馬 超,楊欣潤(rùn),江高飛,張 勇,周開(kāi)勝,韋 中?
病原青枯菌土壤存活的影響因素研究進(jìn)展*
馬 超1,楊欣潤(rùn)1,江高飛2,張 勇3,周開(kāi)勝4,韋 中2?
(1. 農(nóng)田生態(tài)保育與污染防控安徽省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,合肥 230036;2. 江蘇省固體有機(jī)廢棄物資源化高新技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,作物免疫重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,國(guó)家有機(jī)類肥料工程技術(shù)研究中心,南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,南京 210095;3. 西南大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,重慶 400715;4. 蚌埠學(xué)院土木與水利水電工程學(xué)院,安徽蚌埠 233030)
土傳青枯病是一種毀滅性的細(xì)菌性病害,廣泛分布于熱帶、亞熱帶和溫帶地區(qū),嚴(yán)重威脅世界糧食安全。病原青枯菌主要從土壤中侵染作物根系,其在土壤中存活能力強(qiáng),因此防治極為困難。明確病原青枯菌土壤存活的關(guān)鍵影響因素有助于創(chuàng)建高效阻控土傳青枯病的技術(shù)。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者在青枯菌土壤存活方面開(kāi)展了大量研究,但由于影響青枯菌土壤存活的因素復(fù)雜,而相關(guān)研究多圍繞單一因素展開(kāi),缺乏針對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活規(guī)律和影響因素的系統(tǒng)性認(rèn)識(shí)。本文系統(tǒng)梳理了青枯菌的自身特性(基因、行為和代謝產(chǎn)物)及土壤生物、非生物因素對(duì)其在土壤中存活的影響,闡明了青枯菌在寄主存在時(shí)土體存活、向寄主根表方向運(yùn)動(dòng)遷移時(shí)根際存活以及入侵寄主根系時(shí)根表存活的主要影響因子,以期為土傳青枯病的高效阻控提供參考。
青枯菌;細(xì)菌土壤存活;個(gè)體特性;群體特性;土壤生物環(huán)境;土壤非生物環(huán)境
青枯?。╞acterial wilt disease)是世界上最具破壞性的植物細(xì)菌性土傳病害之一,分布于全球各大洲;其致病菌茄科勞爾氏菌(,簡(jiǎn)稱青枯菌)的多樣性高、寄主范圍廣(可侵染45科200多種植物),嚴(yán)重威脅全世界的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)[1-3]。我國(guó)青枯病危害尤為嚴(yán)重,廣泛分布于30多個(gè)省份和地區(qū),危害近百種植物[4]。青枯菌主要從土壤中侵染作物根系,其在土壤中生存能力強(qiáng),且土壤中青枯菌的數(shù)量與植物青枯病發(fā)病率呈顯著正相關(guān)4]。因此,明確青枯菌土壤存活的關(guān)鍵影響因素將有助于制定針對(duì)性的抑病對(duì)策。
當(dāng)前青枯菌土壤存活影響因素研究主要面臨兩個(gè)難點(diǎn):第一,病菌的土壤存活時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、存活形式多樣(包括寄主存在時(shí)的土體存活、向寄主根表方向運(yùn)動(dòng)遷移時(shí)根際存活以及入侵寄主根系時(shí)的根表存活);第二,影響病菌土壤存活的因素多元且繁雜,如其自身特性(如基因、行為和代謝產(chǎn)物等)、土壤原生動(dòng)物、細(xì)菌、真菌和噬菌體等生物因素,以及根系分泌物、礦質(zhì)元素等非生物因素[5-9]。前人試驗(yàn)研究大多僅關(guān)注單一因素對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活的影響,缺乏對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活影響因素的系統(tǒng)分析。為此,本文通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外青枯菌土壤存活影響因素研究報(bào)道的系統(tǒng)梳理,從青枯菌自身特性、土壤生物環(huán)境和非生物環(huán)境三個(gè)方面概述青枯菌土壤存活的影響因素(圖1),并對(duì)今后青枯菌土壤存活影響因素的研究方向進(jìn)行思考,以期為闡明青枯菌的土壤存活規(guī)律和土傳青枯病的系統(tǒng)阻控等提供幫助。
青枯菌基因組主要由染色體和大質(zhì)粒組成,其染色體上攜帶著眾多維持DNA復(fù)制、修復(fù)、轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯等必需的看家基因(house keeping genes),大質(zhì)粒上除一些重要看家基因的副本外,還攜帶眾多菌株特異性基因(strain-specific genes),如編碼芳香族化合物分解代謝、銅-鋅-鎘等重金屬抗性的基因簇[10-11]。基因組規(guī)模代謝網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的預(yù)測(cè)和試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,青枯菌可通過(guò)表型轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)(phc)介導(dǎo)依賴于種群密度變化的群體感應(yīng)系統(tǒng),動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)控其在土壤中的存活及對(duì)寄主植物的侵染[9,12]。種群密度低時(shí),青枯菌通過(guò)啟動(dòng)光譜代謝策略降解利用果膠、半乳糖醛酸酯、木質(zhì)素和羥基肉桂酸類化合物等,使其可在土壤中長(zhǎng)期存活[13]。Ahmad等[14]研究表明青枯菌、以及等基因可控制黑褐色色素的產(chǎn)生,以應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境的氧化脅迫。Brown等[15]研究表明編碼resistance nodulation-cell division (RND)家族多藥外排泵的基因是青枯菌應(yīng)對(duì)抗生素、植物抗毒素和洗滌劑等有毒化合物脅迫的重要因子。此外,還有一些基因可能會(huì)影響青枯菌在低溫環(huán)境下的生存能力。例如,Stevens等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)敲除17.6 kb基因島PGI-1,青枯菌菌株KZR-5對(duì)低溫的耐受能力更強(qiáng)。
青枯菌在根際定殖和入侵寄主根系時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)生移動(dòng)、趨化、存活狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變、群體感應(yīng)和生物膜形成等行為,從而趨利避害、提高存活率和增強(qiáng)致病性[6,17-18]。Tans-Kersten等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)青枯菌的移動(dòng)能力可幫助其在寄主植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育早期形成入侵。而當(dāng)無(wú)寄主存在時(shí),具有移動(dòng)能力的青枯菌可更好地?cái)z取營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),避免不利環(huán)境,甚至遷移到更適宜的寄主上,從而使種群得以更好地?cái)U(kuò)散和傳播[7]。除了移動(dòng)能力外,趨化反應(yīng)也是青枯菌提高土壤存活力的重要手段[18]。Yao和Allen[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),與水稻根系分泌物相比,青枯菌更容易被番茄的根系分泌物吸引,青枯菌的這種趨化反應(yīng)有助于其找到較有利的生存環(huán)境。此外,當(dāng)青枯菌在土壤中遭遇低溫和重金屬脅迫等時(shí),會(huì)迅速轉(zhuǎn)變自身的存活狀態(tài)進(jìn)入休眠(viable but nonculturable state,VBNC),以進(jìn)行自我保護(hù)[6]。群體感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)是一種廣泛保守的細(xì)菌細(xì)胞間交流機(jī)制,細(xì)菌個(gè)體可從群體行為中獲得生存和持久的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)[19]。當(dāng)根際青枯菌種群增加到一定密度時(shí),其群體感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始發(fā)揮作用——調(diào)節(jié)青枯菌細(xì)胞間的定殖及眾多毒力相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[19],可有效提高青枯菌在根際的定殖和侵染的成功率。青枯菌還可大量分泌黏稠狀胞外多糖類物質(zhì)包裹青枯菌細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞殘?jiān)?、蛋白質(zhì)、DNA及DNA降解酶等形成生物膜,以抵御各種環(huán)境脅迫(如干旱、抑菌物質(zhì)),進(jìn)而提高土壤存活率[20]。青枯菌也可分泌胞外DNA降解酶(extracellular DNase,exDNases)參與生物膜形成,破壞植物根系防御反應(yīng),幫助青枯菌在土壤存活、根際附著及定殖21]。Yao和Allen[22]還發(fā)現(xiàn)趨氧性運(yùn)動(dòng)可顯著影響青枯菌生物膜形成,在青枯菌土壤存活、根際定殖過(guò)程起重要作用。
青枯菌在土壤中向寄主根系方向遷移過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的代謝產(chǎn)物對(duì)維持自身生存、種內(nèi)和種間交流或/和毒性均十分重要。研究表明,青枯菌能產(chǎn)生Ralfuranone、Yersinabactin和Micacocidin等不同化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的鐵載體,其中Micacocidin有一定的金屬螯合性,在體外具有抗霉菌作用,可增強(qiáng)其在土壤中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力[23]。青枯菌產(chǎn)生的代謝產(chǎn)物還可協(xié)助其進(jìn)行跨種交流,如Ralsolamycin可誘導(dǎo)34種真菌保守形態(tài)的分化,促進(jìn)土壤真菌形成厚垣孢子[9]。厚垣孢子的形成為青枯菌定殖提供特定的生態(tài)位,促進(jìn)其入侵真菌菌絲,進(jìn)而提高青枯菌在不良土壤環(huán)境中的存活率[7]。此外,青枯菌在向寄主方向遷移過(guò)程中可通過(guò)群體感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生Ralfuranones代謝物,缺乏Ralfuranone代謝物的突變體,其在細(xì)胞間隙中的生長(zhǎng)能力顯著降低、消失毒力[23]。
青枯菌在土壤中的存活會(huì)受到土壤微型動(dòng)物的影響。根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)能破壞寄主根部組織,提高青枯菌根際侵染的成功率,如Furusawa等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)青枯菌和根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)在根際的共同侵染會(huì)加重番茄青枯病害。原生動(dòng)物作為土壤食物網(wǎng)中的消費(fèi)者,能通過(guò)捕食作用直接影響青枯菌[25]。Xiong等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)在整個(gè)植物生長(zhǎng)周期中,田間土壤原生生物和青枯菌的種群動(dòng)態(tài)變化緊密相關(guān);健康植物和發(fā)病植物的苗期根際土壤原生動(dòng)物數(shù)量存在顯著差異;原生動(dòng)物與青枯菌的相對(duì)豐度呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。馬超等[27]將青枯菌接入土壤后,發(fā)現(xiàn)其在第56天的存活數(shù)量與初始土壤鞭毛蟲(chóng)和變形蟲(chóng)的總數(shù)成反比,說(shuō)明原生動(dòng)物的捕食作用抑制了外來(lái)青枯菌的活動(dòng)。這可能是由于原生動(dòng)物捕食迫使土壤微生物產(chǎn)生了抑菌性物質(zhì),從而間接抑制了病原青枯菌[28]。
土壤細(xì)菌和真菌對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活的影響主要是通過(guò)資源競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、拮抗抑制和產(chǎn)生抑菌分泌物等實(shí)現(xiàn)的。例如,解淀粉芽孢桿菌可通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)根系分泌物降低根際青枯菌的種群密度和致病性[29];黃桿菌可通過(guò)降低與青枯菌凝集素結(jié)合的糖供應(yīng),從而抑制寄主存在狀況下土體中的青枯菌[30];熒光假單胞菌產(chǎn)生的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)會(huì)抑制寄主存在時(shí)土體土中青枯菌的生長(zhǎng),抑制率可達(dá)32%[31];黃曲霉產(chǎn)生的VOCs對(duì)共培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中青枯病菌的生長(zhǎng)抑制作用較之無(wú)菌對(duì)照提升了4倍[32]。
除了上述種群水平的研究,前人還探究了土著菌(如細(xì)菌、真菌)物種多樣性、物種組成、物種間關(guān)聯(lián)度以及土著菌-青枯菌之間生態(tài)位重疊度等生物群落特征對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活的影響[33-35]。土壤細(xì)菌群落的物種多樣性與病原青枯菌的入侵存活之間呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[36-37]。究其原因或有以下兩點(diǎn):一是根際土著微生物群落代謝較快,留給入侵者的資源有限[36];二是與根際微生物群落中的資源利用連接度高、嵌套度低以及土著菌-青枯菌生態(tài)位重疊度高等有關(guān)[33]。Hu等34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)接種至根際的有益假單胞菌的基因型越多樣,根際青枯菌的密度就越低。Li等[35]通過(guò)群落物種間相互作用關(guān)系對(duì)青枯菌入侵作用的影響研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)物種之間呈促進(jìn)關(guān)系的根際菌群會(huì)促進(jìn)青枯菌入侵,而呈拮抗關(guān)系的則會(huì)抑制青枯菌入侵。
噬菌體是一類在土壤中普遍存在的、專性侵染細(xì)菌的病毒,可通過(guò)對(duì)病原菌的精準(zhǔn)裂解,壓制病原菌的數(shù)量[38]。研究表明,溫室條件下裂解型噬菌體可通過(guò)阻斷青枯菌表面多糖(致病因子之一)的形成,減少病害發(fā)生[39]。Murugaiyan等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),將絲狀噬菌體PE204與病菌同時(shí)施用后, PE226可感染根際中的青枯菌,降低寄主植物的發(fā)病率。噬菌體還可通過(guò)適應(yīng)性權(quán)衡來(lái)抑制土壤中青枯菌的生長(zhǎng),這些權(quán)衡可由表達(dá)不同毒力因子的高成本以及控制代謝、毒性途徑和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的全局調(diào)控基因驅(qū)動(dòng)[9,41]。例如,噬菌體驅(qū)動(dòng)青枯菌產(chǎn)生噬菌體抗性的同時(shí),也增加了抑制生長(zhǎng)等適應(yīng)性成本;此外,增加專性噬菌體的豐富度也可顯著抑制根際青枯菌的豐度,且其抑制作用也間接改變了土著菌群的組成和多樣性,使得高度拮抗青枯菌的細(xì)菌類群增加[42]。土壤中噬菌體侵染使青枯菌對(duì)生防細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的拮抗物質(zhì)更加敏感,削弱了青枯菌在根際環(huán)境的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力,進(jìn)而有效降低了根際土壤青枯菌的數(shù)量[43]。然而,土壤非青枯菌專性噬菌體是否會(huì)對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活產(chǎn)生影響尚待進(jìn)一步研究。
根系分泌物對(duì)青枯菌在土壤中的存活既可為積極的促進(jìn)作用,也可為強(qiáng)烈的抑制作用[33,44-45]。一方面,根系分泌物可為青枯菌提供各種賴以生存的資源,從而促進(jìn)青枯菌的生長(zhǎng)。Wei等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),根際分泌物的構(gòu)成會(huì)影響土壤微生物群落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及其與病原青枯菌之間的相互作用,進(jìn)而影響青枯菌的根際定殖。Yang等[45-46]通過(guò)微系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn),分別探討了根系分泌的資源數(shù)量(有效資源含量)和質(zhì)量(化學(xué)計(jì)量特性,如碳磷比C/P)對(duì)青枯菌存活的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)有效資源含量越高、C/P越大,青枯菌的存活率越高。Li等[47]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)根系分泌物中的肉豆蔻酸、肉桂酸和反丁烯二酸可有效促進(jìn)青枯菌定殖在煙草根際。除上述直接作用外,根系分泌物還可通過(guò)影響青枯菌與土著微生物之間的相互作用從而調(diào)控病菌的存活。Gu等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn)青枯菌感染過(guò)的番茄根系分泌物(咖啡酸)可減少共生根際微生物群落多樣性,對(duì)青枯菌的土壤存活產(chǎn)生積極影響。另一方面,當(dāng)植物的根系分泌物中富含殺菌物質(zhì),則能直接殺害土壤中的青枯菌。例如,孔雀草可通過(guò)根系分泌大量噻吩類物質(zhì),抑制青枯菌的存活數(shù)量[49]。植物種屬的差異也會(huì)影響根系分泌物的組成和殺菌效果。Deberdt等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)前茬為十字花科或豆科與前茬為菊科相比,種植十字花科或豆科時(shí),青枯菌的土壤存活量和當(dāng)季番茄發(fā)病率均會(huì)顯著下降。寄主植物也可因青枯菌侵染而啟動(dòng)防御系統(tǒng),分泌具有青枯菌侵染抑制作用的根系分泌物,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)抑菌效果[44]。
植物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平與其防御機(jī)制密切相關(guān),這最終會(huì)影響土傳病菌的存活水平和侵染效率[51]。土壤養(yǎng)分元素(如氮、磷、鉀)含量處于較低水平時(shí)會(huì)通過(guò)調(diào)控寄主植物的生長(zhǎng)而間接影響土壤青枯菌的存活。Yang等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn)地表氮、磷和鉀養(yǎng)分含量較低時(shí)不利于植物健康生長(zhǎng),會(huì)減弱寄主植物對(duì)病原菌的抵抗能力,導(dǎo)致寄主土體中青枯菌的數(shù)量增加。除含量外,養(yǎng)分元素的種類和形態(tài)也會(huì)影響病原菌的土壤存活。例如,適當(dāng)增加硅素,可誘導(dǎo)抗性增強(qiáng),有效降低寄主根表的青枯菌數(shù)量[52];通過(guò)亞磷酸灌根可有效減少入侵寄主根系青枯菌數(shù)量[53];鈣、硼、鎂、鉬等元素可有效抑制寄主存在時(shí)土體的青枯菌數(shù)量,其中鉬、鈣的抑制效果最好,抑菌率可分別達(dá)35.93%和16.93%[54]。研究表明,礦質(zhì)元素的抑菌作用主要是通過(guò)提高植物防御酶系的活性和抗病能力實(shí)現(xiàn)的[55]。例如,在鐵多酚催化劑作用下,粉狀氧化鈣顯著抑制了寄主存在的土體中青枯菌的數(shù)量,從而控制了青枯病的發(fā)生[55]。Fe3+作為根際微生物爭(zhēng)奪的稀缺資源,微生物對(duì)它的爭(zhēng)奪也會(huì)顯著改變青枯菌的土壤存活。Gu等[56]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在植物育苗階段提前加入能高產(chǎn)且不會(huì)被青枯菌“竊取”鐵載體的有益微生物,可通過(guò)抑制病原菌獲取Fe3+來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)降低其土壤存活數(shù)量的目的。
土壤理化性狀(如含水量、溫度和酸堿性等)也可影響青枯菌的土壤存活。高濕環(huán)境下寄主存在時(shí)土體中青枯菌的存活量會(huì)顯著提升,因?yàn)橥寥篮扛邥?huì)導(dǎo)致寄主防御病菌的相關(guān)基因表達(dá)下調(diào),進(jìn)而使得寄主根表青枯菌的存活量增加[57]。但是,當(dāng)土壤含水量過(guò)高,土壤呈厭氧狀況時(shí),青枯菌則可能會(huì)因呼吸作用受阻引起土體存活量降低[58]。土壤升溫會(huì)在一定程度上改善土壤的理化環(huán)境(如加快有機(jī)質(zhì)分解、增加營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的濃度),但當(dāng)溫度達(dá)到一定程度后(如70℃),其對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活影響則表現(xiàn)為抑制[59]。由于土壤溫度和水分傳導(dǎo)均與土壤容重密切關(guān)聯(lián),因而土壤的單位體積質(zhì)量也與青枯菌的土壤存活存在關(guān)聯(lián)。Yamfang等[59]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤單位體積質(zhì)量越小,青枯菌對(duì)土壤熱量的響應(yīng)越強(qiáng)烈。土壤酸堿性對(duì)青枯菌的影響比較復(fù)雜,既有直接作用也有間接作用。土壤酸性條件下(如pH 4.5~5.5)有利于寄主存在時(shí)土體中青枯菌的生長(zhǎng),不利于有益菌(如熒光假單胞菌和蠟樣芽孢桿菌等)的生長(zhǎng),促進(jìn)了青枯菌土體的存活[60]。Wang等[61]發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤pH變化會(huì)引起土壤微生物群落變化,間接地影響青枯菌在土壤中存活。此外,土壤中存在的羥基自由基對(duì)青枯菌的抑制效果較好[55]。根據(jù)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的研究經(jīng)驗(yàn),青枯菌的土壤存活狀況還可能會(huì)受土壤電導(dǎo)率等化學(xué)性質(zhì)影響,但具體作用的方向和程度尚待進(jìn)一步試驗(yàn)探究。
值得一提的是,農(nóng)藝措施(如耕作制度、灌溉和施肥等)也會(huì)顯著改變青枯菌的土體存活、根際存活和根表存活。不過(guò),任何措施的調(diào)控本質(zhì)均是通過(guò)改變農(nóng)田土壤的生物和非生物因素實(shí)現(xiàn)的。例如,Niu等[62]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同輪作制度(煙-玉米輪作/煙-百合輪作/煙-蘿卜輪作)下土壤細(xì)菌群落組成和結(jié)構(gòu)差異顯著,使得各處理的煙草青枯菌存活狀態(tài)迥異。灌溉會(huì)導(dǎo)致青枯菌的爆發(fā),這或與青枯菌在水分較高的環(huán)境下能夠以較自由的形式存活有關(guān)[63]。生物有機(jī)肥主要是因?yàn)槠渲械墓δ芫酁閺慕】抵仓旮H分離得到拮抗菌,可通過(guò)其拮抗青枯菌作用進(jìn)而抑制青枯菌在土壤中的存活[64]。
青枯菌是一種危害性極大的土傳病菌,嚴(yán)重威脅世界農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。本文系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了影響青枯菌在土壤中存活的主要因素,厘清了青枯菌自身特性、土壤生物和非生物環(huán)境對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活的作用,對(duì)掌握青枯菌的土壤存活動(dòng)態(tài)和集成青枯病防控措施有一定的借鑒意義。同時(shí),本文也提出了今后青枯菌土壤存活影響因素的研究重點(diǎn)及防治注意事項(xiàng):
1)探究土壤大中型生物、土壤真菌群落特性以及非專性噬菌體等生物因素對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活的影響。蚯蚓、螨蟲(chóng)等大中型土壤動(dòng)物作為土壤食物網(wǎng)的重要組成,不僅顯著影響線蟲(chóng)、原生動(dòng)物和微生物等青枯菌存活密切相關(guān)的因子,而且大型動(dòng)物的自身活動(dòng)對(duì)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)也有影響,最終影響土壤的水、熱和氣等。但目前關(guān)于蚯蚓、螨蟲(chóng)等大中型土壤動(dòng)物對(duì)青枯菌存活影響的報(bào)道尚未出現(xiàn);同時(shí),土壤真菌群落特性和非青枯菌專性噬菌體等土壤生物因素方面研究也很欠缺。
2)深入探究土壤酸化、鹽漬化等非生物因素對(duì)青枯菌土壤存活的影響。土壤生物的分布、存活依賴于特定的土壤環(huán)境,相較于生物環(huán)境而言,目前對(duì)于非生物環(huán)境影響青枯菌存活的研究較為薄弱。
3)加強(qiáng)對(duì)全球變化下青枯菌土壤存活狀態(tài)的探究。全球變化(升溫、干旱等)不僅可通過(guò)改變土壤水熱狀況而對(duì)青枯菌存活產(chǎn)生直接影響,還可通過(guò)改變寄主植物的生長(zhǎng)而間接影響土壤中青枯菌的存活。
4)構(gòu)建青枯菌土壤的存活預(yù)測(cè)模型。青枯菌土壤存活的影響因素十分復(fù)雜,通過(guò)模型設(shè)置青枯菌土壤存活各影響因素相關(guān)的對(duì)象以及參數(shù),將有助于預(yù)測(cè)特定區(qū)域環(huán)境條件下各因素對(duì)病菌存活的相對(duì)貢獻(xiàn),進(jìn)而得知關(guān)鍵影響因子。
5)關(guān)注多因素互作、重視病原菌的污染源頭。理論研究可基于單個(gè)因素與青枯菌土壤存活關(guān)系進(jìn)行,而實(shí)際防治則需要同時(shí)考慮多個(gè)因素及其交互作用的影響。同時(shí),考慮到青枯菌的引入主要是由灌溉引起的,因而重視灌溉系統(tǒng)的源頭控制有望大幅提高青枯病防治效率。
致 謝 衷心感謝朱媛媛、張子赟兩位同學(xué)在文獻(xiàn)查閱過(guò)程中予以的幫助!
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Research Progresses on Key Factors Affecting Survival ofin Soils
MA Chao1, YANG Xinrun1, JIANG Gaofei2, ZHANG Yong3, ZHOU Kaisheng4, WEI Zhong2?
(1. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention,School of Resources and Environment,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China;2. Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization,Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity,National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers,College of Resources and Environmental Science Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China;3. College of Resources and Environment,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China;4. Center of Environment Science Experiment of College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering,Bengbu University,Bengbu,Anhui 233030,China)
is a kind of soil-borne bacteria destructive to agricultural crops. As it is extensively distributed in the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones, it seriously threatens food safety of the world. In the world, a large number of scientists have devoted their efforts to studying bacterial wilt and, but few have done a systematic research because there are so many factors contributing to the survival ofand most of the researches focus on a single factor only. Therefore, it is essential to identify what are the key factors that influencesurvival in the soil to gain some valuable insights into management and control of the soil-borne diseases. Nevertheless, the factors are multifarious and their dynamics in soil systems together with their effects onremain poorly explored. Herein, this paper aimed to primarily collate the effects and traits of, as well as soil biotic and abiotic factors on the survival ofin soil. To achieve this goal, this paper first reviewed researches on impacts of individual and population characteristics of, and then those on interactions of soil biotic and abiotic factors on, especially reports on their roles in controlling soil-borne plant diseases. In the next section, this paper put forth an outlook for control of plant pathogenicin future in light of the problems existing currently in this aspect. The traits ofinclude gene, behavior, and metabolite; soil biotic factors, such as populations and community structures of soil nematode, protozoan, bacteria, fungi, and specialized phage; and soil abiotic factors, such as root exudate, soil nutrients (i.e. N, P, and K), and soil physiochemical properties (i.e. pH, density, and temperature). Similarly,survival in soil has three aspects: survival in the non-rhizospheric soil adjacent to the host plant, survival in the rhizosphere of the host plant, and survival on the root surface of the host plant. Hence, it is suggested that future researches be oriented towards investigation ofsurvival in soil and exploration of measures and practices of preventingsoil-borne diseases. Therefore, future efforts should be accordingly devoted firstly to investigations of influences of soil microorganism, soil fungal communities, and general phage onsurvival in soil. Soil microorganisms, such as earthworm and mite are important components of the soil food web, which can significantly change the above-mentioned biotic factors ofin soil together with soil structure. Secondly, it is essential to clarify howdynamic in soil responds to climate change. Climate change, such as warming and drought can directly influencesurvival by regulating soil temperature and moisture, and indirectly by affecting growth of the host plants. Thirdly, mathematical models should be constructed as soon as possible for predicting survival rate ofin soil. This is essential due to the multifarious nature and complexity of the factors influencingsurvival in soils. Hence, mathematical models might be the only tools to clearly assess these elements with designed objects and parameters. The models can even assess relative contribution of each factor tosurvival separately under certain conditions and further distinguish key influencing factors. And fourthly, it is important to comprehensively investigate influencing factors while controlling the soil-borne disease in the field. This is a result of manipulating the factors influencingsurvival in soil. At the end, more, attention should be paid to irrigation schemes. Irrigation may significantly affect effectiveness of the measures or practices of preventing the bacterial wilt due to its substantialintroduction to the field.
; Survival of bacteria in soil; Individual characteristics; Population characteristics; Soil biotic factors; Soil abiotic factors
S154.3
A
10.11766/trxb202008140252
馬超,楊欣潤(rùn),江高飛,張勇,周開(kāi)勝,韋中. 病原青枯菌土壤存活的影響因素研究進(jìn)展[J]. 土壤學(xué)報(bào),2021,58(6):1359–1367.
MA Chao,YANG Xinrun,JIANG Gaofei,ZHANG Yong,ZHOU Kaisheng,WEI Zhong. Research Progresses on Key Factors Affecting Survival ofin Soils[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2021,58(6):1359–1367.
*國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31700452,32071628,41922053和42090060)和農(nóng)田生態(tài)保育與污染防控安徽省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開(kāi)放基金(FECPP201901)資助Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 31700452, 32071628, 41922053 and 42090060)and the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Province in China(No. FECPP201901)
馬 超(1986—),男,安徽合肥人,博士,副教授,研究領(lǐng)域:土壤微生物生態(tài)和土壤肥力。E-mail:chaoma@ahau.edu.cn
Corresponding author,E-mail:weizhong@njau.edu.cn。
2020–08–14;
2020–10–19;
2021–01–06
(責(zé)任編輯:陳榮府)