謝嘉桁 史京萍
[摘要]乳房曲線是女性美的特征,因乳腺癌失去乳房會(huì)導(dǎo)致女性自卑、心理健康受損、社會(huì)融入度降低。乳房重建的出現(xiàn)有效改善了這一情況,其中置入物乳房重建是最常用的手術(shù)方式。但置入物相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生影響手術(shù)效果、降低患者滿意度,其中乳房置入物相關(guān)間變大細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(Breast implant-associated anaplastic cell lymphoma,BIA-ALCL)曾引起許多患者的恐慌。BIA-ALCL是一種非霍奇金T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,常見(jiàn)臨床表現(xiàn)為假體周圍的延遲性血清腫,也可表現(xiàn)為實(shí)性腫塊、包膜攣縮、腋窩淋巴結(jié)腫大等。及時(shí)診治能夠顯著改善BIA-ALCL患者預(yù)后,延遲診斷后果嚴(yán)重,甚至導(dǎo)致死亡。我國(guó)乳房重建患者基數(shù)大,雖暫無(wú)BIA-ALCL病例被報(bào)道,但臨床工作者仍需掌握此病的診治方法,以提高臨床效果和患者滿意度。
[關(guān)鍵詞]乳房重建;淋巴瘤;乳房假體;并發(fā)癥
[中圖分類號(hào)]R655.8? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2022)06-0186-04
Advances in Breast Implant-associated Anaplastic Cell Lymphoma
XIE Jiaheng, SHI Jingping
(Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029,Jiangsu,China)
Abstract: Breast curves are a feature of female beauty. Losing breasts due to breast cancer will lead to women's inferiority, impaired mental health and reduced social integration. The emergence of breast reconstruction has effectively improved this situation, among which implant breast reconstruction is the most commonly used surgical method. However, the occurrence of implant-related complications can affect the surgical outcome and reduce patient satisfaction. Among them, breast implant-associated anaplastic cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) has caused panic in many patients. BIA-ALCL is a non-Hodgkin T cell lymphoma characterized by delayed seroma around the prosthesis, as well as solid mass, capsule contracture, and axillary lymph node enlargement. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis of BIA-ALCL patients, and delayed diagnosis can lead to serious consequences, even death. The patient base of breast reconstruction in China is large. Although no case of BIA-ALCL has been reported, clinical workers still need to master the diagnosis and treatment of this disease to improve the clinical effect and patient satisfaction.
Key words: breast reconstruction; lymphoma; breast prosthesis; complications
乳房假體置入物廣泛應(yīng)用于女性隆乳手術(shù)以及乳腺癌術(shù)后重建[1]。隨著社會(huì)觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變和醫(yī)學(xué)治療模式的發(fā)展,接受假體隆乳/乳房重建的患者逐漸增加[2]。假體相關(guān)并發(fā)癥得到各界人士的廣泛關(guān)注,特別是乳房置入物相關(guān)間變大細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(BIA-ALCL)[3]。BIA-ALCL是一種非霍奇金T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,該病首例患者于1997年被報(bào)道,發(fā)病于假體置入35年[4]。隨后更多患者不斷被發(fā)現(xiàn),2011年,F(xiàn)DA提示該病與假體置入有密切聯(lián)系,2016年,WHO將其單獨(dú)歸為ALCL的一種新類型,2017年,NCCN發(fā)表BIA-ALCL診治指南并要求醫(yī)務(wù)人員重視此疾病[5]。雖然我國(guó)未見(jiàn)BIA-ALCL患者的報(bào)道,但延誤診斷會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良后果,甚至死亡,故有必要將其研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,以便于指導(dǎo)整形外科醫(yī)生診治此類疾病,改善患者預(yù)后,提高生活質(zhì)量。
1? 流行病學(xué)
乳房的淋巴瘤占所有結(jié)外淋巴瘤的2%,常為B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(90%),只有10%為T細(xì)胞瘤[6]。BIA-ALCL是一種非霍奇金T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,發(fā)病率低[7]。由于全球報(bào)道病例少、假體銷售數(shù)量難以準(zhǔn)確統(tǒng)計(jì)且假體品牌不一,流行病學(xué)研究受到明顯限制,難以準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
目前中國(guó)尚無(wú)病例報(bào)道,截止2020年1月5日,F(xiàn)DA已收到733例BIA-ALCL報(bào)告[8],在FDA報(bào)道的已明確假體表面類型的524份病例中,幾乎所有患者為毛面假體置入(496/524,94.7%)。由此可見(jiàn),BIA-ALCL可能與毛面假體相關(guān)。澳大利亞治療用品管理局估計(jì)[9],在毛面假體置入的患者中,患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1:2 500~1:25 000;Doren等[10]研究估計(jì)美國(guó)毛面假體置入患者的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)約1:30 000。Brody等[4]對(duì)BIA-ALCL發(fā)病的地域分布差異進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)澳大利亞和新西蘭發(fā)病率最高,可見(jiàn)遺傳因素、地理環(huán)境可能在發(fā)病中起到一定作用。假體品牌的不同,發(fā)病率也有差異,在FDA報(bào)告的733例中,620例為Allergan假體置入后,其發(fā)病率明顯高于其他品牌假體,導(dǎo)致其在全球范圍內(nèi)召回產(chǎn)品,由此可見(jiàn)制作工藝的不同也會(huì)影響發(fā)病率[11]。FDA于2020年1月5日更新的數(shù)據(jù)顯示[8],此病共造成36例患者死亡。死亡患者中已知假體制造商共16例,其中15例為Allergan品牌。已知表面類型共16例,均為毛面假體。
2? 病理特點(diǎn)
BIA-ALCL為T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的一種,病理表現(xiàn)為異常T淋巴細(xì)胞的集聚。鏡下可見(jiàn)細(xì)胞體積較正常淋巴細(xì)胞大,多形性明顯,細(xì)胞核不規(guī)則,染色質(zhì)分散,核仁突出,細(xì)胞質(zhì)中等豐富,可見(jiàn)小液泡[12-14]。常見(jiàn)于其他ALCL中的“標(biāo)志細(xì)胞”—即具有馬蹄形或腎性細(xì)胞核的一組細(xì)胞亞群,也可見(jiàn)于BIA-ALCL中。CD30(+)幾乎見(jiàn)于所有BIA-ALCL,其他特點(diǎn)還有ALK(-),明顯的T細(xì)胞受體基因重排[15-18]。
3? 發(fā)病機(jī)制
目前,BIA-ALCL的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不明確,在毛面假體出現(xiàn)之前,未有病例被報(bào)道[3],故學(xué)者猜測(cè)其發(fā)病與毛面假體有關(guān),主要包括以下機(jī)制。
3.1 炎癥機(jī)制:置入物其表面顆粒刺激宿主產(chǎn)生免疫反應(yīng),誘導(dǎo)炎癥細(xì)胞的趨化與聚集,其中包括CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞[19]。在慢性炎癥微環(huán)境下,T細(xì)胞逐漸發(fā)生突變,進(jìn)而發(fā)生腫瘤化[20]。
3.2 細(xì)菌機(jī)制:BIA-ALCL患者的發(fā)病時(shí)間與細(xì)菌入侵→包膜炎癥→免疫激活→腫瘤化這一周期所需時(shí)間一致,故學(xué)者推測(cè)毛面假體可能為細(xì)菌提供良好的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,細(xì)菌入侵假體表面,形成慢性感染,刺激淋巴細(xì)胞增殖,最終形成腫瘤[21]。Hu等學(xué)者在確診病例中發(fā)現(xiàn)健側(cè)常與患側(cè)有相同的細(xì)菌譜,只是細(xì)菌載量較低[22]。除此之外,Hu等學(xué)者還發(fā)現(xiàn)患者假體表面存在Ralstonia菌。Ralstonia菌是一種非發(fā)酵革蘭陰性菌,與幽門螺旋桿菌性質(zhì)相似,而幽門螺旋桿菌可引起胃淋巴瘤,故有學(xué)者猜測(cè)Ralstonia菌以相似的機(jī)制介導(dǎo)BIA-ALCL的發(fā)生[23],但這一假設(shè)尚未得到證實(shí)。
3.3 信號(hào)通路突變機(jī)制:BIA-ALCL腫瘤細(xì)胞中常發(fā)生JAK/STAT、TP53、DNMT3A突變[24-25],故信號(hào)通路的改變可能是BIA-ALCL的發(fā)病中的重要一環(huán),但仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
3.4 染色體丟失機(jī)制:Tjitske等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)20號(hào)染色體的部分位點(diǎn)缺失是BIA-ALCL的特點(diǎn)。缺失位點(diǎn)為20q13.13,可導(dǎo)致IL6-JAK1-STAT3通路的改變,可據(jù)此與其他類型ALCL鑒別。
4? 臨床表現(xiàn)
BIA-ALCL最常見(jiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)是置入假體后,出現(xiàn)持續(xù)時(shí)間>1年的假體周圍積液或?qū)嵭阅[塊,其他癥狀包括包膜攣縮、腋窩淋巴結(jié)腫大、B型癥狀(發(fā)熱、淋巴結(jié)病變、盜汗、疲勞)[27-31]。需要注意的是,并不是所有遲發(fā)性血清腫都和BIA-ALCL有關(guān),事實(shí)上,只有9%的遲發(fā)性血清腫是BIA-ALCL導(dǎo)致的[32]。BIA-ALCL的積液特征與血清腫不同,其粘滯性較高,可能與淋巴細(xì)胞含量較高有關(guān),可據(jù)此與血清腫鑒別[33]。積液常被誤診為假體破裂,但假體破裂不會(huì)增加乳房總體積[34],需加以注意。乳房實(shí)性腫塊是BIA-ALCL次常見(jiàn)的癥狀[27],發(fā)生率10%~40%。其他癥狀包括包膜攣縮、腋窩淋巴結(jié)腫大、B型癥狀(發(fā)熱、淋巴結(jié)病變、盜汗、疲勞)[28,30,35]。
5 診斷
有乳房假體置入史的患者,術(shù)后(大部分為7~10年)出現(xiàn)假體周圍積液或?qū)嵭阅[塊,癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間>1年,需高度懷疑BIA-ALCL,結(jié)合以下檢查,可提高診斷精確度。
5.1 影像學(xué)檢查;對(duì)于懷疑BIA-ALCL的患者,均應(yīng)行影像學(xué)檢查。由于B超安全、無(wú)創(chuàng)、可重復(fù)性強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn),應(yīng)作為首選檢查[33]。當(dāng)B超難以顯示積液和腫塊時(shí),推薦使用MRI檢查。PET-CT可顯示患者的全身情況,有利于臨床分期、判斷轉(zhuǎn)移部位及指導(dǎo)淋巴結(jié)活檢[36]。
5.2 細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查:懷疑BIA-ALCL的患者,可在B超指導(dǎo)下行積液抽吸,并進(jìn)行細(xì)胞涂片??梢?jiàn)BIA-ALCL細(xì)胞體積較大,多形性,核不規(guī)則,染色質(zhì)分散,核仁突出,細(xì)胞質(zhì)豐富,部分細(xì)胞核呈馬蹄形或腎形,被稱為“標(biāo)志細(xì)胞”[14]。免疫組化可見(jiàn)CD30(+),EMA(+),ALK(-),分子鑒定可見(jiàn)明顯的T細(xì)胞受體(TCR)重排。
5.3 染色體檢查:由前所述,20q13.13位點(diǎn)的缺失可見(jiàn)于大多數(shù)BIA-ALCL[26],故可進(jìn)行基因組測(cè)序,探查染色體拷貝數(shù)畸變,從而鑒別診斷。
6? 分期
淋巴瘤常用的分期方式為Ann Arbor分期,但BIA-ALCL若使用此種方式,幾乎所有病例都將被劃分為早期,缺乏臨床指導(dǎo)意義,故目前推薦使用TNM分期[37]。在疾病的早期階段,惡性細(xì)胞僅在假體周圍的液體(IA期)或包膜內(nèi)部(IB期)或包膜內(nèi)的腫塊(IC期)中被發(fā)現(xiàn)。如果腫瘤超出包膜,則為T4期(Ⅱ期)[38]。如果有任何淋巴結(jié)或遠(yuǎn)處器官受影響,提示疾病進(jìn)展(ⅡB、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)。近年來(lái)報(bào)道的病例大致分布如下:IA期 (35%~70%, 僅有積液癥狀), IB 期(3%~11%), IC 期(8%~13%), ⅡA期 (8%~25%), ⅡB 期(3%~5%), Ⅲ期(3%~9%) ,Ⅳ期 (1%~2%)[37]??梢?jiàn)BIA-ALCL患者分期不一,雖大多數(shù)為早期病例,但也有晚期病例存在,并可能導(dǎo)致死亡,故仍需加強(qiáng)警惕。
7? 治療
NCCN在2017年發(fā)布了BIA-ALCL的治療指南,并在2019年進(jìn)行了更新。需要注意的是,治療應(yīng)該建立在確診BIA-ALCL之上,不推薦進(jìn)行預(yù)防性假體取出治療[38]。具體的治療方案如下。
7.1 外科治療:完整的外科手術(shù)切除是BIA-ALCL治療的最主要方法,切除范圍包括置入物、置入物周圍包膜、腫塊、積液,以及其他可能有腫瘤累及的部位,特別是淋巴結(jié)[36]。有2%~4%的患者存在對(duì)側(cè)的病變,故外科醫(yī)生應(yīng)考慮是否切除對(duì)側(cè)假體及包膜[39]。切除后仍可以進(jìn)行乳房重建,但推薦使用自體組織或光面假體進(jìn)行重建[40]。
7.2 放射治療:放射治療適用于局部殘留病灶、切緣陽(yáng)性或無(wú)法切除的腫瘤。推薦照射劑量為24~36 Gray[41]。
7.3 化學(xué)藥物治療:目前還未有BIA-ALCL的規(guī)范化療方案,主要參考其他常見(jiàn)ALCL的化療方案。CHOP是治療ALCL的經(jīng)典方案,可用于BIA-ALCL化療,包括環(huán)磷酰胺(C)+多柔比星(H)+長(zhǎng)春新堿(O)+強(qiáng)的松(P)[42]。NCCN指南推薦蒽環(huán)類藥物為主的化療方案,可聯(lián)合維布妥昔單抗。
7.4 靶向治療:CD30受體陽(yáng)性幾乎見(jiàn)于所有BIA-ALCL細(xì)胞,故可使用本妥昔單抗靶向治療,目前被認(rèn)為是BIA-ALCL的一線治療藥物[43]。靶向治療常聯(lián)合化療,從而提升治療效果。JAK-STAT突變也常見(jiàn)于BIA-ALCL[24],故JAK-STAT通路抑制劑也可用于治療,但尚需實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步研究。
8? 預(yù)后
BIA-ALCL的性質(zhì)常表現(xiàn)為惰性,但也有晚期嚴(yán)重病例存在,早期診斷、早期治療能夠改善患者預(yù)后。腫塊形成、包膜外病變常提示預(yù)后不佳[23]。外科治療應(yīng)完整切除病變部位,這對(duì)于減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā)、提高患者生存率有極大益處。手術(shù)后定期復(fù)查是必不可少的,推薦患者每3~6個(gè)月復(fù)查胸腹部、盆腔CT,術(shù)后兩年內(nèi)每6個(gè)月復(fù)查一次PET/CT。Clemens等在一項(xiàng)87例的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)患者3年生存率為94%,5年生存率為91%,與I期患者相比,Ⅱ期患者復(fù)發(fā)率增加2.6倍,Ⅲ期患者增加2.7倍。并且他還發(fā)現(xiàn):接受了完整外科切除手術(shù)的患者,其總生存率和無(wú)病生存率明顯高于部分手術(shù)切除患者[40]。大多數(shù)的死亡與診斷不及時(shí)、治療方案不到位有關(guān),截止2020年1月5日,F(xiàn)DA共報(bào)道了36例死亡患者,其中16例明確了假體表面紋理,均為毛面假體[8]。
9? 展望
乳房重建已成為乳腺癌綜合治療中的一個(gè)重要部分,它也朝著促進(jìn)美觀、減少并發(fā)癥、改善患者滿意度的方向發(fā)展。假體相關(guān)并發(fā)癥是醫(yī)生和患者都重要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題,一旦發(fā)生,會(huì)極大影響乳房重建的效果。其中,乳房置入物相關(guān)間變大細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的出現(xiàn),一度引起全球女性的恐慌,得到了FDA和WHO的重視。據(jù)估計(jì),目前全球約有3 500萬(wàn)女性有乳房假體置入,有733例BIA-ALCL病例發(fā)生,36例患者因此死亡。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,在及時(shí)診斷、及時(shí)治療的情況下,BIA-ALCL大多是可以治愈的。一旦患者出現(xiàn)相關(guān)癥狀,需及時(shí)至整形外科、腫瘤科進(jìn)行處理,早期預(yù)后較好。雖然,目前中國(guó)沒(méi)有BIA-ALCL確診患者,但是整形外科醫(yī)生仍需加強(qiáng)對(duì)于此病的識(shí)別,從而改善患者預(yù)后。對(duì)于BIA-ALCL發(fā)病機(jī)制,還需要進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)闡明,從而為疾病的治療提供方向。
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[收稿日期]2021-04-12
本文引用格式:謝嘉桁,史京萍.乳房置入物相關(guān)間變大細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2022,31(6):186-189.