孫和軍
翻開修于300余年前的康熙版《定??h志》,關于定海東北懸海山有這樣的記載:“外洋東北界有半洋、獅子、鼠浪湖、青幫、廟子湖、三星、霜子、福山、西福、黃星、環(huán)山等名?!边@是關于東極諸島的最早記錄。民國版《定??h志》之《輿地志》記載:“自長涂以東諸島號稱中街山,海深浪激,無錨地,唯廟子湖西南岙可避風。廟子湖東為青浜山,為西福山。西福偏南為東福,又東為四姐妹島,為兩兄弟島,更東盡國界上,故中街山為舟山東北外海之屏障,而掩護浙海之稱險要者也?!?/p>
中街山列島就是現(xiàn)在行政意義上的東極諸島。人們曾一度以東極諸島在大海中由東至西排列的位置,稱之為頭塊、二塊、三塊……;外國海圖上也曾一度將它們注以“東漁人”島、“中漁人”島、“西漁人”島、“菲地由”島……如同這些狹長的近百個島礁點綴成的弧度一樣,這群在海上和島上來去飄忽、萍蹤浪跡的追逐烏賊群的漁人,他們的祖先也來自由寧波、臺州、溫州以及閩東閩南諸城市組合成的東南沿海最具張力的生動弧帶,一實一虛,一內(nèi)一外,一張一弛。來自中原內(nèi)陸的一代又一代移民,以及世代繁衍于此的古越民,為了躲避戰(zhàn)亂或迫害,為了生存,他們只有冒險穿透第一度弧線,向大海突圍,在蠻荒之島上硬生生開辟出綻放生命之花的綠色家園,蘸著金色的陽光和蔚藍的海水,那探海斗海的生命激情,那樂海玩海的豪邁靈魂,鏈接起人與大海和諧共存的第二度弧線,那是東極諸島海洋背景下極具魅力的文化之弧,是東極諸島海洋精神的文化重塑。
追逐不止? 生生不息
英國格林尼治國家天文臺測定,中國大陸居人島新世紀第一道曙光照射點為東極東福山,日出時間是2001年1月1日6點42分。為日出而激動,千年來百看不厭,這應該是古越民祖先存留給我們的原始激情。
東福山的第一縷曙光,讓我們在體驗靈魂蘇醒、心靈照應的同時,直抵遠古時代的那份精神臆想——鴻蒙初開,懵懂而開始覺醒的先人為生命的無常和人生的意義苦苦探求,直至今天。凝望冉冉升起的旭日,心靈如浴光明與唯美,祈愿吉祥平安。漫漫長夜之中,一輪圓月當空,光彩重生。對太陽和月亮的禮贊幾乎遍布地球各個時期各個角落的詩歌、音樂、建筑乃至生命。而東福山白頂山頭那座白云庵的日月門聯(lián),顯然更讓我們回味懸海孤島上那份迷人的神秘:日昍(xuān)晶??? (huá)通天地,月朋??? (liáo)朤(lǎng)定乾坤。日月光華,普照大地,這也許只是剛剛觸摸東極的外人淺層次的理解。借助日月的升落而確定東西方位和晝夜之別,實質(zhì)上是空間意識和時間意識在神話思維投射作用下的天然尺度:日月是時、空的創(chuàng)造者和管理者?!渡胶=?jīng)》記載:帝俊之妻常羲生月十二,又以羲和的名義生十日,天地始生,羲和實為日神而兼月神,日月同為天地間光明之源?!断缔o下》云:“日往則月來,月往則日來,日月相推而明生焉?!比祟惖纳鏍顟B(tài)需要附著于這種日月的運行規(guī)則,周而復始才能生生不息。耕海牧漁、漂乎風浪之中的東極人,無論從其生死難卜的自然生存環(huán)境,還是從其搏風斗浪的生產(chǎn)勞作方式,顯然更推崇和需要母系文化中頑強的繁衍能力。作為古越民的后裔,這種推崇與典型的古越人崇拜龍蛇圖騰的文化特質(zhì)一脈相承。東福山的島民至今還沿承著尊蛇崇蛇的習俗,白云庵供奉的就是傳說中守護東福山的白蛇,人們尊她為白云娘娘。與陳財伯成為東極海洋精神中的父系圖騰一樣,白云娘娘也成為東極海洋精神中的母系圖騰。
因此東極人對白云庵日月門聯(lián)的解讀賦予了更深層次的涵義,“一日二日三日四日通天地,一月二月三月四月定乾坤?!边@種看似舍生僻就簡易的讀法,卻詮釋了東極人最內(nèi)蘊最原生態(tài)的精神訴求:堅忍不拔,追逐不止,日月不滅,生生不息。所謂大道無形,大音希聲??此破〔欢ā⑻摕o縹緲,卻是生命的真實狀態(tài)。生命的意義,既如生命初始時的純潔與美麗,也有生命在成長過程中挾著泥沙追逐奔走的艱辛。追逐奔走的永恒目標就是達到“通天地,定乾坤”的理想境界。
追逐波浪,追逐魚群,追逐生命,追逐日月,就是生生不息的夸父精神在東極諸島海洋背景下的文化重塑!
大愛無疆? 大善無痕
東極的開發(fā)歷史源于200多年前一艘觸礁沉沒的漁船。夜色茫茫,海霧漫漫,唯一幸存的福建人陳財伯隨波漂到了廟子湖島。為了不使其他漁民重蹈覆轍,每逢霧天黑夜,好心的陳財伯就在山上堆柴點火,為過往船只導航,為漁民帶來光明,直致力竭身亡。在附近海域打魚的人們給他建了廟,塑了泥像供奉,并將他點火導航的這座山取名為“放火山”。每到逢年過節(jié)、春夏漁汛,當?shù)睾蛠碜愿=ǖ臐O民,就會帶著豐盛的祭品,來到財伯公廟祭祀。
陳財伯以生命為代價,真實演繹了菩薩誕生的過程?!捌兴_”就是梵語中的“菩提薩”,菩提即覺、智之意,薩即有情、眾生之意。但凡立下宏愿,上求佛道、下化眾生者都稱之為菩薩?!扒噤簭R子湖,菩薩穿籠褲”,這個在東極諸島婦孺皆知、代代相傳的故事,被以歌謠的形式定格在了深厚無比的海洋文化的史籍之中。據(jù)王水所著《東錢湖漁俗調(diào)查斷想》記載:“漁民風俗中的籠褲,據(jù)調(diào)查,分布帶從無錫起直至閩粵……它是綜合了女性布裥、男性竹裙的式樣,為了適應船上生活而出現(xiàn)的……。”做工講究、色彩鮮艷、又肥又大的籠褲,從大陸傳到海島,從漁民身上穿到了菩薩身上,奇異的傳統(tǒng)風俗究竟還是將人性中的關愛融匯進了今天日益廣泛的海洋精神層次之中。
東極的自由男神,東極的普羅米修斯,海港邊這尊數(shù)十米高的男性塑像,高舉著火把,陳財伯身上“大愛無邊”的人性光輝,塑造成了東極諸島的精神象征。
如果說陳財伯所弘揚的精神是屬于其個體的,那么,同樣發(fā)生在另一艘沉船“里斯本丸”號上的“東極大營救”則昭顯了東極諸島群體的人道主義。1942年10月2日,384名英俘是如此真實而深切地感受到了東極漁民的“大善無痕”。同棄船而逃的敵方慘無人道地持槍掃射逃出船艙落水的英俘相比,東極人“駕小舟冒死營救”的壯舉何其讓人仰望;同敵方上島重新搜捕并抓走已被東極百姓供給衣食的英俘相比,東極人奮不顧身藏匿伊文斯等3人的義舉,讓東極這片海域永遠蕩漾著關于善良與慈悲的可歌可泣的動人情節(jié)。
一段曾被世人遺忘的歷史,終于有了個清晰、公正的評判;東極漁民默默守護了65年的集體記憶,今天終于不再塵封。大海浩渺,無邊無際,孕于海長于海播耕于海的東極人,塑造的是一顆顆比大海更廣闊的愛心、讓生命更富含價值的善心。
執(zhí)著傳承? 矢志不渝
傳說盤古開天辟地,身體化為大地,骨骼化為金石。天有五星,地有五行,金木水火土,《宋杜綰云林石譜 · 序》云,天地至精之氣結而為石。石負土而出,石為土精(“精”者,或為精靈,或為精華),鑿石又能取火,所以,石又作為火的生源和依托,被視為宇宙生命力的象征。而東極諸島,就是一塊塊浮在波濤上的大石群。鋼青色的裸露巨巖,或如萬馬奔騰,或如蛟龍出海。包裹在歲月長河和天地滄桑之中一種綿綿不絕的內(nèi)在力量,與那源自冰川世紀的濃縮自然界精髓、見證海洋變遷的文化詠嘆,一同重塑了東極諸島的海洋精神。
山蘊玉而石潤,水懷珠而川媚。大自然慷慨贈予的東海碧玉,將山海形勝與山海之利結合得如此經(jīng)典和雅致。在這種經(jīng)典和雅致中,一切喧囂將變得不可言喻。所以在青浜島、黃興島,在廟子湖、東福山,聚居于此的島民用最簡單原始的手工,劈山鑿石,就地取材,以方方正正的石塊壘建起了氣勢恢弘的亦仙亦道的石居家園。很難想象,在機械設備幾乎為零的日子里,他們就是憑著肩挑手扛,在喲嗬喲嗬的漁歌號子中,塑造并延續(xù)著海上石居的文化!堅硬的石頭在他們的手上已經(jīng)幻化成有生命、有生氣的龍鳳花鳥等各種圖案花紋,厚重的古老石居文化在這里積淀、傳承并創(chuàng)新,歲月把過去各式各樣石居的浩瀚石刻,剝蝕得模糊不清,青苔綿綿。
天地未分之時,有位叫多闊霍的古老女神,住在石頭里,孕育著光與熱的宇宙能量。天母阿布卡赫赫吞下了石頭和石頭里的多闊霍,肢體被多闊霍的熱火融化,眼睛變成了日月,頭發(fā)變成了森林,汗水變成了江海。這個傳說不是出自東極,但用來形容東極人戀土的精神根基卻很適宜。在東福山,每一座墳墓邊上必豎著一塊刻著“土地”兩字的短碑,這是怎樣的一種戀土情結。即使托體山阿,也要化作一草一木、一石一土,也要與家鄉(xiāng)山水與共。
盡管曾經(jīng)人口成千的諸島如今只剩下百余人或數(shù)十人堅守。因為拆遷、因為教育資源的整合等,東極的很多青壯年和小孩季節(jié)性地離開了美麗純凈的家園,一種生活方式或者一種生活態(tài)度或許會發(fā)生遷移,但是他們的精神根基還駐留著、眷戀著。而每年生產(chǎn)的季節(jié)他們還是要回到他們的石居,下下海,泡泡海水澡,經(jīng)營他們的海產(chǎn)。法國哲學家巴舍拉爾《空間的詩》說:“房子庇護白日夢;房子保護做夢者;房子允許一個人平靜地做夢?!睂訉盈B疊的東福山楓樹灣小漁村石居,曾是繁華與川流不息的代名詞,如今,3個不減本色的葉姓老漁民就寸步不移地守候著全村數(shù)百幢鑲嵌在藍天碧海之間的青白色石居,收藏著他們所有如潮漲潮落、如炊煙裊裊的夢想。
代表著海與島、牧海耕耘與夢想庇護的石居,成了東極海洋文化的精神根基。石居是一種固守,一種執(zhí)著與傳承,一種矢志不渝的情懷,同時它又是一種開放態(tài)度,東極人在走向外部世界的同時,也敞開胸懷,源源不斷地迎納一批又一批流連于此的游客。這永遠都澄明清麗的石居,不染塵世的紛擾。將東極人的精神重塑超脫于方外:人類除了家園的海岸,還有精神的海岸!
同舟共濟? 負重超越
海洋文化的演化肇始于人類對海洋環(huán)境的改造和自我生存的需求。因此風雨同舟,和衷共濟,成為東極人永遠不變的精神基因。大海詭秘莫測,風險重重,東極人長期駕舟闖海,在于他們凝結成的堅強的群體精神。島嶼是他們抵御風浪的唯一自然屏障,同舟共濟則是他們抵抗自然界一切惡象的精神屏障。
“船拔高,吭唷;飯靠燒,吭唷;眾位老兄,竭把勞力;吭唷吭唷嚯。拔其闔只船,吭唷;人情做到底,吭唷;礱糠變白米,吭唷;送佛送西天,吭唷……”這首拔船號子,無數(shù)次震蕩在風雨交加、狂浪排空的臺風前夕。長長的隊伍里,滿是披著雨衣穿著雨靴或龍衣龍褲的漢子,從鎮(zhèn)上的行政一把手,到年輕的漁夫、行販,或把纖繩勒在肩膀上,拽在手心里,一步一步地前行;或把雙手推放在船體上,鉚足了平生最大的勁道,從滾滾而來的滔天大浪中拔船登岸。這是一種群體的感動!深深熔鑄在東極人生命的靈魂里。我們也曾為伏爾加河上的纖夫感動,這兩種感動疊加在一起,就匯成了一種穿透歷史精神而播揚時代精神的文化震撼!與天斗與海斗,齊心協(xié)力,承擔一切苦難與重負,這個時代需要纖夫精神的回歸!東極人沒有放棄,沒有丟失他們與生俱來的陽剛!
“風的故鄉(xiāng)、雨的溫床、霧的王國、浪的搖籃”,惡劣的海洋環(huán)境也是培育開發(fā)海洋實踐的試金石?!按蠛=o了我們茫茫無定、浩浩無際和渺渺無限的觀念;人類在大海的無限里感到他自己的無限的時候,他們就會被激起了勇氣,要去超越那有限的一切。”黑格爾充滿哲學理性的話語,讓我們在尊重環(huán)境造化人的同時,也有足夠的勇氣去改造環(huán)境和超越自己的精神領域。透過陳列在廟子湖的船模館,關于船的進化與東極島民改造生存狀態(tài)的歷史長卷就這樣靜靜地傳遞給了每一個探尋船文化和船精神的人;透過一張張述說海洋神話和海洋風情的漁民畫,關于東極人風雨同舟、共建美好家園的世紀理想就這樣悄悄地傳遞給了每一個不再浮躁、渴望文化本真的人!
由此,我們可以明白:為什么東極的漁民畫家一批又一批地誕生?為什么他們的畫可以承載著永恒的“生猛海鮮”的魅力,如同經(jīng)得起大海的驚濤駭浪一樣,經(jīng)得起藝術品市場的風云突變?因為他們是一批海洋文化的忠實捍衛(wèi)者,同舟共濟,又甘愿負重前行、勇于超越!任何精神本質(zhì)上的重塑,既是口號、箴言、象征等符號意義上的重塑,也是行為方式等文化內(nèi)核上的重塑,更是最高價值及其主導下的價值觀念體系的重塑。思索在東極諸島發(fā)展過程中什么起了助推作用,文化一直以某種高雅的姿態(tài)左右著什么。重塑東極諸島的海洋精神,離不開提煉、弘揚東極海洋文化的精髓,這是東極崛起之魂。
(本欄目由普陀區(qū)委宣傳部提供支持)
Dongji Islands: The Cultural Reshaping of
the Soul of the Sea
By Sun Hejun
Opening the Kangxi (r. 1662-1722) edition of the Annals of Dinghai County, published some 300 years ago, you will find such an entry about the Xuanghai (literally “hanging sea”) Mountain in the northeast of Dinghai district, Zhoushan city, “Off the northeast of the sea, there are such names as Banyang, Shizi, Shulang Lake, Qingbang, Miaozi Lake, Sanxing, Shuangzi, Fushan, Xifu, Huangxing and Huanshan.” This is the earliest record of the Dongji Islands. According to Republic of China edition of the Annals of Dinghai County, “The islands east of Changtu township are known as Zhongjieshan Islands. The sea is deep and the waves fierce. There is no anchorage, and only a small piece of land southwest of the Miaozi Lake Island can serve as a shelter. East of the Miaozi Lake Island lie Qingbangshan Island and Xifushan Island. To the south of Xifushan Island is Dongfushan Island, to the east of which are another four ‘sister islands and two ‘brother islands, located on the eastern border. All in all, the Zhongjieshan Islands are the barriers of Zhoushan facing the sea in the northeast, and a strategic location.”
The Zhongjieshan Islands are in fact todays Dongji Islands, which have been called by various names in history and in different countries. Like these islands, the fishmen living on them have floated on the sea, chasing fish for a living. Coming from Ningbo, Taizhou, Wenzhou and cities in east and south Fujian, they emigrated from the interior lands, either to avoid war or persecution or simply to survive, and together with the native Yue people, they have reshaped the soul of the sea.
The Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England determined that Dongfushan Island, one of the easternmost inhabited islets among the Dongji Islands, was the place where China met the first ray of sunlight. The precise sunrise time was 6:42 on January 1, 2001. The excitement that sunrise, which has been watched for thousands of years, brings is a primitive passion left to us by the ancestors of the ancient Yue people.
Throughout history, the worshipping of the sun and the moon has pervaded poetry, music, architecture and life in almost every corner of the earth. It is no surprise as human existence relies on the smooth running of the sun and the moon, to which is added the caprice of the sea when it comes to inhabitants on the Dongji Islands. That is also why the tenacious reproduction ability of a matriarchal culture had been more highly regarded. In fact, islanders on Dongfushan Island today still worship snakes, which is in line with the tradition of the ancient Yue people worshipping dragon and snake totems.
The settlement of the Dongji Islands began in earnest over 200 years ago, when a fishing boat ran aground on a reef and sank. In the misty sea amid the seemingly endless night, Chen Caibo, a Fujian native and the only survivor, drifted to Miaozi Lake Island. In order to warn other fishermen who may repeat the same mistake, on every foggy night, the kind-hearted Chen piled firewood on the mountain and lit a fire to guide the passing boats and bring light to the fishermen, until he died of exhaustion. Fishermen in nearby areas built a temple for him, and erected a giant statue to worship him. During festivals, and the spring and summer fishing seasons, local fishermen and those from Fujian province would bring abundant offerings to his temple.
To some extent, Chen Caibo, at the cost of his life, was a true reincarnation of bodhisattva, who made great sacrifices for humanity. Indeed, Chens statue, often regarded as the male version of the Statue of Liberty and Dongjis very own Prometheus, holding up high the torch, is the very embodiment of Chens determination to guide the fishermen and his humane love. It is the very spiritual symbol of the Dongji Islands.
If Chen Caibos spirit is kindness on an individual basis, then “Dongji Rescue”, the rescue efforts in the aftermath of the sinking of the ship Lisbon Maru, speaks of Dongji Islands humanitarianism on a collective basis. On October 2, 1942, when the ship carrying Japanese military personnel and British POWs (prisoners of wars) was torpedoed and sunk near the Dongji Islands, Japanese guards fired on the POWs who reached the deck and other Japanese ships used machine guns to fire at POWs who were in the water. Instead, Chinese fishermen nearby rushed to the scene and risked their lives to save the surviving POWs; a total of 384 POWs were saved. Later, Japanese army landed on the islands, searching for and recapturing those POWs, who had already been taken care of by the fishermen. Fortunately, three POWs had been hidden well by local islanders and transferred to safe areas afterwards.
Such bravery should have been made public long ago. But it wasnt until 2005, more than 60 years after the incident, when one of the survivors made a special trip to thank the local fishermen the that the details were revealed to the world. To the residents of the Dongji Islands, the act of saving the POWs is never something to “boast of”; kindheartedness has already been etched into their souls. Nowadays, only a few dozens to several hundred people stay on the islands once populated by thousands. Thanks to demolition of age-old houses, integration of educational resources and various other factors, most of the young and the middle-aged as well as children have left their beautiful homes, albeit seasonally. A way of life or an attitude towards life may be able to migrate together with their owners, but their spiritual foundation still remains on the islands and is attached to the place. Indeed, every year during the harvest season, these people still return to their stone dwellings, swimming and bathing in the sea, and selling their seafood. On the other hand, as they venture outside, they also open their hearts and welcome a steady stream of tourists here. Adventurous, open-minded and much attached to homes, these perhaps are the most valuable qualities of the Dongji people.