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      施氮量對(duì)遲播油菜氮素利用和產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響

      2021-09-18 06:22:50李小勇顧熾明劉康廖星黃威楊志遠(yuǎn)秦璐
      關(guān)鍵詞:根冠產(chǎn)油量播期

      李小勇,顧熾明,劉康,廖星,黃威,楊志遠(yuǎn),秦璐

      施氮量對(duì)遲播油菜氮素利用和產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響

      李小勇1,顧熾明1,劉康1,廖星1,黃威2,楊志遠(yuǎn)3,秦璐1

      1中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院油料作物研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部油料作物生物學(xué)與遺傳育種重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,武漢 430062;2湖北省黃岡市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,湖北黃岡 438000;3應(yīng)城市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心,湖北應(yīng)城 432400

      【】長(zhǎng)江流域多熟制模式下,油菜播種推遲,引起產(chǎn)量低、品質(zhì)差。為探究施氮量對(duì)遲播油菜氮素利用和產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響,本研究通過測(cè)定不同施氮量下遲播油菜產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成、農(nóng)藝性狀、養(yǎng)分積累、籽粒品質(zhì),以期探明遲播油菜最佳施氮量。以甘藍(lán)型油菜品種中油雜19為材料,在湖北應(yīng)城、黃岡進(jìn)行大田裂區(qū)試驗(yàn),設(shè)置2個(gè)播期(常規(guī)播期S1,10月10日;遲播S2, 11月10日)為主區(qū),4個(gè)施氮量(N0:不施氮肥;N1:120 kg·hm-2;N2:240 kg·hm-2;N3:360 kg·hm-2)為副區(qū)。(1)遲播(S2)顯著降低油菜籽粒產(chǎn)量,增加氮肥施用量,不同播期油菜單株角果數(shù)、每角果粒數(shù)及千粒重均有顯著上升趨勢(shì),與N0相比,在N1、N2和N3處理下,籽粒產(chǎn)量在常規(guī)播期下兩地平均增加31.9%、68.6%和79.8%,在遲播下兩地平均增長(zhǎng)36.0%、82.3%和87.3%;(2)播期推遲,油菜根頸粗、株高、分枝起點(diǎn)高度和根系干重均顯著下降,地上部干重增加,根冠比下降。增加氮肥施用量,不同播期油菜根頸粗、株高及分枝起點(diǎn)高度增加,地上及根系干重均上升,但根冠比呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì);此外,與N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,倒伏角度在正常播期下兩地平均增加162.7%、254.7%和374.7%,在遲播下兩地平均增長(zhǎng)105.5%、208.7%和303.1%,即增施氮肥加重了倒伏的發(fā)生;(3)推遲播期,油菜根系氮含量和氮積累量均下降;籽粒氮含量上升而氮積累量下降、含油率下降;莖稈、角果殼氮含量變化不顯著,但氮積累量顯著上升。增加氮肥施用量,各部位氮含量和氮積累量增加,含油率下降,但產(chǎn)油量呈上升趨勢(shì),在240 kg·hm-2施氮量水平時(shí),產(chǎn)油量在兩個(gè)播期下均達(dá)最大,應(yīng)城分別為1 830.5和1 534.5 kg·hm-2,黃岡分別為1 535.1和1 220.0 kg·hm-2。籽粒氮素利用率也達(dá)最高,應(yīng)城分別為34.88%和31.14%,黃岡分別為27.95%和25.48%。籽粒氮素利用率與籽粒產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)油量呈極顯著正相關(guān),與倒伏角度不相關(guān),因此可以通過提高籽粒氮素利用率提高籽粒產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)油量,同時(shí)不加重倒伏發(fā)生。增加氮肥施用可提高遲播油菜產(chǎn)量,但氮肥施用應(yīng)控制在240 kg·hm-2左右,以控制倒伏進(jìn)一步加劇,并獲得最大產(chǎn)油量。

      油菜;播期;施氮量;產(chǎn)量;產(chǎn)油量

      0 引言

      【研究意義】油菜是我國(guó)重要的油料作物,種植面積及總產(chǎn)均占世界的18%左右[1]。長(zhǎng)江流域是我國(guó)糧油主產(chǎn)區(qū),隨著對(duì)夏季糧食、經(jīng)濟(jì)作物產(chǎn)量需求增加,生育期延長(zhǎng),收獲時(shí)期推遲,同時(shí)秋季雨水頻繁,導(dǎo)致油菜遲播情況在該產(chǎn)區(qū)逐漸頻繁。因此,研究遲播情況下氮肥調(diào)控對(duì)油菜產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)影響的作用機(jī)制,對(duì)遲播油菜栽培管理有重要理論參考意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】播期推遲,油菜播種后出苗率降低[2],田間雜草增加,雜草與植株之間產(chǎn)生肥料競(jìng)爭(zhēng),肥料利用率下降[3-4];由于進(jìn)入冬季前期生長(zhǎng)周期有限,越冬期植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較弱,葉片數(shù)較少,地上干重較正常播期植株降低顯著,同時(shí)根部干重較正常播期低,越冬前油菜苗情較弱,生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育后期易出現(xiàn)倒伏,降低籽粒品質(zhì),且油菜植株生物量及產(chǎn)量減少,油菜氮素利用率下降[5-7]。為彌補(bǔ)遲播引起的冬前苗情弱小問題,可增加肥料施用量,以起到快速促苗增收的效果[8-9]。前人研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),遲播后增加氮肥施用提高了冬前苗期葉片數(shù),增加葉綠素含量,光合速率增加,提高了單株角果數(shù),起到了明顯增產(chǎn)的效果,且長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較弱,增施氮肥效果更好[4,10]。實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,為了起到促苗增產(chǎn)的效果,農(nóng)戶往往增加肥料施用,但施肥多,生產(chǎn)成本增加,效益低,制約了我國(guó)油菜生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展[11]。過量施氮還會(huì)導(dǎo)致植株根冠比下降,倒伏面積及倒伏角度增加[12],菌核病發(fā)病率提高[13],光能利用率下降[14],地上部營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)過旺,抑制生殖生長(zhǎng),降低肥料利用率[15],減產(chǎn)的同時(shí),油菜籽粒品質(zhì)也進(jìn)一步降低[16]。對(duì)于遲播油菜,過量施氮引起的危害更為嚴(yán)重。大量的氮肥施用造成遲播油菜越冬前幼苗瘋長(zhǎng),葉片含水量增加,遇到極端雨雪低溫氣候時(shí),更加易受凍害影響,也會(huì)降低后期籽粒產(chǎn)量[17]。因此適當(dāng)?shù)牡适┯每善鸬皆霎a(chǎn)增收的效果,而農(nóng)戶關(guān)于遲播油菜施氮量的多少主要憑經(jīng)驗(yàn),遲播油菜氮肥提苗技術(shù)及調(diào)控機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】綜上,前人關(guān)于播期和施氮量對(duì)油菜產(chǎn)量及倒伏影響的研究較多,但是很少研究播期和施氮量互作下,油菜各部位氮含量累積特征及其與產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的關(guān)系。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】基于此,本研究圍繞不同施氮量對(duì)遲播油菜產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響,測(cè)定油菜植株不同部位氮含量,成熟期油菜倒伏,籽粒產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì),探究各部位氮素吸收、倒伏與產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系,為指導(dǎo)遲播油菜科學(xué)施肥提供依據(jù)。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)、土壤狀況及材料

      試驗(yàn)于2019年9月至2020年5月在湖北應(yīng)城祥豐農(nóng)場(chǎng)及黃岡現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技示范園試驗(yàn)基地進(jìn)行,圖1為兩試驗(yàn)基地日平均氣溫(國(guó)家氣象局)。試驗(yàn)地前茬均為芝麻,9月上旬收獲,秸稈粉碎翻壓還田,采用翻耕直播的方式。應(yīng)城試驗(yàn)田土壤養(yǎng)分狀況為:堿解氮153 mg·kg-1、速效磷17.29 mg·kg-1、速效鉀167.82 mg·kg-1,黃岡試驗(yàn)田土壤養(yǎng)分狀況為:堿解氮132 mg·kg-1、速效磷14.16 mg·kg-1、速效鉀154.21 mg·kg-1。試驗(yàn)材料為中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院油料作物研究所培育的甘藍(lán)型油菜品種中油雜19。

      圖1 不同試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)日平均氣溫

      1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

      采用裂區(qū)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),以不同播期為主區(qū),分別是常規(guī)播期2019年10月10日(S1),遲播2019年11月10日(S2);4個(gè)施氮量為裂區(qū),分別為N0:不施氮;N1:施氮120 kg·hm-2;N2:240 kg·hm-2;N3:360 kg·hm-2。采用條播方式播種,密度為45萬(wàn)株/hm2,2020年5月15日收獲。

      整地前氮肥總量70%尿素(含氮量46%),與過磷酸鈣(含P2O512%)、氯化鉀(含K2O 60%)及硼砂按90、120、15 kg·hm-2統(tǒng)一基施?;┓柿先鲇诘乇恚眯麢C(jī)將肥料與耕層土壤混勻。出苗后去窩堆苗,3—5葉期定苗。5葉期施用氮肥總量30%尿素(含氮量46%)作苗肥。采用“三溝”配套,廂溝、腰溝均為寬0.30 m、深0.20 m,圍溝寬0.30 m、深0.30 m。小區(qū)面積為20 m2(2 m×10 m),每處理設(shè)3次重復(fù)。其他管理同農(nóng)戶常規(guī)操作。

      1.3 測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法

      1.3.1 產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成 成熟期各小區(qū)連續(xù)取10株進(jìn)行考種,考察單株有效角果數(shù)、每角果粒數(shù)、千粒重等產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成指標(biāo),以小區(qū)實(shí)收產(chǎn)量計(jì)產(chǎn)。

      1.3.2 籽粒品質(zhì) 采用近紅外光譜掃描測(cè)定籽粒的含油率。產(chǎn)油量 = 籽粒含油率×大田實(shí)際產(chǎn)量。

      1.3.3 農(nóng)藝性狀相關(guān)指標(biāo) 取成熟期各小區(qū)連續(xù)10株,考察根頸粗、株高、分枝起點(diǎn)高度。根頸粗為游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)定的子葉節(jié)下1 cm粗度;株高以子葉節(jié)至植株頂端的高度表示;分枝起點(diǎn)高度度為子葉節(jié)至第一分枝的高度。

      1.3.4 根冠比及倒伏角度 取成熟期各小區(qū)連續(xù)10株,將根系及地上部于105℃下殺青30 min,80℃烘干至恒重,測(cè)定干物質(zhì)量并計(jì)算根冠比。倒伏角度為冠層最高點(diǎn)至子葉節(jié)連線與垂直方向的夾角。

      1.3.5 器官氮含量 采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮,凱氏定氮儀(KDY-9820)測(cè)各部位器官全氮。

      器官氮積累量(kg·hm-2)= 植株器官氮含量(%)×各器官干物質(zhì)重(kg·hm-2);

      籽粒氮素利用率(%)=[施氮區(qū)籽粒吸氮總量(kg)-不施氮區(qū)籽粒吸氮總量(kg)]/施氮量(kg)×100;

      以籽粒產(chǎn)量為基礎(chǔ)的氮素生理效率(kg·kg-1)=籽粒產(chǎn)量(kg·hm-2)/地上部氮素積累量(kg·hm-2)。

      1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

      數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 10.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析、Origin 9.0 軟件進(jìn)行作圖。處理間比較采用最小顯著差法(Least significant difference,LSD)。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)

      2.1.1 產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成 由表1可知,油菜播期推遲,單株角果數(shù)下降,每角果粒數(shù)和千粒重呈上升趨勢(shì),單株產(chǎn)量和大田實(shí)際產(chǎn)量下降。隨施氮量增加,不同播期單株角果數(shù)、每角果粒數(shù)及千粒重增加,單株產(chǎn)量及大田實(shí)際產(chǎn)量上升。與N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,籽粒產(chǎn)量在正常播期兩地平均增加31.9%、68.6%和79.8%,在遲播下兩地平均增長(zhǎng)36.0%、82.3%和87.3%。兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)間變化趨勢(shì)一致。方差分析結(jié)果表明:?jiǎn)沃戤a(chǎn)量、實(shí)際產(chǎn)量、單株角果數(shù)和每角果粒數(shù)受播期和施氮量影響達(dá)到極顯著水平,但受兩者之間的互作影響不顯著。千粒重受施氮量的影響顯著,但在不同試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)受播期及播期與氮肥間互作影響有差異。

      表1 播期和施氮量對(duì)油菜產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成的影響

      S1、S2分別表示播期為10月10日和11月10日;N0、N1、N2和N3分別表示施氮量為0、120、240及360 kg·hm-2。表中同一列不同字母表示差異達(dá) 0.05 水平;*,**表示在0.05和0.01的水平差異,NS表示差異不顯著;S,播期;N,施氮量;S×N,播期和施氮量間的互作。下同

      S1, S2 indicate the sowing date of 10thOctober and 10thNovember; N0, N1, N2 and N3 indicate the nitrogen rate of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg·hm-2respectively. Different letters in the table indicate a difference of 0.05 levels; * and **, significant difference at 0.05, and 0.01 probability levels, respectively; NS, not significant; S, sowing date; N, nitrogen rate; S×N, mean the interaction variance analysis between sowing date and nitrogen rate, respectively. The same as below

      2.1.2 籽粒品質(zhì) 由圖2可知,隨油菜播期推遲和施氮量增加,油菜籽粒含油率下降。在產(chǎn)油量方面,遲播降低油菜籽粒產(chǎn)油量,但隨施氮量增加,不同播期油菜籽粒產(chǎn)油量均呈上升的趨勢(shì),并在240 kg·hm-2施氮量時(shí)產(chǎn)油量達(dá)到最大,應(yīng)城分別為1 830.5和1 534.5 kg·hm-2,黃岡分別為1 535.1和1 220.0 kg·hm-2。繼續(xù)增加施氮量,產(chǎn)油量變化不顯著。兩試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)之間變化趨勢(shì)一致。

      2.2 成熟期農(nóng)藝性狀及倒伏角度

      2.2.1 農(nóng)藝性狀 如表2所示,隨著播期推遲,根頸粗、株高、分枝起點(diǎn)高度呈下降趨勢(shì)。隨施氮量增加,與N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,遲播油菜根頸粗兩地平均增加47.5%、60.6%和85.6%,株高兩地平均增加7.9%、10.9%和14.1%,分枝起點(diǎn)高度兩地平均增加6.2%、13.2%和19.2%。兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)間變化趨勢(shì)一致。方差分析結(jié)果表明:油菜成熟期各農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)均受播期和施氮量影響,根頸粗、分枝起點(diǎn)高度受播期和施氮量互作影響極顯著,而播期和施氮量互作并未顯著影響株高。

      2.2.2 根冠比和倒伏角度 由圖3可知,隨播期的推遲,根系干重有下降趨勢(shì),但地上部干重增加,根冠比降低。增加油菜施氮量,不同播期根系干重及地上部干重均呈現(xiàn)明顯上升趨勢(shì),但地上部干重增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)更加顯著,根冠比隨施氮量增加而下降,且兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)間變化趨勢(shì)一致。

      圖2 不同播期和施氮量下油菜籽粒品質(zhì)

      表2 播期和施氮量對(duì)油菜成熟期農(nóng)藝性狀的影響

      圖3 不同播期和施氮量下油菜地上部干重、根干重和根冠比

      由圖4可知,隨著播期推遲和施氮量增加,倒伏角度增加顯著。且隨著施氮量增加,與N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,倒伏角度在正常播期兩地平均增加162.7%、254.7%和374.7%,在遲播下兩地平均增長(zhǎng)105.5%、208.7%和303.1%,在360 kg·hm-2時(shí)倒伏角度達(dá)到最大,兩試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)間變化趨勢(shì)一致。

      2.3 不同部位氮含量及籽粒氮素利用率

      2.3.1 器官氮含量及氮積累量 由表3可知,隨播期推遲根系氮含量呈下降趨勢(shì),莖稈和角果殼氮含量變化不顯著,籽粒氮含量有上升趨勢(shì)。隨著施氮量增加,不同播期各器官氮含量上升顯著。在器官氮積累量方面,隨播期推遲,根系和籽粒氮素積累量下降,莖和角果殼氮積累量上升,隨施氮量增加,不同播期各器官氮素積累量上升顯著,且兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)間變化趨勢(shì)一致。方差分析結(jié)果表明:各器官氮含量受施氮量影響極顯著,根系和籽粒氮含量受播期影響極顯著,而莖稈和角果殼氮含量受播期影響不顯著,油菜根系氮含量受播期和施氮量互作影響極顯著,其他部位氮含量受播期和施氮量互作影響不顯著。在器官氮素積累方面,油菜各器官氮積累量受播期和施氮量影響極顯著,根系、莖稈和角果殼氮積累量受播期和施氮量互作影響極顯著,而籽粒氮積累量受播期和施氮量互作影響不顯著。

      圖4 不同播期和施氮量下油菜倒伏角度

      表3 播期和施氮量對(duì)油菜各器官氮含量和氮積累量的影響

      2.3.2 籽粒氮素利用率及氮素生理效率 由圖5可知,隨播期推遲籽粒氮素利用率及氮素生理效率有下降趨勢(shì),但黃岡試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)遲播籽粒氮素利用率下降趨勢(shì)不顯著。增加施氮量,不同播期籽粒氮素利用率均在240 kg·hm-2時(shí)達(dá)最大,應(yīng)城分別為34.88%和31.14%,黃岡分別為27.95%和25.48%,氮素生理效率隨施氮量增加而下降顯著。兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)之間總體變化趨勢(shì)基本一致。

      圖5 播期和施氮量對(duì)氮素利用效率的影響

      2.4 氮素累積與產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和倒伏角度的相關(guān)性

      由表4可知,大田籽粒產(chǎn)量與植株各器官氮素累積量及籽粒氮利用率呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),與氮生理效率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。籽粒含油率與各器官氮累積量呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與氮生理效率呈極顯著正相關(guān)。籽粒產(chǎn)油量與根系、籽粒氮積累量及籽粒氮利用率呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān)。倒伏角度與各器官氮積累量呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),與氮生理效率呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。

      表4 器官氮累積量與籽粒產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)相關(guān)性分析

      *,**表示在0.05和0.01水平上差異顯著*Significant at<0.05,**Significant at<0.01

      3 討論

      播期對(duì)油菜植株農(nóng)藝性狀有顯著影響。播期推遲,植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)弱,株高、根頸粗下降,光能利用率降低[9,18]。適當(dāng)增加肥料施用,改善株型,提高單株角果數(shù),增加產(chǎn)量[19-20]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與前人研究結(jié)果基本一致。隨播期推遲單株有效角果數(shù)下降,每角果粒數(shù)和千粒重有上升趨勢(shì)。增加施氮量,不同播期各產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成指標(biāo)均上升,大田實(shí)際產(chǎn)量增加,遲播油菜施氮后大田實(shí)際產(chǎn)量較不施氮兩地平均增長(zhǎng)36.0%、82.3%和87.3%,在360 kg·hm-2施氮量下產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值,但與240 kg·hm-2施氮量下產(chǎn)量差異性不顯著。

      油菜植株倒伏與根系發(fā)育密切相關(guān)[21],播期推遲,根部發(fā)育受限,根系干重較正常播期降低,根冠比下降,同時(shí)根頸粗減小,倒伏面積和倒伏角度增加[22-23]。也有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,適當(dāng)增加施氮量,可促進(jìn)根系生長(zhǎng),改善根冠比,倒伏發(fā)生減輕[13,24-25]。在本試驗(yàn)中遲播條件下根頸粗降低,根系干重降低,地上部干重增加,根冠比下降,倒伏角度增加。而前人研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)播期推遲,地上部干重降低[6],與本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果不一致??赡芘c本試驗(yàn)設(shè)置遲播播期偏晚,且冬季并未發(fā)生長(zhǎng)期的低溫雨雪天氣(圖1)原因有關(guān),植株越冬前養(yǎng)分消耗較少,開春后生長(zhǎng)旺盛,養(yǎng)分利用集中在地上部。越冬溫度對(duì)植株各部位干物質(zhì)積累的影響還需進(jìn)一步研究。增加施氮量地上下部生物量均呈上升趨勢(shì),而地上部增幅更大,根冠比降低,在360 kg·hm-2施氮量時(shí)倒伏角度達(dá)到最大,與N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,倒伏角度在正常播期兩地平均增加162.7%、254.7%和374.7%,在遲播下兩地平均增長(zhǎng)105.5%、208.7%和303.1%。經(jīng)相關(guān)性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),植株倒伏角度與各器官氮累積量呈顯著性正相關(guān),而與氮生理效率極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。倒伏作為影響籽粒產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的重要因素[26],需要適當(dāng)控制施氮量,降低各器官氮素累積,提高氮生理效率,減小倒伏發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以獲得更好的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。

      油菜籽粒品質(zhì)受遺傳因素的影響[27],同時(shí)后期的栽培措施也對(duì)籽粒含油率有顯著影響,如:播期[28]、施氮量[29]、種植密度[30]等因素。隨著播期推遲,油菜籽粒出苗期推遲,生育期縮短[31],干物質(zhì)累計(jì)和根冠比下降[28],光合作用減弱,光能利用率下降,籽粒含油率降低[32-33]。油菜是需氮較多的作物,油菜的高產(chǎn)需要以較多的氮素供應(yīng)為保證。增加氮素供應(yīng)可顯著提高油菜籽粒產(chǎn)量[15]。但是,增加氮素供應(yīng)會(huì)限制碳代謝途徑,導(dǎo)致含油量的降低,蛋白質(zhì)含量增加[34]。氮代謝所需的能量和碳架產(chǎn)生于光合碳代謝的,同時(shí)碳代謝與氮代謝競(jìng)爭(zhēng)光合作用所產(chǎn)生的能量和中間產(chǎn)物[35]。只有協(xié)調(diào)好碳氮代謝之間的平衡,才能達(dá)到優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)的目的。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,推遲播期籽粒產(chǎn)量及含油率下降,增加施氮量大田籽粒產(chǎn)量上升,但含油率下降顯著。在施氮量為240 kg·hm-2時(shí),不同播期籽粒產(chǎn)油量達(dá)到最大,應(yīng)城分別為1 830.5和1 534.5 kg·hm-2,黃岡分別為1 535.1和1 220.0 kg·hm-2,同時(shí)籽粒氮素利用率最高,應(yīng)城分別為34.88%和31.14%,黃岡分別為27.95%和25.48%。經(jīng)相關(guān)性研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn),籽粒氮素利用率與籽粒產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)油量呈極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,而與含油率和倒伏角度關(guān)系不顯著,因此可以通過提高籽粒氮素利用率提高產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)油量,同時(shí)不加重倒伏發(fā)生。增加施氮量可以一定程度提高籽粒產(chǎn)量,但要獲得最好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和肥料利用效率,需要控制施氮量在240 kg·hm-2左右。

      4 結(jié)論

      油菜遲播增加每角果粒數(shù)和千粒重,降低油菜根頸粗、株高、分枝起點(diǎn)高度、單株角果數(shù)及大田實(shí)際產(chǎn)量,隨著施氮量增加,根頸粗、株高、分枝起點(diǎn)高度以及單株角果數(shù)、每角果粒數(shù)及千粒重均有顯著上升趨勢(shì),地上部干重和大田實(shí)際產(chǎn)量增加顯著,但根冠比降低,倒伏角度增加,在360 kg·hm-2施氮量時(shí)籽粒產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最高,但與240 kg·hm-2施氮量籽粒產(chǎn)量水平差異不顯著。遲播油菜籽粒含油率下降。增加施氮量,植株根系和籽粒含氮量增加,產(chǎn)油量呈上升趨勢(shì),在240 kg·hm-2施氮量時(shí)籽粒產(chǎn)油量及籽粒氮素利用率達(dá)到最大。綜上所述,增加氮肥施用可提高遲播油菜產(chǎn)量,但施氮量應(yīng)控制在240 kg·hm-2左右,以控制植株倒伏,并獲得最大經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

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      Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Yield and Quality of Late Sowing Rapeseed

      LI XiaoYong1, GU ChiMing1, LIU Kang1, LIAO Xing1, HUANG Wei2, YANG ZhiYuan3, QIN Lu1

      1Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062;2Huanggang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanggang 438000, Hubei;3Yingcheng Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Yingcheng 432400, Hubei

      【】Under the multi-cropping system in the Yangtze River Basin, the rapeseed sowing date was delayed, resulting in low yield and poor quality. In this study, in order to explore the effect of different nitrogen rates on the yield and seed quality of late sowing rapeseed, the related indexes of late sowing rapeseed, including yield and its components, agronomic characters, nutrient accumulation, grain quality, and so on, were measured under different nitrogen application levels in order to find out the best nitrogen rate of late sowing rapeseed. 【】 Field experiments were carried out in Yingcheng and Huanggang, Hubei province. A rapeseed variety“Zhongyouza19”was used as the material, and two sowing dates (S1,10th October; S2, 10th November) and 4 nitrogen rates (N0, 0; N1, 120 kg·hm-2; N2, 240 kg·hm-2; N3, 360 kg·hm-2) were set in this study. 【】(1) Late sowing of rapeseed significantly reduced the yield. With an increase in nitrogen rate, the pods per plant, seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight had a significant increase under different sowing dates. Compared with N0, the yield under N1, N2 and N3 was increased by 31.9%, 68.6% and 79.8% on average under normal sowing date, respectively, and increased by 36.0%, 82.0% and 87.3% on average under late sowing date, respectively. (2) With the sowing date delaying, the root crown diameter, plant height and branch height were decreased significantly, and the above-ground biomass were increased, whereas the root biomass and the root-shoot ratio were decreased. With an increase in nitrogen rate, the root crown diameter, plant height, branch height, the root and shoot biomass were increased, but the root-shoot ratio was decreased, in addition, the lodging angle were increased by 162.7%, 254.7% and 374.7% on average under normal sowing date, respectively, and increased by 105.5%, 208.7% and 303.1% on average under late sowing date, respectively. Lodging was more severe under higher nitrogen rate. (3) With the sowing date delaying, the nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake in the root were decreased. The nitrogen content in the seed was increased, but the nitrogen uptake and oil content in the seed were decreased. Then, the nitrogen content in the stem and the pod shell did not change significantly, but the nitrogen uptake increased significantly. With an increase in nitrogen rate, the nitrogen content and uptake in each part were increased and the oil yield also showed an increasing trend, but the oil yield (1 830.5 kg·hm-2and 1 534.5 kg·hm-2(Yingcheng), 1 535.1 kg·hm-2and 1 220.0 kg·hm-2(Huanggang)) and the seed nitrogen use efficiency (34.88% and 31.14% (Yingcheng), 27.95% and 25.48% (Huanggang)) reached the maximum at the nitrogen rate level of 240 kg·hm-2under different sowing dates. There was a significant positive correlation between seed nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield and oil yield, but there was no correlation with lodging angle. The grain yield and oil yield could be improved by increasing seed nitrogen use efficiency without aggravating lodging. 【】Increasing nitrogen rate could improve the yield of late sowing rapeseed, but the nitrogen rate should be controlled at about 240 kg·hm-2to further control lodging and obtain maximum oil yield.

      rapeseed (L.); sowing date;nitrogen rate; yield; oil yield

      10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.014

      2020-09-27;

      2020-11-11

      國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2018YFD0200904)、中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2013-OCRI)

      李小勇,E-mail:dashuai_17@163.com。通信作者秦璐,E-mail:qinlu-123@126.com

      (責(zé)任編輯 李云霞)

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