解有成 陳順 李初誼 鄭英 賈棟 張久聰 于曉輝
摘要:肝移植作為肝細胞癌的根治性治療策略之一,對米蘭標準之內(nèi)的患者有較好的臨床效果。然而,術后高的復發(fā)率、轉(zhuǎn)移率使得患者長期生存仍然面臨挑戰(zhàn)。因此,如何提高遠期生存率,降低術后腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移成為亟待解決的關鍵難題。近年來,免疫檢查點抑制劑(ICI)以其良好的安全性和客觀反應性為晚期肝癌患者治療提供了新的機遇,也成為了提高肝移植治療效果的潛在方法。當前,早期臨床研究已經(jīng)報道了ICI單一及聯(lián)合治療在肝細胞癌肝移植術前降期或橋接治療以及術后輔助治療中的獨特優(yōu)勢。本文旨在通過對近年來ICI在肝細胞癌肝移植中的臨床試驗及應用進展進行綜述,并對其安全性和有效性進行探討,以期為臨床用藥提供一定參考。
關鍵詞:癌, 肝細胞; 肝移植; 免疫抑制劑
基金項目:甘肅省重點研發(fā)計劃(20YF8FA099); 甘肅省青年科技基金(20JR10RA016); 甘肅省非感染性肝病臨床醫(yī)學研究中心(21JR7RA017); 甘肅省衛(wèi)健委科研計劃(GSWSKY2021-047)
Application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
XIE Youcheng1,2, CHEN Shun1, LI Chuyi1, ZHENG Ying1, JIA Dong1,2,? ZHANG Jiucong1, YU Xiaohui1. (1. Department of Gastroenterology, The 940 Hospital of Joint Service Support Force of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China; 2. The First Clinical Medical School,? Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China)
Corresponding author:YU Xiaohui, yuxiaohui@126.com (ORCID:0000-0002-8633-3281)
Abstract:
Liver transplantation, as one of the radical treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma, has a good clinical effect in patients meeting the Milan criteria; however, the high recurrence rate and metastasis rate after surgery bring great challenges to the long-term survival of such patients. Therefore, how to improve long-term survival rate and reduce postoperative tumor metastasis has become a key problem that needs to be solved urgently. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), with their good safety and objective reactivity, have provided a new opportunity for the treatment of patients with advanced liver cancer and have become potential candidates for improving the therapeutic effect of liver transplantation. At present, early clinical studies have reported the unique advantages of ICIs used alone or in combination in downstaging or bridging therapy before liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and adjuvant therapy after liver transplantation. Therefore, this article reviews the clinical trials of ICIs in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and the advances in the application of ICIs in recent years and discuss its safety and efficacy, in order to provide a certain reference for clinical medication.
Key words:
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Transplantation; Immunosuppressive Agents
Research funding:
Gansu Provincial Key R&D Program (20YF8FA099); Gansu Provincial Youth Science and Technology Fund (20JR10RA016); Gansu Provincial Clinical Medical Research Centre for Non-infectious Liver Diseases (21JR7RA017); Scientific Research Plan of Gansu Provincial Health Commission (GSWSKY2021-047)
肝細胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是我國常見惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率居于第四位,死亡率居于第二位[1]。當前肝移植(liver transplantation, LT)仍然是HCC根治性治療主要方式之一,但鑒于米蘭分期對于腫瘤大小、個數(shù)和肝儲備功能的嚴格限制,僅有少數(shù)患者能從中獲益,且LT術后高達30%復發(fā)率[2],進一步限制了LT臨床應用。故尋找能擴大LT適應證,提升治療效果及預防術后復發(fā)成為目前研究的熱點。
近年來,免疫檢查點抑制劑(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI)對不同肝病類型、不同階段、不同地區(qū)的晚期HCC患者,均顯示出較好的臨床療效。鑒于其良好的客觀反應性和安全性[3-5],推動研究者進一步探索其在LT中的應用。近期研究顯示,ICI在黑色素瘤[6]、肺癌[7]、腎癌[8]等移植術中的治療可使患者有更好的生存益處,這也使得ICI在LT中的應用備受矚目。本文通過已有文獻,對ICI在LT中的臨床試驗和應用進展進行綜述,闡明LT中應用ICI的有效性和安全性,以期為臨床用藥提供參考。
1 ICI的抗腫瘤機制
免疫檢查點(immune checkpoints, IC)是指在免疫細胞上表達、能調(diào)節(jié)免疫激活程度的一系列分子,ICI則是通過阻斷IC與其配體之間的相互作用來防止T淋巴細胞失活,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用[9]。
目前,ICI已被FDA批準作為HCC系統(tǒng)治療的一線治療方案(表1),常見的ICI包括抗程序化細胞死亡-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受體配體-1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1),以及抗細胞毒性T淋巴細胞相關蛋白4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)。除上述抗體外,還有更多的靶點抗體如LAG-3(lymphocyte-activation gene-3,又稱CD223)抗體等仍在進一步研究中[10]。
2 ICI在HCC患者LT術前降期或橋接治療
LT是根治HCC的理想治療方法,但供體的稀缺限制了LT的應用,為防止患者失去LT機會,橋接、降期治療是HCC患者在LT前的關鍵[11]。橋接治療是指LT等待期間通過輔助治療控制腫瘤進展[12],降期治療是指通過新輔助治療手段,減輕腫瘤負荷,降低分期,使超出標準的患者能重新被納入LT標準[13](圖1)。
局部區(qū)域治療是最常見的橋接、降期治療方式,經(jīng)導管動脈化療栓塞術(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)作為局部區(qū)域治療標準治療手段[14],雖能一定程度緩解疾病進展,但一些學者認為部分患者對TACE療效不佳,易出現(xiàn)TACE治療抵抗,或治療后肝功能受損[15]。此外,研究[16]表明TACE可增強PD-1和PD-L1的表達,若聯(lián)合ICI,可能進一步改善預后。
Schwacha-Eipper等[17]首次報道了在LT術前使用ICI,使1例肝內(nèi)多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的HCC患者成功降級到米蘭標準之內(nèi),順利進行LT手術。之后,越來越多的患者開始在LT前使用ICI進行橋接或降期治療。迄今為止,共有22例病例報道了在LT前使用ICI,大多數(shù)患者預后良好(90%)。
雖然上述研究的療效和安全性的結(jié)果令人振奮,但僅是Ⅰ或Ⅱ期臨床試驗,且樣本量較小,很難確定ICI與致命排斥反應相關的危險因素,故臨床使用ICI作為橋接或降期治療仍十分謹慎,正在進行的進一步大規(guī)模Ⅱ、Ⅲ期臨床試驗將進一步評估免疫治療在可切除的HCC新輔助治療中的作用。
3 ICI在LT術后輔助治療
3.1 LT后預防HCC復發(fā)的輔助治療 盡管LT切除了原發(fā)腫瘤及肝內(nèi)潛在病變,但5年復發(fā)率達30%[2],一旦復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移,疾病將迅速進展。目前認為循環(huán)腫瘤細胞或肝外未檢測到的病變是HCC復發(fā)的主要原因[18]。因此及時、精準、規(guī)范地進行術后輔助治療,才能降低術后復發(fā)風險,延長總體生存期。目前尚無證據(jù)支持化療或索拉非尼輔助治療能降低LT后HCC復發(fā)風險[19]。
目前尚缺乏關于ICI預防移植后復發(fā)的研究,正在進行的臨床試驗(NCT03383458)探究了肝臟切除或消融術后高風險復發(fā)患者使用ICI的安全性和有效性,雖不包括LT受者但可能對LT患者提供借鑒。由于排斥反應的風險不可預測,因此應謹慎使用ICI作為LT后預防性復發(fā)輔助治療。
3.2 LT后HCC復發(fā)的免疫治療 由于LT術后長期免疫抑制,HCC復發(fā)風險增加。目前對于復發(fā)患者治療手段有限,臨床仍以放化療和局部消融、栓塞為主,但效果有限。近年來,隨著移植患者中免疫治療的深入,ICI越來越多地被用作復發(fā)后的治療選擇。
近期研究結(jié)果顯示,ICI在移植術后復發(fā)治療中存在極大的優(yōu)勢,使患者獲得更好的生存益處,一項針對8例接受ICI的LT患者的回顧性研究[20]結(jié)果顯示,盡管排斥反應風險增加,但總生存期明顯改善。近來文獻[21-22]報道LT術后免疫治療取得良好效果:1例LT術后HCC復發(fā)并多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移患者,間斷使用ICI治療2年后康復,且移植物肝功能也維持在正常水平。另1例LT術后復發(fā)伴雙肺轉(zhuǎn)移患者,接受ICI
治療后,無進展生存期與總生存期均延長,雖然患者最終因腦轉(zhuǎn)移去世,但治療期間未出現(xiàn)任何排斥反應。有學者探究終末期HCC在各種治療(包括放化療、手術以及分子靶向藥物)無效的情況下實施ICI后發(fā)現(xiàn),在ICI亞組中客觀緩解率為25%,與非移植患者相比,移植患者的抗腫瘤效應更好[23-24]。
盡管目前個案報道,復發(fā)后使用免疫治療LT后HCC復發(fā)具有較好的療效,但LT患者需終身免疫抑制可能會影響ICI的抗腫瘤療效。同時,ICI通過調(diào)控免疫應答殺傷腫瘤,可能免疫細胞過度活化導致排斥反應。雖然文獻[25]報道免疫抑制劑與ICI同時使用時排斥病死率遠低于腫瘤特異性病死率,但存在部分患者使用ICI方案導致移植物排斥反應與抗腫瘤療效下降。此外,推薦于非移植HCC的ICI方案可能并不完全適用于LT后復發(fā)患者。
如何平衡移植物保護性免疫抑制和抗腫瘤免疫增強是一個關鍵問題,盡管最新試驗[26]表明,肝移植物中PD-1淋巴細胞表達水平與排斥反應風險呈正相關,但在大規(guī)模Ⅱ、Ⅲ期臨床試驗預測和證實移植物排斥風險之前,ICI須謹慎使用。
4 ICI應用于LT患者的局限性與挑戰(zhàn)
目前已有2例報道LT圍手術期使用ICI發(fā)生致命性排斥反應[27-28],由于樣本量較小,很難確定ICI與致命排斥反應相關的危險因素。不少學者認為與ICI劑量以及LT前停藥時間有關[29]:最后一劑ICI未被及時清除,使移植肝表達PD-L1實現(xiàn)“免疫逃逸”,而發(fā)生排斥反應[30]。所以使用ICI患者LT術前應考慮逐漸減量。由于ICI與其靶點的結(jié)合是可逆的,因此可以使用血漿置換,但是過早停用 ICI后易出現(xiàn)疾病進展,可能無法從LT中獲益。此外,專家建議[31]LT受者在ICI之前進行移植肝穿刺活檢,PD-L1高表達提示易出現(xiàn)相關移植損傷。
綜上所述,當前早期臨床試驗研究和個案報道已經(jīng)初步證實了在嚴密監(jiān)測下,ICI在LT患者中應用的安全性和有效性[32]。但是如何選擇最佳的治療時間和劑量、明確排斥反應的危險因素還需要更深入研究。此外,由于每種免疫療法的療效和排斥風險各不相同,因此對特定患者實施個體化評估、治療仍是當務之急。目前正在進行的臨床試驗可能進一步回答這些問題(表2)。
5 小結(jié)及展望
ICI已成為中晚期HCC的選擇,但對于LT患者來說,免疫療法的應用仍需謹慎探索,避免ICI相關的排斥反應風險??傮w而言,在新輔助治療中使用ICI對HCC和移植腫瘤學具有重大意義,目前正在進行的臨床試驗將提供關于ICI的安全性和有效性見解,并有可能改變當前的治療模式,使更多LT患者獲益。
利益沖突聲明:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:解有成負責課題設計,資料分析,撰寫論文;陳順、賈棟、鄭英參與收集數(shù)據(jù),修改論文;于曉輝、張久聰、李初誼負責擬定寫作思路,指導撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:
2022-07-31;錄用日期:2022-09-18
本文編輯:林姣