劉泰榮 葛家蘄 陳華
[摘要] 目的 探討前列腺癌寡轉(zhuǎn)移患者行腹腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù)的臨床療效。方法? 選擇2018年6月~2020年10月南昌大學(xué)附屬贛州市人民醫(yī)院收治的15例寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌患者,均行腹腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù),觀察圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)及手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果? 15例患者均成功施行腹腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù),無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開腹。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(187.2±30.4)min,平均術(shù)中出血量(231.7±20.2)ml,無(wú)術(shù)中輸血。術(shù)中發(fā)生直腸損傷1例,淋巴漏1例,平均留置尿管時(shí)間(14.4±2.1)d,平均住院時(shí)間(14.8±2.5)d。術(shù)后病理:10例(66.7%)切緣陽(yáng)性。術(shù)后1個(gè)月尿失禁發(fā)生率86.6%(13/15),術(shù)后3個(gè)月尿失禁發(fā)生率33.3%(5/15)。術(shù)后1個(gè)月血清前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)水平較術(shù)前降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=13.199,P<0.05)。中位隨訪時(shí)間21.6個(gè)月,隨訪期間,5例(33.3%)患者于術(shù)后出現(xiàn)PSA復(fù)發(fā),影像學(xué)檢查證實(shí)局部復(fù)發(fā);其中3例進(jìn)展為去勢(shì)抵抗性前列腺癌。結(jié)論? 寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌患者經(jīng)嚴(yán)格篩選后行腹腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù)可行。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 寡轉(zhuǎn)移;前列腺癌;腹腔鏡;前列腺癌根治術(shù)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.25? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2022)16-0048-04
Observation on the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for oligometastatic prostate cancer
LIU Tairong? GE Jiaqi? CHEN Hua
Department of Urology, Ganzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Ganzhou 341000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer. Methods A total of 15 patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer treated in Ganzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University from June 2018 to October 2020 were selected and underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. The perioperative indexes and surgical complications were observed. Results Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was successfully performed in all 15 patients without conversion to laparotomy. The average operation time was (187.2±30.4) min, the average amount of intraoperative bleeding was (231.7±20.2) ml, and there was no intraoperative blood transfusion. There was 1 case of rectal injury and 1 case of lymphatic leakage during the operation, the average indwelling urinary catheter was inserted for (14.4±2.1) days, and the average hospitalization lasted (14.8±2.5) days. In terms of postoperative pathology, 10 cases (66.7%) had positive surgical margins. The incidence of urinary incontinence was 86.6% (13/15) one month after operation and 33.3% (5/15) three months after operation. The level of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) decreased one month after operation compared with that before operation, with statistically significant differences (t=13.199, P<0.05). The median follow-up time was 21.6 months. During the follow-up period, 5 patients (33.3%) developed PSA recurrence after operation, and imaging examination confirmed local recurrence, of which 3 cases developed castration-resistant prostate cancer. Conclusion Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is feasible for patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer upon strict screening.
[Key words] Oligometastases; Prostate cancer; Laparoscope; Radical prostatectomy
前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)是男性泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)中最常見的惡性腫瘤,在全球范圍內(nèi),其發(fā)病率位居男性惡性腫瘤第2位,僅次于肺癌[1]。轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌(metastatic prostate cancer,mPCa)是嚴(yán)重影響患者預(yù)后的重要疾病階段,在歐美國(guó)家,mPCa患者占新發(fā)前列腺癌的5%~6%,而在我國(guó),mPCa患者達(dá)2/3[2,3]。既往此類患者只能接受以雄激素剝奪治療為主的姑息性治療,然而在過(guò)去的20年里,其生存率并沒(méi)有明顯提高,這反映出內(nèi)分泌治療的局限性[4]。因此,為轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌患者制訂有效的治療方案,延長(zhǎng)患者生存期,是臨床迫切需要解決的問(wèn)題。特別是處于腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移負(fù)荷較輕時(shí)期的“寡轉(zhuǎn)移”前列腺癌患者,行原發(fā)灶的完整切除或減瘤手術(shù)是否可使患者受益是近年來(lái)的研究熱點(diǎn)。本研究對(duì)南昌大學(xué)附屬贛州市人民醫(yī)院行腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)的患者數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行回顧分析,探討寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌患者行腹腔鏡下前列腺根治術(shù)的安全性及臨床療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2018年6月~2020年10月南昌大學(xué)附屬贛州市人民醫(yī)院收治的15例寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①均經(jīng)前列腺穿刺活檢診斷為前列腺癌,術(shù)前均行影像學(xué)檢查,經(jīng)骨顯像確定有無(wú)骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶,行全腹部CT平掃和前列腺磁共振平掃,確定內(nèi)臟、盆腔淋巴結(jié)有無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移灶,本研究將寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌定義為影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)和(或)骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目≤5個(gè)且無(wú)內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移[5];②一般情況較好,無(wú)心、腦、肺等嚴(yán)重伴隨疾病,能耐受手術(shù);③均在行3個(gè)月內(nèi)分泌治療后行腹腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù);④均對(duì)本研究知情并簽署知情同意書。
納入患者平均年齡(66.2±9.8)歲,平均體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(23.7±2.5)kg/m2,術(shù)前血清前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)(36.8±9.7)ng/ml,術(shù)前Gleason評(píng)分(8.2±1.2)分,T2期2例,T3期12例,T4期1例,區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者4例,骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者15例。本研究經(jīng)南昌大學(xué)附屬贛州市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)實(shí)施。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
麻醉成功后平臥位,頭低腳高。常規(guī)消毒術(shù)野皮膚。鋪無(wú)菌巾。留置尿管。于臍上緣弧行做1 cm切口,直視下置入10 mm Torcar,保持腹腔氣腹壓力12 mmHg。另分別于臍下外約3 cm兩側(cè)腹直肌外緣及髂嵴內(nèi)上方約3 cm分別置入10 mm Torcar及5 mm Torcar。置入觀察鏡,放空膀胱,于膀胱壁前方超聲刀離斷臍膀胱韌帶,分離膀胱前壁直到恥骨聯(lián)合,顯露前列腺,超聲刀切除前列腺前方及側(cè)方脂肪組織,顯露盆腔盆底筋膜,并辨別前列腺與膀胱交界處。超聲刀切開兩側(cè)盆底筋膜,鈍性與銳性相結(jié)合的方法分離前列腺直至尿道,將前列腺尖部游離出來(lái)后,1-0可吸收線縫扎陰莖背側(cè)血管復(fù)合體。超聲刀沿前列腺與膀胱之間進(jìn)行游離,離斷膀胱前壁后,牽引導(dǎo)尿管前端將前列腺抬起,游離膀胱頸后唇,注意保護(hù)好雙側(cè)輸尿管開口。先找到右側(cè)輸精管,于輸精管近端離斷后,沿輸精管游離右側(cè)精囊,遇血管束時(shí)用生物夾夾閉后離斷。同法游離左側(cè)輸精管及精囊,見精囊與周圍組織粘連較明顯。游離精囊及前列腺后壁,緊貼前列腺將狄氏筋膜切開,分離前列腺與直腸間隙,見前列腺與直腸稍粘連。仔細(xì)分離此間隙后,分離兩側(cè)前列腺韌帶,用Hem-o-Lok鉗夾后切斷,注意保護(hù)好直腸。在已縫扎的陰莖背側(cè)血管復(fù)合體下方離斷,緊貼前列腺尖用剪刀切開尿道前壁,將尿管拉入術(shù)野并向上方牽拉,繼續(xù)離斷尿道后壁,超聲刀沿前列腺包膜銳性離斷前列腺后壁部分組織,將前列腺精囊一并切除。檢查創(chuàng)面無(wú)活動(dòng)性出血,2-0可吸收線一針?lè)ㄟB續(xù)縫合吻合膀胱頸與尿道內(nèi)口,縫合時(shí)先從5點(diǎn)處開始,逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜻M(jìn)行縫合,并自尿道留置三腔氣囊尿管入膀胱,氣囊注水25 ml,稍牽拉固定。術(shù)中常規(guī)清掃雙側(cè)髂內(nèi)、髂外及閉孔淋巴結(jié)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
于術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個(gè)月,抽取患者空腹靜脈血5 ml,經(jīng)3000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液冷藏待測(cè),采用雅培i4000化學(xué)發(fā)光儀測(cè)定血清PSA水平。統(tǒng)計(jì)手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、輸血人數(shù)、住院時(shí)間、留置尿管時(shí)間。術(shù)后定期門診隨訪,截止隨訪時(shí)間為2021年5月,觀察患者術(shù)前術(shù)后PSA水平、圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥(直腸損傷、淋巴漏、尿失禁等)發(fā)生情況及臨床結(jié)局。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 手術(shù)結(jié)果
手術(shù)均由同一名高年資主任醫(yī)師且具有豐富腹腔鏡手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的術(shù)者完成,術(shù)中無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開放手術(shù),平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(187.2±30.4)min,平均術(shù)中出血量(231.7±20.2)ml,無(wú)術(shù)中輸血。術(shù)中1例直腸損傷,予術(shù)中直腸修補(bǔ)、留置肛管,出院前拔除肛管未出現(xiàn)腸漏。術(shù)后1例淋巴漏,通過(guò)腹腔引流管引流保守治療后自行恢復(fù)。術(shù)后3~7 d排氣,10~16 d拔除尿管,平均拔除尿管時(shí)間(14.4±2.1)d,平均住院時(shí)間(14.8±2.5)d。術(shù)后病理:10例(66.7%)切緣陽(yáng)性。
2.2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及隨訪
15 例患者最短隨訪時(shí)間6個(gè)月,最長(zhǎng)34個(gè)月,中位隨訪時(shí)間21個(gè)月。術(shù)后1個(gè)月PSA水平(3.7±0.5)ng/ml,與術(shù)前PSA[(36.8±9.7)ng/ml]比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=13.199,P<0.05)。術(shù)后1個(gè)月尿失禁發(fā)生率86.7%(13/15),術(shù)后3個(gè)月尿失禁發(fā)生率33.3%(5/15)。隨訪期間,5例(33.3%)患者于術(shù)后11~34個(gè)月出現(xiàn)PSA復(fù)發(fā),影像學(xué)檢查證實(shí)局部復(fù)發(fā)病灶;其中3例患者進(jìn)展為去勢(shì)抵抗性前列腺癌,骨掃描證實(shí)骨轉(zhuǎn)移新發(fā)病灶;其他患者影像學(xué)及骨掃描暫未見新發(fā)病灶,隨訪期間無(wú)死亡病例。
3 討論
1995 年,Hellman等[6]提出腫瘤“寡轉(zhuǎn)移”概念,認(rèn)為寡轉(zhuǎn)移是腫瘤局限階段與腫瘤廣泛擴(kuò)散轉(zhuǎn)移的一個(gè)中間狀態(tài)。Singh等[7]的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于423例前列腺癌患者的研究結(jié)果表明,前列腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移灶≤5處的患者5年生存率及10年生存率都優(yōu)于轉(zhuǎn)移灶>5處的患者。目前臨床上多將轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目≤5處(轉(zhuǎn)移灶局限于骨骼、淋巴結(jié),無(wú)內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移)的前列腺癌定義為寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌。2014版《中國(guó)泌尿外科疾病診斷治療指南》將伴有骨轉(zhuǎn)移的前列腺癌列為手術(shù)禁忌。然而,切除原發(fā)灶的減瘤手術(shù)在治療結(jié)直腸癌、卵巢癌、腎癌等轉(zhuǎn)移性癌中廣泛應(yīng)用,并改善患者生存期及生活質(zhì)量[8~10]。McAllister等[11]認(rèn)為原發(fā)腫瘤可分泌對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移灶有促進(jìn)作用的調(diào)控因子,因此,原發(fā)灶的切除可大大降低這類調(diào)控因子的分泌。同時(shí)減輕腫瘤負(fù)荷,改善患者對(duì)臨床治療的反應(yīng)性,延長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)時(shí)間。Cifuentes等[12]建立了轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌小鼠模型進(jìn)行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺腫瘤切除后,轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積自動(dòng)縮小。該結(jié)果表明轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌可從減瘤手術(shù)中獲益。對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌患者,國(guó)外回顧性研究報(bào)道,手術(shù)或放療的局部治療能夠改善腫瘤引起的癥狀并使患者生存獲益,特別是在癌癥特異性死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于40%的患者中[13~15]。晚期前列腺癌由于腫瘤浸潤(rùn)出包膜與周圍組織粘連嚴(yán)重,手術(shù)空間小,同時(shí)腫瘤及周圍組織血供豐富,出血會(huì)導(dǎo)致視野模糊,容易出現(xiàn)周圍組織器官的副損傷,增加手術(shù)時(shí)間及手術(shù)難度。然而,隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率都大大降低,多數(shù)并發(fā)癥經(jīng)過(guò)保守治療均可自愈。我國(guó)復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院的一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究結(jié)果表明,寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌根治術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率與局限性前列腺癌根治術(shù)無(wú)明顯差異,寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌行根治術(shù)是安全的[16]。
雄激素剝奪治療也稱內(nèi)分泌治療,是mPCa最主要的治療方式,但因原發(fā)灶的存在往往需要增加內(nèi)分泌治療的劑量和時(shí)間,其不良反應(yīng)也隨之增加,包括性欲低下、男性乳房女性化、骨質(zhì)疏松等。Taylar等[17]指出,內(nèi)分泌治療患者其骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及心血管疾病、糖尿病的發(fā)病率均顯著升高,且易進(jìn)展為轉(zhuǎn)移性去勢(shì)抵抗性前列腺癌,5年生存率低[18]。Heidenreich等[19]研究結(jié)果顯示,骨轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌患者行單純前列腺根治術(shù)的腫瘤特異生存率要高于內(nèi)分泌治療。Gratzke等[20]的研究證實(shí),轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌行根治術(shù)的總體生存率高于接受放療的患者。對(duì)于腫瘤引起的泌尿系梗阻、血尿、疼痛等局部癥狀,寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌行根治術(shù)也能明顯緩解[21]??梢?,根治術(shù)在治療轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌中的重要地位。
本研究納入的前列腺癌患者身體情況尚可,均能耐受手術(shù),手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間、留置尿管時(shí)間都在可接受范圍內(nèi),術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的心腦肺疾病并發(fā)癥。1例直腸損傷患者是臨床T4期,腫瘤侵犯直腸,盡管經(jīng)過(guò)三周的內(nèi)分泌治療,腫瘤較前縮小,但術(shù)中分離仍較困難,出現(xiàn)直腸損傷。術(shù)前已清潔灌腸,Ⅰ期縫合直腸破口,留置肛管,術(shù)后9 d拔除肛管,術(shù)后18 d出院。術(shù)后1例淋巴管漏患者予留置腹腔引流管后自愈。術(shù)后的病理結(jié)果提示切緣陽(yáng)性率達(dá)66.7%(10/15),在減少術(shù)中副損傷、保留較好的尿控的同時(shí),達(dá)到減瘤的目的,有效解除下尿路梗阻,改善排尿、排便困難,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量。前列腺癌根治術(shù)后對(duì)患者影響最大的并發(fā)癥是術(shù)后尿失禁問(wèn)題。Sooriakumaran等[22]報(bào)道轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌患者根治術(shù)后90 d,尿失禁發(fā)生率達(dá)35.6%。本研究尿失禁發(fā)生率與其相近。
15 例患者行前列腺癌根治術(shù)后PSA都有所下降,但大部分PSA仍高于0.2 ng/ml,考慮為寡轉(zhuǎn)移灶的存在或局部的復(fù)發(fā),因此術(shù)后應(yīng)立即行內(nèi)分泌治療。有研究報(bào)道大部分患者在單純的內(nèi)分泌治療1~2年后都不可避免進(jìn)展為去勢(shì)抵抗前列腺癌,進(jìn)展為去勢(shì)抵抗后的生存時(shí)間明顯縮短[23,24]。因此,臨床上往往通過(guò)盡可能延長(zhǎng)激素依賴生存時(shí)間使患者受益。本研究中由于隨訪時(shí)間較短,5例(33.3%)患者于術(shù)后11~34個(gè)月出現(xiàn)PSA復(fù)發(fā),其中3例(20.0%)進(jìn)展為去勢(shì)抵抗性前列腺癌,去勢(shì)抵抗中位時(shí)間28.4個(gè)月,長(zhǎng)于單純內(nèi)分泌治療的1~2年的激素依賴生存期,但差異是否有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,還需更長(zhǎng)的隨訪時(shí)間及更多的樣本量論證。
綜上所述,寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌患者在經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格篩選后,其手術(shù)并發(fā)癥在可接受范圍內(nèi),能夠改善患者的生存質(zhì)量及短期預(yù)后,因此寡轉(zhuǎn)移前列腺癌根治術(shù)可行。本研究為回顧性研究,且樣本量較小,隨訪時(shí)間短,后續(xù)還需擴(kuò)大樣本量及延長(zhǎng)隨訪時(shí)間以進(jìn)一步深入研究論證。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? ?Bray F,F(xiàn)erlay J,Soerjomataram I,et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6):394-424.
[2]? ?Siegel RL,Miller KD,Jemal A. Cancer statistics,2019[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2019,69(1):7-34.
[3]? ?Qiu H,Cao S,Xu R. Cancer incidence,mortality,and burden in China: A time-trend analysis and comparison with the United States and United Kingdom based on the global epidemiological data released in 2020[J].Cancer Commun (Lond),2021,41(10):1037-1048.
[4]? ?Wu JN,F(xiàn)ish KM,Evans CP,et al. No improvement noted in overall or cause-specific survival for men presenting with metastatic prostate cancer over a 20-year period[J].Cancer,2014,120(6):818-823.
[5]? ?Tosoian JJ,Gorin MA,Ross AE,et al. Oligometastatic prostate cancer: Definitions,clinical outcomes,and treatment considerations[J].Nat Rev Urol,2017,14(1):15-25.
[6]? ?Hellman S,Weichselbaum RR. Oligometastases[J].J Clin Oncol,1995,13(1):8-10.
[7]? ?Singh D,Yi WS,Brasacchio RA,et al. Is there a favorable subset of patients with prostate cancer who develop oligometastases?[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2004,58(1):3-10.
[8]? ?Eng OS,Turaga KK. Cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer[J].J Surg Oncol,2019,119(5):613-615.
[9]? ?Bouchard-Fortier G,Cusimano MC,F(xiàn)azelzad R,et al. Oncologic outcomes and morbidity following heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy at cytoreductive surgery for primary epithelial ovarian cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Gynecol Oncol,2020,158(1):218-228.
[10]? Grant M,Szabados B,Kuusk T,et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy: Does CARMENA(cancer du rein metastatique nephrectomie et antiangiogéniques) change everything?[J].Curr Opin Urol,2020,30(1):36-40.
[11]? McAllister SS,Weinberg RA. The tumour-induced systemic environment as a critical regulator of cancer progression and metastasis[J].Nat Cell Biol,2014,16(8):717-727.
[12]? Cifuentes FF,Valenzuela RH,Contreras HR,et al. Surgical cytoreduction of the primary tumor reduces metastatic progression in a mouse model of prostate cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2015,34(6):2837-2844.
[13]? Satkunasivam R,Kim AE,Desai M,et al. Radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy vs no local therapy for survival benefit in metastatic prostate cancer: A SEER-medicare analysis[J].J Urol,2015,194(2):378-385.
[14]? Roach PJ,F(xiàn)rancis R,Emmett L,et al. The impact of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT on management intent in prostate cancer: Results of an Australian prospective multicenter study[J].J Nucl Med,2018,59(1):82-88.
[15]? Fossati N,Trinh QD,Sammon J,et al. Identifying optimal candidates for local treatment of the primary tumor among patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer: A SEER-based study[J].Eur Urol,2015,67(1):3-6.
[16]? 李高翔,戴波,葉定偉,等.寡轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌根治術(shù)的臨床初步療效觀察及圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥分析[J].中國(guó)癌癥雜志,2017,27(1):20-25.
[17]? Taylor LG,Canfield SE,Du XL. Review of major adverse effects of androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer[J].Cancer,2009,115(11):2388-2399.
[18]? Sweeney CJ,Chen YH,Carducci M,et al. Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2015,373(8):737-746.
[19]? Heidenreich A,Pfister D,Porres D. Cytoreductive radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer and low volume skeletal metastases: Results of a feasibility and case-control study[J].J Urol,2015,193(3):832-838.
[20]? Gratzke C,Engel J,Stief CG. Role of radical prostatectomy in metastatic prostate cancer: Data from the munich cancer registry[J].Eur Urol,2014,66(3):602-603.
[21]? Steuber T,Berg KD,R?覬der MA,et al. Does cytoreductive prostatectomy really have an impact on prognosis in prostate cancer patients with low-volume bone metastasis? Results from a prospective case-control study[J].Eur Urol Focus,2017,3(6):646-649.
[22]? Sooriakumaran P,Karnes J,Stief C,et al. A Multiinstitutional analysis of perioperative outcomes in 106 men who underwent radical prostatectomy for distant metastatic prostate cancer at presentation[J].Eur Urol,2016,69(5):788-794.
[23]? Katzenwadel A,Wolf P. Androgen deprivation of prostate cancer: Leading to a therapeutic dead end[J].Cancer Lett,2015,367(1):12-17.
[24]? Xu XS,Ryan CJ,Stuyckens K,et al. Correlation between prostate-specific antigen kinetics and overall survival in abiraterone acetate-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer patients[J].Clin Cancer Res,2015,21(14):3170-3177.
(收稿日期:2021-10-27)