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      m6A甲基化修飾在風(fēng)濕病中的研究

      2022-07-22 08:37:54萬磊劉健黃傳兵趙磊孫廣瀚朱子衡李舒馬熙檬胡賽賽李方澤程靜陳瑩瑩LIZheng
      關(guān)鍵詞:風(fēng)濕病關(guān)節(jié)炎

      萬磊 劉健 黃傳兵 趙磊 孫廣瀚 朱子衡 李舒 馬熙檬 胡賽賽 李方澤 程靜 陳瑩瑩 LI Zheng

      【摘 要】 風(fēng)濕病發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不明確,N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)甲基化修飾可能參與風(fēng)濕病發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程。m6A甲基化通過甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、去甲基化酶、閱讀蛋白調(diào)節(jié)器識別和結(jié)合m6A位點(diǎn),使m6A修飾的RNA發(fā)揮特定作用。m6A甲基化通過對免疫系統(tǒng)的影響,調(diào)控免疫細(xì)胞參與風(fēng)濕病的過程,從而參與風(fēng)濕病的修飾作用。探討m6A甲基化修飾與風(fēng)濕病之間的關(guān)聯(lián),以期為風(fēng)濕病領(lǐng)域的未來診治提供方向。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】 風(fēng)濕病;N6-甲基腺苷;甲基化修飾;免疫細(xì)胞;關(guān)節(jié)炎

      N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)是真核生物mRNA中最常見的內(nèi)部修飾,RNA甲基化除了揭示修飾過程外,相關(guān)研究還探索RNA甲基化與各種疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)系[1-3]。m6A甲基化修飾有3類調(diào)節(jié)器,甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(MTC),負(fù)責(zé)催化;去甲基化酶(Demethylase),負(fù)責(zé)去除甲基化;閱讀蛋白(Binding Proteins),直接識別和結(jié)合m6A位點(diǎn),使m6A修飾的RNA發(fā)揮特定的作用。m6A甲基化與多種疾病尤其是風(fēng)濕病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[4]。本文將從描述m6A甲基化的具體機(jī)制及其與免疫反應(yīng)之間的聯(lián)系,在現(xiàn)有研究基礎(chǔ)上提出m6A甲基化修飾與風(fēng)濕病發(fā)病機(jī)制之間的關(guān)聯(lián),討論風(fēng)濕病領(lǐng)域的未來診治發(fā)展方向。

      1 m6A甲基化酶

      1.1 m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶 m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶促進(jìn)m6A對RNA的甲基化修飾,其編碼基因被稱為Writers。m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶包括METTL3、METTL14和Wilms腫瘤1相關(guān)蛋白(WTAP)。在m6A的甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶中,METTL3具有重要的功能。METTL3功能包括mRNA前體剪接、核輸出、翻譯調(diào)控、mRNA降解和miRNA加工等[5]。METTL14能穩(wěn)定METTL3并識別靶RNA[6-7]。METTL14和METTL3的結(jié)合在一定程度上促進(jìn)了METTL3對m6A的識別。METTL3是唯一具有體外催化活性的亞基。全長多肽甲基化與METTL3和METTL14催化堿位點(diǎn)的點(diǎn)突變密切相關(guān)。METTL3和METTL14之間存在廣泛的作用,這對于穩(wěn)定2個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域的結(jié)構(gòu)以及結(jié)構(gòu)域間的協(xié)調(diào)十分重要。WTAP參與細(xì)胞周期的調(diào)節(jié)、細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞凋亡。研究表明,WTAP與腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性度有關(guān),在病變組織中明顯變化,并引起細(xì)胞的遷移能力增加[8-9]。說明WTAP在增殖和侵襲能力中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[10-11]。

      1.2 m6A去甲基化酶 m6A去甲基化酶稱為Erasers,它是RNA中去除m6A甲基化基團(tuán)。m6A去甲基化酶包括FTO和ALKHB5等。FTO通過抑制RNA剪接因子(SRSF2)在剪接位點(diǎn)的結(jié)合控制mRNA剪接[12]。然而,當(dāng)FTO被識別為RNA脫甲基酶時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)它具有控制生物過程各個(gè)方面的作用。FTO能在某些腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和凋亡以及葡萄糖和脂質(zhì)代謝中起作用[13-14]。FTO還可以作用于炎癥免疫細(xì)胞,抑制炎癥細(xì)胞因子的釋放,緩解炎癥性疾病如關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生[15]。ALKBH5是另外一種m6A去甲基化酶,在許多惡性腫瘤中調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄修飾并維持mRNA穩(wěn)定性[16]。ALKBH5主要參與m6A的去甲基化修飾,并在mRNA成核和其他代謝過程中發(fā)揮作用。m6A修飾的功能涉及調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)狀RNA、長鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)以影響疾病的發(fā)展[17]。

      1.3 m6A甲基化閱讀器 閱讀器通過與RNA中的m6A甲基化位點(diǎn)結(jié)合發(fā)揮特定作用,其編碼基因被稱為閱讀器。在人類基因組中有5種含有YTH結(jié)構(gòu)域的蛋白質(zhì):YTHDC1、YTHDC2、YTHDF1、YTMDF2和YTHDF3。YTHDC1通過與YTHDC2結(jié)合促進(jìn)RNA降解。YTHDC1位于細(xì)胞核中,而YTHDC2和YTHDF2位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中。YTHDC1影響細(xì)胞中pre-mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄物的加工,并直接影響母細(xì)胞的成熟[18]。YTHDC2選擇性地與m6A的共有基序結(jié)合。YTHDC2的高表達(dá)可能提高了其靶標(biāo)的翻譯效率。YTHDF1不僅參與mRNA翻譯,其直接靶向YTHDF1或與某些癌細(xì)胞中的翻譯起始因子結(jié)合,而且還參與新抗原特異性免疫。YTHDF2使某些生物過程中的關(guān)鍵基因轉(zhuǎn)錄物不穩(wěn)定。此外,YTHDF2敲除導(dǎo)致肺癌細(xì)胞增生[19]。某些信號通路和m6A修飾之間的功能性存在聯(lián)系[20-22]。YTHDF3通過lncRNA、GAS5和YTHDF3之間的負(fù)反饋環(huán)識別m6A修飾的GAS5誘導(dǎo)GAS5衰變。

      2 m6A甲基化對免疫系統(tǒng)的影響

      2.1 影響炎癥性巨噬細(xì)胞極化 巨噬細(xì)胞作為天然免疫的重要組成部分,可分為M1型巨噬細(xì)胞和M2型巨噬細(xì)胞。M1、M2型巨噬細(xì)胞的表型調(diào)節(jié)各種生理和病理過程。巨噬細(xì)胞中METTL3介導(dǎo)的m6A甲基化可能成為治療炎癥性疾病的潛在抗炎靶點(diǎn)。研究表明,m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶METTL3促進(jìn)M1巨噬細(xì)胞極化,從而發(fā)揮促炎作用[23]。METTL3直接甲基化STAT1的mRNA,STAT1是啟動促炎性巨噬細(xì)胞的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,并增強(qiáng)mRNA的穩(wěn)定性,上調(diào)STAT1表達(dá)和促進(jìn)M1巨噬細(xì)胞極化。METTL3在氧化低密度脂蛋白誘導(dǎo)的單核細(xì)胞炎癥中發(fā)揮作用。在人單核細(xì)胞中,m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶METTL3和閱讀蛋白YTHDF2共同影響上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化、線粒體形態(tài),從而增強(qiáng)單核-巨噬細(xì)胞表達(dá)[24-25]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),巨噬細(xì)胞經(jīng)LPS刺激后YTHDF2表達(dá)水平上調(diào)。YTHDF2的敲除有助于mRNA促炎因子水平的下調(diào)[26]。因此,m6A甲基化修飾在預(yù)防炎癥反應(yīng)中的功能,為免疫炎癥性疾病提供了一個(gè)潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)。

      2.2 影響免疫性T細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài) m6A對免疫性T細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)態(tài)和分化穩(wěn)定性有顯著影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),如果T細(xì)胞中缺乏m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶METTL3,則T細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)態(tài)很容易被破壞[27]。在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下檢測METTL3敲除小鼠的免疫細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn),在脾臟和淋巴結(jié)中發(fā)現(xiàn)異常T細(xì)胞,并且淋巴結(jié)中幼稚T細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加。m6A甲基化修飾在T細(xì)胞分化中起重要作用。在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中,CD8+ T細(xì)胞和METTL3依賴于YTHDC1參與其甲基化修飾的過程。輔助T細(xì)胞(Th)1和Th17細(xì)胞在METTL3缺陷的初始T細(xì)胞中減少,Th2細(xì)胞增加,而調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞保持不變[28-29]。m6A介導(dǎo)的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄本降解也在T細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)和白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-7誘導(dǎo)分化的控制中發(fā)揮作用[30]。

      2.3 影響其他免疫應(yīng)答和調(diào)控 樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC)是一種特殊的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞(APC)。研究表明,在抑制m6A修飾后,DC活化和促進(jìn)CD4+ T細(xì)胞增殖的功能下降[31]。在DC成熟期間,METTL3催化CD40、CD80和TIRAP中的m6A,通過增加翻譯效率和促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞活化的功能促進(jìn)DC活化。m6A在天然免疫應(yīng)答和免疫調(diào)控中起著重要的作用。DC中YTHDF1的缺失增強(qiáng)了體內(nèi)腫瘤抗原的呈遞和CD8+ T細(xì)胞的交叉增殖[32]。YTHDF1區(qū)分DC中m6A相關(guān)mRNA表達(dá)。m6A標(biāo)記的mRNAs和YTHDF1之間的結(jié)合促進(jìn)溶酶體蛋白酶的翻譯,從而抑制吞噬的腫瘤新抗原的呈遞。m6A甲基化修飾過程是一種新的免疫應(yīng)答和調(diào)控機(jī)制。

      3 m6A甲基化修飾在風(fēng)濕病中的作用

      m6A甲基化修飾可參與類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(systemic lupus erythe-matosus,SLE)等疾病過程。m6A可能通過調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng)對RA的發(fā)生和發(fā)展具有潛在影響作用。研究表明,m6A甲基化相關(guān)酶METTL14、FTO、ALKBH5、YTHDF1和YTHDF2蛋白在RA中表達(dá)升高[33]。且相關(guān)性分析顯示,METTL3表達(dá)增加與CRP和ESR水平呈正相關(guān)。m6A還可能通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子參與RA相關(guān)疾病過程[34]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),采用m6A修飾的RNA免疫沉淀序列(m6A-seq)和RNA序列(RNA-seq)進(jìn)行鑒定,在用腫瘤壞死因子-α刺激后,人RA成纖維細(xì)胞樣滑膜細(xì)胞系MH7A中差異表達(dá)的m6A甲基化[35]。WTAP、RIPK2、JAK3和TNFRSF10A的驗(yàn)證與m6A和RNA測序結(jié)果一致。說明RNA甲基化修飾與RA相關(guān)基因之間的潛在關(guān)系。結(jié)果提示m6A修飾與RA的發(fā)生和病程有一定的相關(guān)性。

      OA是以疼痛、僵硬和活動困難為特征的關(guān)節(jié)病[36]。OA涉及完整性、遺傳易感性、局部炎癥、機(jī)械力和其他細(xì)胞生化過程。關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷可能導(dǎo)致退行性O(shè)A,其中涉及多種因素,包括對軟骨各種成分的炎癥反應(yīng)。m6A甲基化修飾可參與OA過程。研究顯示,用IL-1β處理OA軟骨細(xì)胞后,METTL3 mRNA的豐度和m6A甲基化mRNA的比率總mRNA增強(qiáng)。METTL3的干擾降低了IL-1β誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡比例,抑制了IL-1β誘導(dǎo)的炎癥細(xì)胞因子水平增加和軟骨細(xì)胞中核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB信號傳導(dǎo)的激活[37]。METTL3的破壞通過降低OA基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-13和膠原蛋白的表達(dá)水平,以及提高蛋白聚糖和Coll Ⅱ的表達(dá)水平改善ECM破壞。因此,m6A可能通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子參與OA發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程。

      LUO等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在SLE患者中觀察到MTEEL14、ALKBH5和YTHDF2的mRNA表達(dá)降低。METTL14 mRNA表達(dá)降低與白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)和單核細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)相關(guān),ALKBH5 mRNA表達(dá)降低與C反應(yīng)蛋白、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比、淋巴細(xì)胞百分比、中性粒細(xì)胞-淋巴細(xì)胞比率、補(bǔ)體C3和發(fā)熱,以及YTHDF2 mRNA表達(dá)的降低與淋巴細(xì)胞百分比、中性粒細(xì)胞-淋巴細(xì)胞比率、補(bǔ)體C3和發(fā)熱有關(guān)。此外,SLE患者PBMC中METTL14、ALKBH5與YTHDF2的mRNA表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)。回歸分析顯示,YTHDF2 mRNA表達(dá)降低是SLE的危險(xiǎn)因素。研究結(jié)果表明,與疾病活動相關(guān)的YTHDF2減少可能在SLE的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用,METTL14和ALKBH5可能同時(shí)減少。

      LUO等[39]通過定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)測定外周血中m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(METTL3、MTEEL14和WTAP)、去甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(FTO和ALKBH5)和閱讀蛋白(YTHDF2)的mRNA水平,結(jié)果表明,SLE患者外周血中METTL3、WTAP、FTO、ALKBH5和YTHDF2的mRNA水平顯著降低,ALKBH5 mRNA水平與抗ds-DNA抗體、抗核小體、皮疹和潰瘍有關(guān)。此外,SLE患者中m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(METTL3和WTAP)、去甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(FTO和ALKBH5)和閱讀蛋白(YTHDF2)之間存在正相關(guān)。提示外周血ALKBH5 mRNA水平可能參與了SLE的發(fā)病機(jī)制。

      綜上所述,m6A甲基化修飾通過調(diào)控免疫細(xì)胞參與風(fēng)濕病的過程。目前,已有研究提供了RNA甲基化與風(fēng)濕病發(fā)病機(jī)制之間關(guān)系的證據(jù)。但是,m6A與疾病的相關(guān)性研究較少,缺乏深入的研究和分析。因此,m6A甲基化與風(fēng)濕病之間的關(guān)系仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

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      收稿日期:2022-02-25;修回日期:2022-03-23

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