◎供稿:王靜云
用作狀語的從句叫作狀語從句。狀語從句用于修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等。時間狀語從句是指復合句中充當時間狀語的句子,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有before、after、when、while、as、since、till、until、as soon as 等。在這當中,學生容易混淆when 和while 的用法,而這兩詞又恰好是考試高頻單詞,所以明晰when與while 在引導時間狀語從句時的用法異同至關(guān)重要。
1.when 和while 在引導時間狀語從句時,它們既可放句首,也可放句中,都含有“當……時候”“與此同時”之意。例如:
When he was very young,Tan Dun showed an interest in music.很小的時候,譚盾就對音樂感興趣。
I will call you when I’ m ready.我準備好就給你打電話。
While he was attending junior high,Spud tried out for the school team.在他上初中時,斯巴德參加了校隊的選拔。
He always listens to the radio while he’ s driving to work.他開車上班途中總聽廣播。
2.在when和while引導的時間狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時,簡稱“主將從現(xiàn)”,用一般過去時代替過去將來時,簡稱“主過從過”。例如:
When I get there,I’ ll ring you up.我到那兒后,給你打電話。(主將從現(xiàn))
I’ ll ask him about it when he comes.他來時我要問他這件事。(主將從現(xiàn))
He jumped up when the phone rang.電話鈴響了,他猛地跳了起來。(主過從過)
Racing was halted for an hour while the track was repaired.修理賽道時,車賽中止了一個小時。(主過從過)
3.在when 和while 引導的時間狀語從句中,當主句和從句的主語一致,并且從句中有be 動詞時,可以省略從句中的主語和be 動詞。例如:
When (she is) in trouble,she always asks for my help.當(她)遇到麻煩時,她總會尋求我的幫助。
He was fond of swimming when (he was) yet a child.他還是孩子時,就喜歡游泳。
He cut himself while (he was) shaving.他在刮胡子時刮傷了自己。
4.在when 和while 引導的時間狀語從句中,當主句和從句的主語不一致,但是屬于泛指意義的代詞you 時,從句中的主語和be 動詞也可省略。例如:
When (you are) in Rome,do as the Romans do.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。
A good way to master English is to spend holidays in English speaking countries,and while (you are) there,talk to native speakers.掌握英語的一個好方法是在說英語的國家度假,當你在那里時,與英語母語人士多交談。
5.在when 和while 引導的時間狀語從句中,當從句和主句的主語不一致,但是從句主語和主句中的賓語一致時,從句中的主語和be 動詞也可省略。例如:
He told me to remain silent when (I was) not asked.當(我)沒有被問到時,他告訴我保持沉默。
She told her son not to talk while (he was) eating.她告訴她兒子在(他)吃飯時不要說話。
1.when 在引導時間狀語從句作連詞時,有下列幾種意思:
(1)“當……時”,表示主句動作發(fā)生的特定時間點或者時間段。例如:
The days get longer when spring comes.春天到來時,白天時間長了。
When he finally got the chance,he scored 20 points in his first game.當他終于得到機會時,他在第一場比賽中就得了20 分。
When the weather is great,we like going picnic.天氣好時,我們喜歡去野餐。
Amy was reading a book when I came in.當我進來時,艾米正在讀書。
(2)“(某事發(fā)生于另一活動、事件或情形期間)在……的過程中”。例如:
When I met the Gills,I had been gardening for ten years.遇到吉爾一家時,我已經(jīng)做了10 年的園藝工作。
(3)“在那時,然后,屆時”。例如:
We will go to the countryside at the beginning of June when the summer harvest starts.我們將在六月初到鄉(xiāng)下去,那時夏收將開始了。
The summer of 1969,when men first set foot on the moon,will never be forgotten.1969 年的夏天將永遠不會被忘記,那時人類第一次登上了月球。
I stayed till noon when I went home.我待到了中午,然后就回家了。
(4)表示肯定或很有可能發(fā)生的事情,以及經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事。試比較:
I’ ll do the work next week when I come back from the south.我下周從南方回來后再做這件事。(肯定會回來)
When you read this letter,I’ ll be at the front.當你看到這封信時,我將在前線了。(很可能讀到此信)
When you hear a big noise,don’ t be frightened.It comes from that factory over across the street.當你聽到一聲巨響,不要驚慌,這是馬路對面那家工廠發(fā)出的聲音。(經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事)
(5)由when 構(gòu)成的表達“當某人剛要/準備做某事時候”的搭配。
①“Somebody was ready to do something when something happened”,例如:
I was ready to go to bed when my father came back from work.父親下班回來時,我正準備睡覺。
②“Somebody was just doing something when something happened”,例如:
I was just going to speak when the bell rang.我剛要講話,鈴就響了。
I was just doing my homework when someone knocked at the door.我剛要做作業(yè),某人就來敲門了。
③“Somebody was about to do something when something happened”,例如:
We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我們剛要出發(fā)時,突然下雨了。
He was about to leave when the telephone rang.他正要離開,電話鈴響了。
另外,由when 引導的時間狀語從句中,有以下幾點應注意:
(1)when 引導的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性動詞,也可以是瞬間動詞。when 引導的從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作可以發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞之前、之后,也可以同時發(fā)生。例如:
When the meal was finished,Alice washed up and made coffee.吃完飯,愛麗絲洗了碗并煮了咖啡。(從句動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句動詞之前)
A man is not finished when he is defeated.He is finished when he quits.一個人被打敗并不等于結(jié)束,只有他放棄了才算結(jié)束。(從句動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句動詞之后)
It was snowing heavily when we got to the airport.我們到達機場時,雪下得很大。(從句和主句的動詞動作同時發(fā)生)
(2)在談論過去的事情時,when 從句中的動詞,按照和主句動詞動作先后相距的時間長短以及是否需要強調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成等,分別使用過去完成時或過去時。例如:
When I had washed and cut the vegetables,the water in the pot began to hum.當我把蔬菜洗好切完之后,鍋里的水也燒開了。(兩個動詞的動作時間間隔較長,并強調(diào)一個動作已經(jīng)完成)
When I opened the door,the children came in.我把門一打開,孩子們就進來了。(兩個動詞的動作間隔不太長,且無需強調(diào)已完成開門的動作)
When I saw the enemy,I fired at once.看見敵人我就開槍了。(兩個動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)
(3)過去完成時與含有一般過去時的when 等從句連用時,有時從句是全句的重點。例如:
Scarcely had I left the house when it began to rain.我剛離開家就開始下雨了。
He had only just reached home when a man called to see him.他剛到家就有人找。
(4)when 常和分詞組成分詞短語,when 后也可接形容詞,起省略的狀語從句的作用。例如:
It is dangerous to use mobile phone when driving.開車使用手機很危險。
This kind of steel becomes very brittle when hardened.這種鋼硬化后變得很脆。
2.while 在引導時間狀語從句作連詞時,有下列幾種意思:
(1)“……時”,表示在某一個時間段,主句動作和從句動作是同時發(fā)生的。注意while 引導的從句的謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。例如:
He always phones while we are having lunch.他總是在我們吃午飯時打電話。
Strike while the iron is hot.打鐵趁熱。
While we were dancing,a stranger came in.我們正在跳舞時,一個陌生人進來了。
While I was waiting for the taxi,it rained suddenly.當我正在等出租車時,突然下雨了。
(2)“在……期間”,表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作進行的過程中。例如:
Children were told not to listen to the music while they were going over their homework.孩子們被告知不要在做作業(yè)時聽音樂。
They arrived while we were having dinner.我們正在吃飯時,他們來了。
(3)while away 表示“消磨,打發(fā)(時間)”,“while somebody was away/ was on holiday/ was away on business”,表持續(xù)一段時間的狀態(tài)。例如:
He was left in charge of the shop while the manager was away.當經(jīng)理不在時,他被留下來負責商店。
Don’ t worry.Bill will help you look after your cat when you are away on business.不要擔心,比爾在你出去出差的時候會幫忙照顧你的貓。
3.when 與while 在引導時間狀語從句時的用法口訣:兩長用while,主長從短用when,主短從長while、when兩者均可。即主句和從句兩動詞都為延續(xù)性動詞(長動詞)的,用while;主句長動詞,從句為瞬間動詞(短動詞)的用when;當主句動詞為短動詞,從句動詞為長動詞時,用while 和when 均可。例如:
—What were you and your father doing at 7:00 last night?
—I was doing my homework while my father was reading newspapers.
—你和你爸爸昨晚七點在干嗎?
—我在做作業(yè),而我爸爸在讀報。(兩長用while)
She screamed when she suddenly saw an accident happen in the street.當她突然撞見街頭的車禍時,她尖叫了。(主長從短用when)
While/ when I was in Japan,I visited many places of interest.當我在日本時,我游覽了很多名勝。(主短從長用while 和when 均可)