世界上多條河流中發(fā)現(xiàn)藥品殘留

司英明

Pollution of the world’s rivers from medicines and pharmaceutical products poses a“threat to environmental and global health”， a report says.

Paracetamol， nicotine， caffeine and epilepsy and diabetes drugs were widely detected in a University of York study.

Rivers in Pakistan， Bolivia and Ethiopia were among the most polluted. Rivers in Iceland， Norway and the Amazon rainforest fared the best.

The impact of many of the most common pharmaceutical compounds in rivers is still largely unknown.

But it is already well established that dissolved human contraceptives can impact the development and reproduction of fish， and scientists fear the increased presence of antibiotics in rivers could limit their effectiveness as medicines.

The study sampled water from more than 1，000 test sites in more than 100 countries.

Overall， more than a quarter of the 258 rivers sampled had what are known as“active pharmaceutical ingredients”present at a level deemed unsafe for aquatic organisms.

“What we know now is that even the most modern efficient wastewater treatment plants aren’t completely capable of degrading these compounds before they end up in rivers or lakes.”Dr John Wilkinson， who led the research， told BBC News.

The two most frequently detected pharmaceuticals were carbamazepine， which is used to treat epilepsy and nerve pain， and metformin， used to treat diabetes.

High concentrations were also found of socalled“l(fā)ifestyle consumables”like caffeine[coffee] and nicotine [cigarettes] as well as the painkiller paracetamol.

In Africa， artemisinin—used in anti-malarial medicine—was also found in high concentrations.

The report says the increased presence of antibiotics in rivers could also lead to the development of resistant bacteria， damaging the effectiveness of medicines and ultimately posing“a global threat to environmental and global health”.

The most polluted sites were largely in low- to-middle-income countries， and in areas where there was sewage dumping， poor wastewater management and pharmaceutical manufacturing.

The full report has been published in the ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences journal.

一份報(bào)告稱(chēng)，藥品對(duì)世界河流的污染對(duì)“環(huán)境和全球人類(lèi)的健康形成了威脅”。

約克大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究在世界多地的河流廣泛檢測(cè)到撲熱息痛、尼古丁、咖啡因還有治療癲癇和糖尿病的藥物。

巴基斯坦、玻利維亞和埃塞俄比亞的河流是污染最嚴(yán)重的。冰島、挪威和亞馬遜雨林的河流是污染最輕的。

河流中檢測(cè)到的許多最常見(jiàn)的藥品化合物會(huì)造成什么影響很大程度上還是未知數(shù)。

但是現(xiàn)在確定無(wú)疑的是，溶解在水中的人類(lèi)避孕藥會(huì)影響魚(yú)類(lèi)的發(fā)育和繁殖?？茖W(xué)家擔(dān)心河流中所含的抗生素日益增多會(huì)限制抗生素作為藥品的有效性。

該研究對(duì)上百個(gè)國(guó)家的1000多個(gè)測(cè)試點(diǎn)的水進(jìn)行了抽樣檢測(cè)。

總體上，抽樣檢測(cè)的258條河流中有超四分之一含有所謂的“活性藥物成分”，而且已經(jīng)達(dá)到了對(duì)水生生物不安全的水平。

這項(xiàng)研究的帶頭人約翰·威爾金森博士告訴BBC新聞?lì)l道說(shuō)：“我們現(xiàn)在知道的是，即使是最現(xiàn)代化最高效的廢水處理廠也無(wú)法完全降解這些藥品化合物后再將廢水排入河流湖泊?！?/p>

在河流中最常檢測(cè)到的兩種藥物是治療癲癇和神經(jīng)疼痛的卡馬西平和治療糖尿病的二甲雙胍。

河流中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了高濃度的咖啡因（來(lái)自咖啡）、尼古?。▉?lái)自香煙）等所謂的“生活方式消費(fèi)品”和鎮(zhèn)痛的撲熱息痛。

在非洲，抗瘧藥所含的青蒿素在河流中的濃度也很高。

報(bào)告稱(chēng)，河流中的抗生素越來(lái)越多還會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類(lèi)對(duì)抗生素的耐藥力增強(qiáng)，藥品的有效性減弱，最終會(huì)“對(duì)環(huán)境和全球人類(lèi)的健康造成全球性威脅”。

受污染最嚴(yán)重的河流大多在中低收入國(guó)家，以及那些傾倒污水、對(duì)廢水管理不善和生產(chǎn)藥品的地區(qū)。

完整的報(bào)告發(fā)表在期刊《美國(guó)科學(xué)院院報(bào)》上。