Then the sound illumines the bare mountains and the wind rises in all the valleys.
The proper way to do it is to open on Nei Ji(2);repeat from the beginning five times in succession, the first two clear and shrill, then three times quick and high. These complex sounds once gathered up, give the general effect of the “Gibbon of the Magic Cavern”.
下鴻鵠章第七
下鴻鵠者,出于師曠清角之旨,古之善嘯者,聽而寫之也。其聲寬綽浩渺,不絕以節(jié)①,洪洞不絕②,既上未上③。寬大內(nèi)外,聞而樂之;輕浮遒急,聞而惡之。嘗奏則求此一一聽之④,受惡分明⑤,鴻鵠下矣。且善嘯無其聲,至遠(yuǎn)不越數(shù)百尺,鴻鵠翔于冥冥之間,曷由聞而下也?蓋激氣出于辱齒之間⑥,妙聲轉(zhuǎn)于風(fēng)景之際,則風(fēng)景和;風(fēng)景和,則元氣下降,翔云之間,游元氣之上,有不隨而下哉⑦!若高秋⑧,和風(fēng)景麗,特宜為之。先以外激,翔風(fēng)數(shù)十發(fā)聲⑨,次以疋、叱,然后純以五太,終以散、越成之。三奏而清風(fēng)臻⑩,五奏而流云卷,九奏而鴻鵠降,則《下鴻鵠》之音備矣。
[校記]
①此句,程本無。
②此句陳本無“不絕”二字。
③此句,程本無。
④此句“嘗”,程本作“當(dāng)”。
⑤此句“受”字下,原校:案《夷門》本作“愛”。程本、陳本同,是。
⑥此句“辱”字,陶本、程本、陳本作“辰”,原校:案《夷門》本作“唇”。是。
⑦程本無“且善……有不”諸句。
⑧此句“秋”下,程本有“空曠”二字,陶本、陳本無。
⑨程本無此句。
⑩此句“臻”,程本作“生”。
No.7.
“Snow Geese and Swans Alighting” was extracted from the “Qing Jue” of the musicians of the Jin. A fine whistler of olden days wrote it. If the sound is spacious and widespread it is pleasurable. If it is short and shrill it is disliked. When the music is played, each sound, both broad and short, must be listened to, and then there will be no liking or disliking, any more than there would be if one could discern clearly the sound of snow geese in the distance.
Moreover, those good at whistling may be silent; even if there is sound it may not go beyond a few hundred feet. Huge snow-geese fly in the sky. Where do you hear that sound on the way down?
Indeed, if the breath be forced out between lips and teeth, an exquisite note passes into the surrounding air. Thereupon the surroundings become pleasant; they being pleasant, the original air(source of strength)descends.(The snow-goose)can fly down from the flying clouds or float above in the sky. Can you say it cannot come down from the sky? As high autumn is mild and the scenery beautiful, so the specially proper way to do it is first to produce some score of times the rustle of swans rising up wind?this on Wai Ji(2);then continue to Pi(9)and Chi(10);modulate into Wu Tai(11) and end on San(5) and Yue (6).Three performances, and fine weather will come; five, and the flying clouds will roll up; nine, and the snow-geese and swans will alight. Such is the “Snow Geese and Swans Alighting”.
古木鳶章第八
古木鳶,古之善嘯者,聞而寫之也。飛射哀咽,洪洞繚遠(yuǎn)①,若有所不足。郁郁振蕩,適斷又續(xù),寒郊原野,陰風(fēng)若霧②,特宜為之。始于內(nèi)激,長引之,吹疋、叱③,又散,則《古木鳶》之旨備矣④。
[校記]
①陳本缺“繚”字。
②此句“若”字,陶本、陳本、唐本同,原校:案《夷門》本作“苦”。此句陳本缺“風(fēng)”字。
③此句“吹”,陶本、程本、陳本作“次”,是。
④此句“旨”,陶本、陳本作“音”。
No.8.
The “Kite on a Dead Tree” was written down by a good whistler of ancientn times while listening to it.
On the wing, the bird emits a mournful cry which rings through the far spaces as if it were dissatisfied; it breaks off and recommences, cold and cheerless as the wilds, shadowy and vague as the bitter mists.
The eminently proper way to do it is to begin on Nei Ji(2) and hold the note a long time; then to Pi(9)and Chi(10);continue to San(5).The above describes the “Kite on a Dead Tree”.
龍吟章第九
龍吟者,龍吟水中,古之善嘯者,聞而寫之也。深沉郁沒,重厚濕潤,高不揚不殺①,聲中宮商,傍映巖巒,俯對潭洞,特宜為之。先以內(nèi)激,次含,又藏,具大②,終以沉,則《龍吟》之旨備矣。
[校記]
①此句程本作:“高不揚,低不殺?!笔?/p>
②此句“大”字下,原校:案《夷門》本作“太”。是。子燁案:“太”字前又脫一“五”字。
No.9.
The “Dragon Droning” or “Dragon Droning in the Waters” was written down while listening by a good whistler of ancient times. The dragon sinks down while listening by a good whistler of ancient times. The dragon sinks and disappears, renewing his glossy appearance. The drone is high, but neither rises nor falls. The key notes are Gong and Shang. Mise en Scene: on the side are sunlit crags leaning over; one looks into a deep pool or a dry abyss.
The eminently correct way to do it is to open on Nei Ji(2);and proceed to Han(3) and Cang(4).Prepare an impressive ending on Chen(7 and 8).Such is the description of a “Dragon Droning”.
動地章第十
動地者,出于公孫①,其音師曠清徵也②。其聲廣博宏壯,始末不屈。隱隱習(xí)習(xí),震霆所不能加,郁結(jié)掩遏③,若將大激大發(fā)。又以道法,先存以身,入于太上之下,鼓怒作氣,呵叱而令山岳俱舉④,將手出于外。夫坤儀至厚,地道至靜,而以一嘯動之,不亦異乎?然有所動之。何者?夫人心志而發(fā)乎氣,氣激于外而成于聲,聲含太宮、太商,自然與四氣相合。則呂動律應(yīng),陽行陰伏,必陽藏而動陰,陰藏而動陽。當(dāng)藏而動之,則振發(fā)不定,地居陰陽之上,焉有所負(fù)者動而所據(jù)能息哉⑤!然則,聲作而見動地之道,知音樂之有感,不必與震動⑥,然后謂動地之聲⑦。地氣閉涸,煙凝陰沍,特宜為之。先以內(nèi)激,此以大沉⑧,藏、含悉作,動以五太成之⑨,則《動地》之音備矣。
[校記]
①此句“公孫”,原校:案《夷門》本作“孫公”。
②此句程本作:“師曠其音清徵?!?/p>
③此句“郁”字上,程本有“若”字。
④此句“呵”,陶本作“阿”,誤。
⑤此句陳本缺“哉”字。
⑥此句“與”字,原校:案《夷門》本作“真”。陳本缺“與震”二字。
⑦程本無“若將……然后”諸句。
⑧此句“此”,陶本、程本、陳本作“次”,是。
⑨此句“動”,程本作“終”。
本章“陰藏”句,“陽”,唐本訛作“羊”;“當(dāng)藏”句,“當(dāng)”,唐本訛作“毋”;“動以”句,“太”,唐本訛作“大”。
No.10.
The “Earthquake” is extracted from Sun Gong. The notes were corrected by musicians of the Jin Kingdom.
The sound is widespread and vast; uniform, without variation all through, mysterious and continuous; the rumble of thunder is not louder. It is depressing and alarming, as is the note Zhi uttered with force.
When one has absorbed the rule of Tao and raised oneself to the highest pitch of exaltation, and all accumulated wrath has evaporated(being rendered immaterial),then an angry shout may cause mountains to heave and make one throw out one’s hands(in terror).
For indeed, the earth is the most solid of things, and the way of the land is most calm. Would it not be strange to shake it with a whistle? Still, there are things that move it. What are they? Well, man is decided and breathes out. His breath is urged outwards and ends in sound; sound solidifies itself in Tai Gong and Tai Shang notes, which thus of themselves mingle with the four cosmic vapours. Then the Lv vibrates and the Lv responds; the Yang acts and the Yin is passive. Certainly the Yang accumulates and reacts on the Yin; the Yin accumulates and reacts on the Yang. Having accumulated and having moved then the mode of expression is uncertain. Since the earth rests upon these two interactive steps, how can they disturb what they support and hold? Can it remain motionless? Thus, then, sound being produced, we perceive the reasonableness(possibility) of terrestrial movement. We know that music has effects. It may not necessarily produce an active earthquake, but afterwards we call it “earthquake sound”, and say it is the solidification of the Zhi of earth and the congealing of the Yin.
The eminently proper way to do it is to open on Nei Ji(2),proceed to Da Chen(7); Cang(4) and Han(3) are both taken. Wu Tai(11) expresses the moving. This is the description of the “Earthquake”.
蘇門章第十一
蘇門者,仙君隱蘇門所作也。圣人述而不作,蓋仙君述廣成①、務(wù)光,以陶性靈,以演大道,非有以成聲音作程品也。昔人有游蘇門時,聞鸞鳳之聲。其音美暢殊異,假為之鸞鳳②,鸞鳳有音而不得聞之。蘇門者,焉得而知鸞鳳之響③?后尋其聲,乃仙君之長嘯矣。仙君之嘯,非止于養(yǎng)道怡神,蓋于俗則致雍熙,于時則致太平④,于身則道不死,于事則攝百靈、御五云,于萬物則各得其所。感應(yīng)之效,莫近于音,而仙君得之⑤。至于飛走禽獸,嘯之末者⑥。晉阮嗣宗善嘯⑦,聞仙君以為己若⑧,往詣焉⑨。方被發(fā)握坐⑩,籍再拜而請之。順風(fēng)而請者三,承風(fēng)而請者再,仙君神色自若?,竟無所對。籍因長嘯數(shù)十聲而去。仙君料籍固未遠(yuǎn),因動清角而嘯,至四、五發(fā)聲,籍但覺林巒草木皆有異聲。須臾,飄風(fēng)暴雨忽至,已而鸞鳳孔雀繽紛而至?,不可勝數(shù)。籍既懼又喜而歸,因傳寫之?,十得其二,為之蘇門。今之所傳者是也。深山大澤,極高極遠(yuǎn)宜為之。先發(fā)五太、五少、沉、激,內(nèi)外?,一十二法備舉,方得《蘇門》之音矣?。
[校記]
①蓋,陳本作“言”。
②此二句陳本作“其音美暢,無異鸞鳳”。
③程本無“假為……焉得”諸句。
④此句“致”,程本作“道”。
⑤程本無“御五云……而仙君得之”諸句。
⑥“至于”二句,程本作:“至于裂金石,詔魚鳥,乃嘯之末耳?!?/p>
⑦此句“善”上,程本有“自負(fù)”二字。
⑧此句“己”,陳本同,陶本作“巳”,誤。
⑨此句“詣”,程本作“請”。
⑩子燁案:此句“握”,當(dāng)為“臥”字之訛,各本均誤。
?此句“自”,陶本作“目”,誤。
?此句“已”,陶本作“巳”,非。此句程本無“而至”二字。
?此二句程本作:“籍既懼又喜,歸而寫之?!?/p>
?子燁案:此句“內(nèi)外”二字,當(dāng)在“激”上。各本均誤。
?此句“得”上,陶本、程本有一“少”字。
No.11.
The “Su Men” was composed by the Taoist Immortal Recluse, who lived in the Su Men Mountains(Ho Nan).
The Holy One transmitted, he did not make it. The Immortal transmitted(the music of) Guang Cheng and Wu Guang in order to rejoice the spirit and expand the Tao. He did not regard music as the main task.
In olden days there were those who those who roved in Su Men listening to the phoenix songs.
The notes were exquisitely clear, very different from the so-called pretended phoenix. The phoenix makes sounds but humans cannot hear them. How then can the Su Family know the sound of the phoenix? Hereafter, when seeking the sound, bring up the Immortal’s whistle.
The Immortal’s whistle does not stop at fostering the Tao and gratifying the spirits; for indeed, in everyday affairs it brings harmony into the world, and peace in season. In one self the Tao never dies, in objective matters it assists all that is sacred, and conducts the Five Influences. In the arcana of Nature order prevails. For success in obtianing response(to such efforts) nothing approaches music. The Immortal has evolved the one successful form. As to all wild things whistling is the one thing needful. Ruan Si Zong of Jin (Ruan Ji) was fine whistler. Hearing that the Immortal thought himself his equal, he (Ruan) went to visit him. The Immortal remained seated with his hair in disorder .Ruan bowed repeatedly and inquired after his health. Thrice and again thrice he addressed his(uncivil) host. The Immortal maintained his attitude and made no response. Ji then whistled some score of notes and left. The Immortal, estimating that his guest had not gone far, began to whistle the Qing Jue to the extent of four or five movements. But Ji perceived that the mountains and all growing things took on a different sound. Presently came a fierce whirlwind with pelting rain, followed by phoenixes and peacocks in flocks; no one could count them. Ji was alarmed, but also pleased, and he returned home and wrote down the story. He obtained only two-tenths of it, and called it “Sun Men”. This is what they tell there.
The motif of the song is lofty mountains and wide marshes, great heights and distances.
Opne on Wu Tai(11) and Wu Shao(12);then Chen(7 and 8) and Ji(1 and 2),both Nei(2) and Wai(1), and so though the whole twelve methods and you get something of the music of Su Men.
劉根命鬼章第十二
劉公命鬼,仙人劉根之所為也。昔劉根道成,雅好長嘯①,為太守所屈,因嘯召太守七世之祖立至。其聲清凈徑急②,中人以下惡聞之③。雖志人好古,嘯者多不隸習(xí)④,以故其聲多闕⑤。后之人莫能補(bǔ)者,謂之元剛格。先以五少之三去宮商⑥,次用內(nèi)激、大小沉,終以疋、叱,則《劉公命鬼》之聲備矣。
[校記]
①此句“雅”,程本作“惟”。
②此句“徑”,程本作“勁”。
③此句“以”,陶本作作“巳”,誤。
④此句“隸”,陳本作“肄”。
⑤陳本無“多”字。
⑥此句程本無“之”字,“商”下有程本“角”字。
No.12.
“Liu Gong commanding Demons” was composed by Liu Gen. Liu Gen attained to being the perfect (complete) Taoist. He possessed a refined taste in whistling. Being insulted by the Prefect he whistled, and called his(the Prefect’s) grandfather of the seventh generation to come. He came forthwith.
His notes were pure and high, short and quick. Anyone below the average of musical taste disliked listening to his performance. Although a determined man might like the old style of whistling, yet for the most part it was not practised. Hence the text of the notes has many hiatuses, which posterity has been unable to fill. They call this the” Stiff Model”.
Open with the three notes of Wu Shao; do not apply Gong and Shang. Then use Nei Ji(2),Da Chen(7),and Xiao Chen(8).End on Pi(9) and Chi(10).Then “Liu Gong commanding Demons” is described.
阮氏逸韻章第十三
阮氏逸韻者,正阮籍所作也,音韻放逸,故曰逸韻。用法多比權(quán)輿,與《流云》之鱗轣十二間無約束①,多散、越。大雅君子與常才齷齪者,皆宜聽之。天氣清肅,氛垢之外,乃可雜塤篪世俗之樂,鄭衛(wèi)入耳②。善嘯者多能為之③。林泉逸人,每為呼風(fēng),亦偶作一韻,法寄在眾之中④。興矩則短之⑤,興盡則止,則《阮氏逸韻》之旨備矣⑥。
[校記]
①此句“鱗”字,原校:案《夷門》本作“轔”。程本同。是。
②此二句,“世俗”,陶本、唐本作“俗態(tài)”,“鄭衛(wèi)入耳”,陶本同;但此二句程本作:“乃可雜塤篪而作俗態(tài)之樂,鄭衛(wèi)之音,不可入耳?!?/p>
③此句“為”,程本作“辦”。
④此句“眾”字下,程本有一“樂”字。
⑤此二句,陳本作“興短則短之,興盡則止”,唐本同;“矩”字,程本、陳本作“短”。原校:案《夷門》本作“舉”。“短”字,原校:案《夷門》本作“發(fā)”?!笆稀弊?,陶本脫。
⑥此句“旨”字,程本作“音”。
No.13.
The “Loose Rhymes of the Ruan” were really composed by Ruan Ji(210~263). The rhymes are free and easy; hence the title.
In the use of the various methods this air resembles the runs and repetitions of the “First Principles”(No.1) and “Fleeting Cloud”(No.2).The twelve methods may be freely used; San(5) and Yue(6) are used most often. Both persons of refinement and culture and commonplace and mean folk can listen with appreciation.
The majesty of the heavenly principle, purged from all miasmic influence, may mingle with the ordinary music of the Xun and the Chi, and the music of Zheng and Wei enter. Most good whistlers can perform this air. Whenever persons retired in the woods and by springs puff out wind and by accident produce a rhymed sound, if their attempt misses success, it is simply a misfire; if it is completely successful then it remains.
The above gives a general idea of the “Loose Rhymes of the Ruan”.
正章第十四
正者,正也,深遠(yuǎn)極大,非常聲所擬。近代孫公得之。人未之聽①,致平和而卻老不死者,此聲也。今有義,亡其聲。
[校記]
①此句“人”,程本作“入”,非。
No.14.
Standard just means Standard. Extraordinary sounds bear no relationship to usual notes.
In comparatively modern days, Sun Gong was successful, but people did not listen. As to peaceful notes, they stave off old age and do not allow one to die.
These Standard notes are known about, but the notes themselves are lost.
畢章第十五
畢者,五聲之極,大道畢矣。堯、舜之后,有其義,亡其聲。
No.15.
The Conclusion is at the extremities of the scale, the end of the Great Tao. After the days of Yao and Shun there was some idea of these notes, but the actual notes were lost.
跋
《嘯旨》不著作者氏名,觀其命辭,殆似出于唐人,而今不可考矣。是書人間罕傳,書序謂王母授南極真人,真人授廣成子,其說誕妄不經(jīng),惟十有二法,及載孫登、阮籍,則誠可謂得嘯之旨者。序又謂登無所授,而籍之后湮滅無聞。予向嘗以使事道經(jīng)洛陽,游蘇門山,訪孫、阮遺跡,思鸞鳳之聲,不可得聞,為之快悒①。夫人之聲,即天地之聲也,人有古今,而聲無古今。是書既行,安知山林之下,無孫、阮者出?然則,豈終于湮滅而無聞也哉!正德庚辰,虎丘老樵都穆跋②。
[校記]
①此句“快”,原校:案《夷門》本作“怏”。是。
②此跋附見陶本、陳本、唐本及原校本之末,程本無此跋。
Colophon
The name of author of the “Principles of Whistling” is not given. Looking at the general statement, it seems very probable that it was written by some one in the T’ang dynasty, but there is no evidence to decide this. This book is exceedingly rare.
The preface says,“the(Western)Queen Mother taught the Fair of the South Polar Star; he passed it on to Guang Cheng Zi”. This is extravagant talk, and not usually accepted. But the twelve methods are found in Sun Deng and Ruan Ji, so that we can truly say we have the general purport of Whistling. The Preface also says that Sun Deng did not hand on (the gift)to anyone, and after Ruan Ji it disappeared and was no more heard.
I once went to LuoYang on business and made a trip to the Su Men mountains visiting the former haunts of Sun and Ruan, but me thinks it is not permitted to hear the notes of the phoenix—most unfortunately I was not favoured. Now the voice of man is the voice of the universe(nature).Man may be ancient or modern, but sound is eternal, never new or old.
Now the book is going forth and who knows whether a Sun or Ruan may not appear in some mountains or woods and, that being so, who can say that there is an end to Whistling?
Ming dynasty, Zheng De Geng Chen(1520).
Edworth’s English Translation ofand Its Concept of Xiao History
FAN Ziye
( Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100732, China )
is a special book that records Xiao Shu in the Tang Dynasty of China. In the first half of the 20th century,began to enter the field of vision of Chinese and Western scholars at the same time, and the modern significance ofand the study of Chang Xiao kicked off. In 1938, the British scholar Edworth introducedin her book, and in 1957, she translated theinto English and published it. Edworth has been studyingfor twenty years. Her research conclusions and related explanations fully reflect her Xiao’s historical concept. Around 1937, Edworth mainly regarded Xiao as a special poetic technique. By 1957, her understanding and interpretation of Xiao changed from "poetry recitation" to "whistle theory". Her discussion and interpretation ofare not only cultural insight, but also academic strength. In fact, as Edworth predicted, Chang Xiao still exists in the world, that is, the Homai art of the Northern Nomads. As an "exceptional book" of special value,belongs to China and the world. Under the guidance of Edworths, the secret collections ofcan "travel to the west". The mysterious art of howling from the ancient eastern country was spread to the West. This can also be called a small miracle in modern academic history.
, Edwards, the concept of history, poetry recitation, whistle theory, Homai Art
I206.2
A
1673-9639 (2021) 04-0056-21
2021-04-12
范子燁(1964-),生于內(nèi)蒙古莫力達(dá)瓦旗,文學(xué)博士,中國社會科學(xué)院文學(xué)研究所研究員,中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院文學(xué)系教授,中國古典文學(xué)專業(yè)博士生導(dǎo)師,主要研究領(lǐng)域為魏晉南北朝文學(xué)與文化。
(責(zé)任編輯 郭玲珍)(責(zé)任校對 肖 峰)(英文編輯 田興斌)