李鵬飛 劉明珠 肖賀賀 余慶 許尤厚
摘要:藥用植物富含多糖、生物堿、類黃酮、揮發(fā)油、有機酸和單寧等活性成分,以及氨基酸、碳水化合物、礦物質(zhì)和維生素等營養(yǎng)成分,相對于傳統(tǒng)的抗生素,具有天然、高效、價廉、無毒或毒性較低、易獲得及對養(yǎng)殖動物和環(huán)境副作用小等優(yōu)點,且藥用植物及其提取物成分制成的藥物一般很少產(chǎn)生耐藥性,被認(rèn)為是抗生素的有效替代品。鑒于藥用植物有效成分在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖及其疫病防控領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用價值,文章重點綜述藥用植物抗水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖細(xì)菌性病原、病毒性病原和寄生蟲病原,以及作為免疫增強劑調(diào)節(jié)水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖動物機體等方面的最新研究進(jìn)展,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)前我國漁用藥用植物功能產(chǎn)品多而不強,在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖應(yīng)用過程中還存在以下問題:①藥用植物有效成分的生物利用度受生長階段和生長地點的影響,其準(zhǔn)確用藥劑量難以確定;②針對藥用植物作用機制的研究相對很少,傳統(tǒng)復(fù)方制劑成分復(fù)雜,不同藥用植物間的協(xié)同或拮抗作用機制尚未明確;③相同品種不同產(chǎn)地的中藥材質(zhì)量不一致,實際用藥過程中的藥效差異明顯。因此,今后應(yīng)針對藥用植物的有效成分、作用機制、使用方式、組合配比和復(fù)方劑型,以及中藥材的質(zhì)量控制等方面開展深入研究,充分發(fā)揮藥用植物在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖及其疫病防控中的作用和價值,利用藥用植物研制開發(fā)出一批高效的綠色抗病漁藥產(chǎn)品,大幅度提高化學(xué)藥物替代率,有效降低水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖病害造成的損失,以保障我國水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞: 藥用植物;水產(chǎn)動物;病原防控;高質(zhì)化養(yǎng)殖;作用機制
中圖分類號: S948? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2021)07-2015-10
Application of medicinal plants in prevention and control of aquatic animal pathogens
LI Peng-fei1,2, LIU Ming-zhu1, XIAO He-he1, YU Qing1, XU You-hou3
(1Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences/Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology, Nanning? 530007, China;
2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Nanning? 530007, China; 3College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf
Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Qinzhou, Guangxi? 535011,? China)
Abstract:Medicinal plants are rich in active ingredients, including polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids, tannins, as well as nutrients such as amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Compared to traditional antibiotics, medicinal plants have the excellent advantages of being natural, efficient, cheap, nontoxic or less toxic, easy to obtain, and having little side effects on farmed animals and the cultured environment. Moreover, drugs prepared from medicinal plants and their extracts rarely produce drug resistance, which is considered as an effective substitute for antibiotics. In view of the application values of effective medicinal plants ingredients against diseases in aquaculture, this paper focused on the latest research progress of medicinal plants in combating bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens in aquaculture, and serve as an immunopotentiators to regulate aquaculture animals. It was noting that, at pre-sent, there were many medicinal plants-based fishery functional products in China, but they were not strong in effects. Moreover, the following problems still existed in the application of these products in aquaculture. ① The bioavailability of active ingredients of medicinal plants was affected by the growth stage and place, and it was difficult to identify the exact dosage of medication. ② Researches on the action mechanism of medicinal plants were relatively rare, the components of traditional compound medicinal plants preparations were complex, and the mechanisms of synergy and antagonism between different medicinal plants were not clear yet. ③ The quality of Chinese herbal medicines of the same variety and different producing areas was inconsistent, and the efficacy differences were obvious in actual use. Therefore, in the future, in-depth researches should be carried out on the effective components, action mechanism, use mode, combination ratio and compound dosage forms of medicinal plants, as well as the quality control of Chinese medicinal herbs, so as to give full play to the role and value of medicinal plants in aquatic diseases prevention and control, and further develop a group of high-efficient green disease-resistant fishery medicines by using medicinal plants. It could greatly improve the substitution rate of chemical drugs, and effectively reduce the losses caused by aquatic diseases, so as to ensure the high-quality development of aquaculture in China.
Key words: medicinal plants;? aquatic livestock; pathogen prevention and control; high-quality aquaculture; action mechanism
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China(41966004);Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2020GXNSFBA297161,2018GXNSFBA281011);Basic Research Project of Guangxi Academy of Sciences(2019YJJ 1005)
0 引言
我國藥用植物資源極其豐富,將藥用植物用于疾病治療已有數(shù)千年歷史(Tan and Vanitha,2004;Shi et al.,2012;Wang et al.,2015;李鵬飛等,2019)。藥用植物一般含有動物機體生長所必需的多種活性物質(zhì)及營養(yǎng)成分,且能對動物機體實行多功能和全面性調(diào)節(jié)。藥用植物中含有的活性成分包括多糖、生物堿、類黃酮、揮發(fā)油、有機酸和單寧,以及氨基酸、碳水化合物、礦物質(zhì)和維生素等營養(yǎng)成分(陳佳佳等,2011;Hai,2015),將這些有效成分添加至飼料中可作為誘食劑或生長促進(jìn)劑,增加動物食欲,促進(jìn)機體新陳代謝和動物生長(王裕玉等,2010;朱國霞等,2010;Citarasu,2010;Awad and Awaad,2017;李鵬飛等,2018)。除此之外,藥用植物可作為抗菌劑、抗病毒藥物和免疫增強劑,提高動物機體免疫力,有效防控各類疫病病原(Kirubakaran et al.,2010;Harikrishnan et al.,2011a;Reverter et al.,2014;石國軍,2017;Stra-tev et al.,2018)。相對于傳統(tǒng)的抗生素,藥用植物具有天然、高效、價廉、無毒或毒性較低、易獲得及對養(yǎng)殖動物和環(huán)境副作用小等優(yōu)點(蘇雪等,2009;Zhang et al.,2014;Kwon et al.,2015),且藥用植物及其提取物成分制成的藥物制劑一般很少產(chǎn)生耐藥性,被認(rèn)為是抗生素的有效替代品(張兵峰,2008;Shang et al.,2011;Syahidah et al.,2015;周雄等,2016)。鑒于藥用植物有效成分在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖及其疫病防控領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用價值,本文重點綜述藥用植物抗水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖細(xì)菌性病原、病毒性病原和寄生蟲病原,以及作為免疫增強劑調(diào)節(jié)水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖動物機體等方面的最新研究進(jìn)展,并對藥用植物在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖動物病原防控及高質(zhì)化養(yǎng)殖方面的發(fā)展前景進(jìn)行展望,以期為利用藥用植物研發(fā)高效的綠色抗病漁藥產(chǎn)品提供參考依據(jù)。
1 水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖動物病原概述
近年來,全球水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)量迅猛增長。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2018年世界魚類產(chǎn)量約1.79億t,水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)產(chǎn)值約占漁業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的47%。我國是世界最大的魚類生產(chǎn)國和出口國,也是世界上唯一養(yǎng)殖水產(chǎn)品總量超過捕撈總量的主要漁業(yè)國。我國水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖種類豐富,包括魚類、貝類、甲殼類及水生植物等(李立華,2016;賈博,2017;賈光風(fēng),2018)。2019年我國的海水水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)量超過2000萬t,淡水水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)量超過3000萬t(農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)業(yè)部漁業(yè)漁政管理局等,2019)。隨著水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖密度的增加、養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模的擴大及工業(yè)化和城市化進(jìn)程的加快,水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境日趨惡化,各類養(yǎng)殖病害問題日益嚴(yán)峻,所有水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖品種均會受到病害侵襲。病毒、細(xì)菌、寄生蟲和真菌是水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖中常見的病原體(李鵬飛等,2018,2019),對我國水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)危害較嚴(yán)重的傳染性疾病主要有:(1)病毒性疾病。病毒性疾病對水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖危害大,究其原因是導(dǎo)致病毒性疾病的各類病原體感染力強且傳播速度快,主要包括魚類病毒性出血癥病毒(杜佳垠,2007)、傳染性胰腺壞死病毒(王旭等,2010)、病毒性神經(jīng)壞死癥病毒(Li et al.,2018;Yu et al.,2019a)和虹彩病毒(Xiao et al.,2019)等,蝦類的桃拉病毒(黎銘等,2008),以及一些貝類病毒(艾海新等,2004)。(2)細(xì)菌性疾病。水體環(huán)境惡化極易促進(jìn)細(xì)菌的滋生和傳播,因此致病性細(xì)菌也是水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖中的主要病原體,能導(dǎo)致魚類白皮病(吳天靖,2004)、爛鰓?。粯s,2007)、豎鱗?。S鈞等,2012)、腹水?。f昌用等,2014)及蝦類和貝類弧菌?。ɡ顕?,2008;黃海坤,2013)。(3)真菌性疾病,包括蝦類鏈壺菌?。ㄐ鞎越蚝屯踯?,2002)及魚類水霉病(張玨,2017)等。(4)寄生蟲疾病,危害嚴(yán)重的寄生蟲包括寄生在魚類體表的小瓜蟲和本尼登蟲等(楊舒婷和楊志彪,2013),以及寄生于蝦蟹類的固著類纖毛蟲等(廖國禮,2007)。
2 藥用植物在水產(chǎn)病原防控領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用
隨著水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模的不斷擴大及養(yǎng)殖密度的持續(xù)增加,水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境日趨惡化,各類水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖病原相繼出現(xiàn)且頻繁暴發(fā),導(dǎo)致水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖損失慘重?;瘜W(xué)藥物防治具有經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效、易操作等優(yōu)點,是目前控制水產(chǎn)疫病最主要的手段,但長期濫用極易誘導(dǎo)病原微生物產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的耐藥性,給社會公共衛(wèi)生安全帶來隱患。我國傳統(tǒng)的藥用植物種類繁多、資源豐富,且多種藥用植物具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗氧化、促進(jìn)激素平衡及調(diào)節(jié)機體免疫等功效(Hai,2015;Qiu et al.,2020;Song et al.,2020)。近年來,將藥用植物應(yīng)用于水產(chǎn)疫病防控領(lǐng)域的研究越來越多,基于傳統(tǒng)藥用植物開發(fā)有效抗病害藥物制劑的研究日益受到重視(李鵬飛等,2018;劉明珠等,2019a,2019b;肖賀賀等,2019),且有望成為抗生素類藥品的有效替代品(Reverter et al.,2014;Stratev et al.,2018)。與化學(xué)藥物相比,藥用植物不僅具有抗菌、抗病毒、促進(jìn)動物生長和有效提高機體免疫力等功能(表1),且具有應(yīng)用范圍廣、不易產(chǎn)生耐藥性、可降解及不會造成水體環(huán)境污染等優(yōu)點。提取藥用植物中具有抗菌或抗病毒作用的天然活性成分,并對其抗病機制進(jìn)行深入研究,已成為國內(nèi)外學(xué)者開展高質(zhì)化水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖的研究熱點(Yang et al.,2016;Zeng,2017;Liu et al.,2019,2020a,2020b)。
藥用植物在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖方面的作用主要表現(xiàn)為:(1)抗病害作用。已有研究表明,大黃(Rheum palmatum L.)所含成分以蒽醌類衍生物居多,其中大黃酸、大黃素和蘆薈大黃素等是發(fā)揮抗菌效果的有效成分,除了具有良好的抗菌效果外,大黃在促進(jìn)血小板黏附和聚集、收斂及致瀉等方面也具有顯著療效,可用于防治草魚的出血病、爛鰓病和白頭白嘴病等(王玉堂,2014);地錦草(Euphorbia humifusa Willd)富含沒食子酸和黃酮類化合物等活性成分,具有抑菌殺菌的功效,同時能中和毒素及止血,在治療腸炎和爛鰓等魚病時效果顯著(石國軍,2017)。(2)增強機體自身免疫功能作用。水產(chǎn)動物已具備較完善的免疫系統(tǒng),藥用植物中的皂苷類、多糖類和揮發(fā)油類等活性成分可作為免疫增強劑,通過促進(jìn)溶菌酶、堿性磷酸酶、血清蛋白及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等免疫因子產(chǎn)生,提高魚體的體液和細(xì)胞免疫,而增強抗病能力。劉明珠等(2019b)研究證實,莪術(shù)(Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. Liang)水提物能有效提高卵形鯧鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)細(xì)胞的SOD和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)等免疫相關(guān)酶的活力。(3)促進(jìn)機體生長發(fā)育作用。藥用植物本身就富含維生素、纖維及礦物質(zhì)等多種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),不僅可作為水產(chǎn)動物的飼料營養(yǎng)補充劑,提高飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率,還能提高飼料的適口性,有效促進(jìn)水產(chǎn)動物的攝食和生長發(fā)育(龍學(xué)軍,2011)。王裕玉等(2010)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),陳皮、山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)、丁香(Syringa oblata Lindl.)、杜仲(Eucammia ulmoidex Oliver)和五味子(Schisandra chinensis)的水提物能刺激鯉(Cyprinus carpio)的味覺和嗅覺,促進(jìn)其攝食,并證實是這些藥用植物中的游離氨基酸、核苷酸和生物堿發(fā)揮了誘食作用。
2. 1 藥用植物抗水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖細(xì)菌性病原的效果
近年來,將藥用植物應(yīng)用于防治各類致病性細(xì)菌的研究已有較多報道。李愛娟(2007)選取53種常見藥用植物,使用乙醇浸漬法分別獲得53種藥用植物的醇提物,采用平板擴散法探究各種醇提物對致病性副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)和鰻弧菌(V. anguillarum)的抑菌作用,結(jié)果證實大黃、金銀花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)、五味子、肉桂(Cinnamomam cassia Presl)、五倍子、烏梅(Prunus mume Sieb.)、月季花(Rosa chinensis Jacq.)、青果[Canarium album(Lour.) Rouesch]和訶子(Terminalia chebuula Retz.)的醇提物均具有較強抑菌活性;為了深入分析醇提物中有效的抗菌活性成分,隨后選取月季花為研究對象,使用硅膠柱層析和凝膠柱層析對月季花醇提物的有效抗菌成分進(jìn)行分離純化,證實月季花中的沒食子酸(Gallic acid)是發(fā)揮抗菌作用的主要有效成分,能特異性抑制副溶血性弧菌、鰻弧菌、哈維氏弧菌(V. harveyi)、溶藻膠弧菌(V. alginolyticus)和創(chuàng)傷弧菌(V. vulnificus)(李愛娟,2007)。有研究表明,使用毛梗豨薟(Siegesbeckia glabrescens)、刺楸(Kalopanax pictus)和枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)提取物作為飼料添加劑喂養(yǎng)石斑魚,可顯著提高魚體免疫力,進(jìn)而提高對弧菌的抗病能力(Harikrishnan et al.,2011b,2012;Kim et al.,2011)。劉明珠等(2019a)通過系統(tǒng)分析黃連(Coptis chinensis Franch)對溶藻膠弧菌的抗菌作用,證實黃連水提物對溶藻膠弧菌具有明顯的抑制作用,最低抑菌濃度(MIC)、最低殺菌濃度(MBC)和半數(shù)致死量(LD50)分別為7.800、31.250和15.625 mg/mL;其抗菌機制可能是黃連水提物通過破壞溶藻膠弧菌細(xì)胞壁的方式最終導(dǎo)致菌體裂解死亡,即黃連具有研發(fā)成高效抗水產(chǎn)細(xì)菌中藥制劑的潛力。姜黃(Curcuma longa L.)是我國傳統(tǒng)的中藥材之一,將其提取物作為飼料添加劑使用可顯著提高飼料利用率,有效促進(jìn)鯉的生長及調(diào)節(jié)免疫相關(guān)基因表達(dá),提高鯉在感染嗜水氣單胞菌后的存活率(Giri et al.,2019)。此外,陶健等(2013)采用試管二倍稀釋法測定16種中藥單方及5種復(fù)方制劑對魯氏耶爾森菌(Yersinia ruckeri)的抑制力,結(jié)果證實黃芩(Radix scutellariae)、訶子和大黃對魯氏耶爾森菌的抑菌作用強,可用于防治魯氏耶爾森菌感染;謝新芳等(2017)通過研究金銀花葉水/醇提取物對奇異變形桿菌(Proteus mirabilis)的抑菌作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)金銀花葉水/醇提取物具有良好的抑菌作用,可作為防治水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖動物感染奇異變形桿菌的備選中藥;Foysal等(2019)研究表明,在飼料中添加大蒜(Allium sativum L.)提取物可調(diào)節(jié)羅非魚腸道中的微生物群落及細(xì)胞免疫因子基因表達(dá),有效預(yù)防羅非魚感染海豚鏈球菌。
2. 2 藥用植物抗水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖病毒性病原的效果
八角茴香(Illicium verum Hook. f.)是我國重要的藥食同源經(jīng)濟(jì)樹種,目前已證實具有抑菌、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗病毒、抑制血栓形成和改善微循環(huán)等藥效作用,且藥物安全性高,在藥用開發(fā)利用中潛力巨大(Liu et al.,2020a)。八角茴香的藥用化學(xué)成分主要包括揮發(fā)油類、倍半萜內(nèi)酯及其衍生物和黃酮類成分等(Wang et al.,2011)。其中,八角茴香揮發(fā)油類成分具有顯著抑菌作用,對金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、鼠傷寒桿菌(Bacillus typhimurium)、銅綠假單胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)及紫色色桿菌(Chromobacillus purpureus)等常見病菌具有較強的抑制作用(Rahman et al.,2017)。八角茴香中的揮發(fā)油類和多糖類等活性成分可作為免疫增強劑或激活劑,通過誘導(dǎo)抗體與干擾素產(chǎn)生及增強巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬功能等提高機體的特異性和非特異性細(xì)胞免疫功能(Peng et al.,2016)。八角茴香源化合物具有顯著的抗病毒效果(Koch et al.,2008;Liu et al.,2020a);八角茴香中的莽草酸(Shikimic acid)具有鎮(zhèn)痛、抗癌及抑制血栓形成等作用,是目前唯一能治療禽流感藥物——達(dá)菲的有效成分。Koch等(2008)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)八角茴香油能作用于病毒囊膜,通過干擾單純皰疹病毒對宿主細(xì)胞的吸附而抑制病毒侵染。Liu等(2020a)首次證實八角茴香水提物和醇提物均具有顯著抑制石斑魚虹彩病毒的作用,發(fā)揮抗病毒作用的單體化合物成分包括莽草酸、原兒茶酸(3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid)、反式茴香腦(Trans-anethole)和槲皮素(Quercetin)等,其中原兒茶酸和槲皮素對石斑魚虹彩病毒的抑制率超過96%。綠茶具有廣泛的生理及藥理活性,現(xiàn)代藥理研究表明,綠茶的藥用活性化學(xué)成分主要是茶多酚,而以兒茶素為主的黃烷醇類化合物占茶多酚總量的60%~80%,兒茶素主要包括(-)表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(Epigalloca-techin gallate)、(-)表兒茶素沒食子酸酯(Epicatechin gallate)、(-)表沒食子兒茶素(Epigallocatechin)和(-)表兒茶素(Epicatechin)(Xu et al.,2017)。綠茶中的茶多酚具有抑菌、抗病毒、抗氧化和抗腫瘤等諸多功效(Raekiansyah et al.,2018)。據(jù)報道,茶多酚對草魚呼腸孤病毒(GCRV)及白斑綜合征病毒(WSSV)等具有顯著的抑制作用(Wang et al.,2016;Xu et al.,2017),其作用機理是通過破壞病毒顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)、干擾病毒吸附至宿主細(xì)胞表面的受體蛋白、抑制病毒反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶活性、影響細(xì)胞內(nèi)新病毒粒子組裝合成,以及調(diào)控細(xì)胞信號通路(Nrf2、NF-κB、Akt、MARK、p53、AR和ER)等方式,發(fā)揮抗氧化和抗病毒的生物功能作用(Singh et al.,2011;Calland et al.,2015;Date and Destache,2016)。茶多酚作為免疫增強劑或抗病毒藥物已廣泛應(yīng)用于水產(chǎn)疫病防控與健康養(yǎng)殖。Wang等(2016)通過研究(-)表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯對GCRV的抑制作用,證實(-)表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯是通過封閉病毒在宿主細(xì)胞表面受體——層黏連蛋白(Laminin receptor,LamR),而阻止GCRV吸附并侵入宿主細(xì)胞。Wang等(2017)以(-)表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯處理感染W(wǎng)SSV的擬穴青蟹其存活率顯著提高,表明(-)表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯能顯著抑制WSSV感染。此外,厚樸(Magolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.)中的秦皮甲素和秦皮乙素等活性成分對GCRV有良好的抗病毒作用(Chen et al.,2017);敗醬草(Thlaspi arvense Linn.)水提物(肖賀賀等,2019)、莪術(shù)提取物(Liu et al.,2019)、紫花地?。╒iola philippica)水提物(Yu et al.,2019b)和金銀花提取物(Liu et al.,2020b)在體內(nèi)外均能有效抑制石斑魚虹彩病毒感染。其中,莪術(shù)中發(fā)揮抗虹彩病毒的活性化合物成分為莪術(shù)醇、姜黃素、莪術(shù)烯醇和莪術(shù)二酮(Liu et al.,2019);金銀花中抑制石斑魚虹彩病毒的活性成分為金銀花水提物及金銀花源化合物異綠原酸A、異綠原酸B、異綠原酸C、肌醇、咖啡酸和木犀草素。上述研究成果為開發(fā)高效抗水產(chǎn)病害專用藥物及防控技術(shù)產(chǎn)品提供了理論依據(jù),也為水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖病害防控藥物研發(fā)提供了新思路和新方法。
2. 3 藥用植物抗水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖寄生蟲的效果
由于廣譜抗生素易產(chǎn)生耐藥性,破壞或干擾水體原有的生態(tài)平衡,增加水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖動物感染病菌的概率,且抗生素殘留最終會對人體健康產(chǎn)生危害(王廣軍,2009),因此越來越多學(xué)者利用藥用植物開發(fā)抗水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖寄生蟲藥物。王玉群(2004)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),苦楝皮(Cortex Meliae)、苦參(Sophorae flavescentis)、博落回(Mecleaya cordata)和仙鶴草(Agrimoniae pilosa Ledeb.)粗提取物均能有效殺滅草魚錨頭鳋無節(jié)幼體。張繼平等(2005)用超聲法提取苦參中的生物堿,發(fā)現(xiàn)苦參生物堿可有效殺除鱖魚鰓部寄生的車輪蟲,證實苦參所含有的生物堿對車輪蟲具有驅(qū)殺作用。劉婷婷(2015)通過比較分析多種藥用植物對刺激隱核蟲滋養(yǎng)體和幼蟲的離體殺滅效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)檳榔(Areca catechu L.)、苦參、大黃、貫眾(Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai)、黃連、黃芩、枳殼(Poncirus trifolata)、川楝子(Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc.)和野菊花(Chryanthemum indicum L.)對刺激隱核蟲具有一定的殺蟲效果。Liu等(2017)通過體外和體內(nèi)實驗證實姜黃素對血吸蟲有良好的抗寄生蟲作用。
2. 4 藥用植物調(diào)節(jié)水產(chǎn)動物免疫功能的效果
藥用植物含有的多種活性成分能顯著提高水產(chǎn)動物的特異性和非特異性免疫水平,有效降低魚類患病的概率。Thawonsuwan等(2010)首次利用綠茶源活性化合物(-)表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯研發(fā)出商品化飼料添加劑,應(yīng)用于魚類飼料中能有效提高魚類機體免疫力;Tan等(2017)研究表明蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. Mazz.)提取物對卵形鯧鲹幼體腸道形態(tài)、抗氧化狀態(tài)、免疫功能及物理屏障功能均具有促進(jìn)作用;Baba等(2018)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在飼料中添加橄欖葉可提高虹鱒(Oncorhynchus mykiss)血清生化參數(shù)、存活率及免疫相關(guān)基因的表達(dá);Abdel Rahman等(2019)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脫水檸檬皮能顯著提高尼羅羅非魚(Oreochromis niloticus)和非洲鯰魚(Clarias gariepinus)的抗氧化及免疫反應(yīng);Yousefi等(2019)研究證實迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)葉粉能促進(jìn)鯉生長發(fā)育,增強免疫和抗氧化狀態(tài),降低高密度養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。此外,在飼料中添加酸棗和枸杞葉的提取物均能顯著提高鯉的生長速度和機體免疫反應(yīng)(Hoseinifar et al.,2015,2017)。
3 展望
在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖疫病防控和高質(zhì)化生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖過程中,藥用植物提取物作為良好的抗生素替代品,具有低毒、無污染、無殘留及無耐藥性等優(yōu)點。將藥用植物提取物進(jìn)一步加工提純制成藥品或直接作為飼料應(yīng)用于水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè),不僅可促進(jìn)水生動物的生長發(fā)育,獲得較高產(chǎn)量,還能保證水產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量與安全,同時對預(yù)防和治療水產(chǎn)動物疾病具有積極作用,進(jìn)而確保水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。但必須注意的是,目前我國漁用藥用植物功能產(chǎn)品多而不強,在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖過程中的應(yīng)用還存在一些問題。第一,藥用植物有效成分的生物利用度受生長階段和生長地點的影響,其準(zhǔn)確用藥劑量難以確定。第二,針對藥用植物作用機制的研究相對很少,傳統(tǒng)復(fù)方制劑成分復(fù)雜,不同藥用植物間的協(xié)同或拮抗作用機制尚未明確,黃連與連翹配伍時黃連的抗菌效果可增強6倍,但其內(nèi)在作用機制并不清楚。第三,相同品種不同產(chǎn)地的中藥材質(zhì)量不一致,實際用藥過程中的藥效差異明顯(吳梅秀,2008;王秀芹等,2016)。因此,今后應(yīng)針對藥用植物的有效成分、作用機制、使用方式、組合配比和復(fù)方劑型,以及中藥材的質(zhì)量控制等方面開展深入研究,充分發(fā)揮藥用植物在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖及其疫病防控中的作用和價值,利用藥用植物研制開發(fā)出一批高效的綠色抗病漁藥產(chǎn)品,大幅度提高化學(xué)藥物替代率,有效降低水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖病害造成的損失,以保障我國水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
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(責(zé)任編輯 蘭宗寶)