其七 姚欣 楊國(guó)棟 秦建平
摘要:肝性腦?。℉E)是經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體分流術(shù)(TIPS)術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥之一,影響HE發(fā)生的因素復(fù)雜,且發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不十分清楚,如何減少TIPS術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生,一直是臨床關(guān)注的問題。有關(guān)TIPS操作對(duì)術(shù)后HE影響方面的研究,國(guó)內(nèi)外均有相關(guān)報(bào)道,對(duì)研究的結(jié)果,有些可達(dá)成共識(shí)意見,有些還存在分歧。本文擬對(duì)TIPS術(shù)中穿刺門靜脈左或右支分流、選擇不同內(nèi)徑球囊擴(kuò)張通道及門靜脈壓力梯度降低程度等因素對(duì)術(shù)后HE影響進(jìn)行綜述,為優(yōu)化TIPS操作,減少術(shù)后HE發(fā)生提供參考依據(jù)。關(guān)鍵詞:門體分流術(shù),? 經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi); 肝性腦?。?肝硬化; 門靜脈高壓基金項(xiàng)目:原成都軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院基金項(xiàng)目(2013YG-B009)
Research advances in the influence of intraoperative factors during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on the development of hepatic encephalopathy
QI Qi YAO Xin YANG Guodong QIN Jianping(1. Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Chengdu 610083, China; 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China)
Corresponding author:QIN Jianping, jpqqing@163.com (ORCID: 0000-0001-7834-8830)
Abstract:Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the common complications after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), with complex influencing factors and an unknown pathogenesis, and how to reduce HE after TIPS has always been a clinical concern. There are reports on the influence of TIPS on postoperative HE both in China and globally, and a consensus has been reached on some of the research results, while there are still controversies over other results. This article reviews the influencing factors for postoperative HE, such as puncture of the left or right portal vein shunt during TIPS, balloon dilatation channels with different inner diameters, and the degree of reduction in hepatic venous pressure gradient, so as to provide a reference for optimizing the operation of TIPS and reducing the onset of postoperative HE.
Key words:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; Hepatic Encephalopathy;? ?Liver Cirrhosis; Portal Hypertension
Research funding:Primal Chengdu Military General Hospital Fund Project(2013YG-B009)
經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體分流術(shù)(TIPS)是治療各種病因?qū)е碌母斡不T靜脈高壓并發(fā)癥的微創(chuàng)介入手術(shù), 隨著操作技術(shù)不斷成熟改進(jìn)及材料尤其是支架的改良, 其臨床療效得到明顯提高,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生明顯減少且癥狀減輕,已在臨床廣泛推廣應(yīng)用[1-2]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)臨床關(guān)注的TIPS術(shù)后常見并發(fā)癥仍是支架功能障礙和肝性腦病(HE),但隨著TIPS專用支架(Viatorr支架)在國(guó)內(nèi)臨床逐步推廣應(yīng)用,支架功能障礙的問題已基本得到解決,術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生率明顯下降、癥狀減輕[3]。為了進(jìn)一步減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生尤其是HE,研究者們除加強(qiáng)TIPS患者圍手術(shù)期的防治外,也研究了術(shù)中操作因素對(duì)HE的影響。有關(guān)TIPS操作對(duì)術(shù)后HE的影響,國(guó)內(nèi)外均有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[4-7],對(duì)研究的結(jié)果,有些可達(dá)成共識(shí)意見,有些還存在分歧。本文擬對(duì)TIPS術(shù)中穿刺門靜脈左或右支分流、選擇不同內(nèi)徑球囊擴(kuò)張通道及門靜脈壓力梯度降低程度等因素對(duì)術(shù)后HE影響進(jìn)行綜述,為優(yōu)化TIPS操作, 降低術(shù)后HE發(fā)生提供參考依據(jù)。
1TIPS相關(guān)HE的概念及分型
TIPS相關(guān)HE[8]是TIPS術(shù)后以門靜脈-體循環(huán)分流異常所致的、代謝紊亂為基礎(chǔ)的、并排除其他已知腦病的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào)綜合征。第11屆世界胃腸病大會(huì)[9](根據(jù)病因不同將HE分為A、B、C型),把在慢性肝病、肝硬化伴門靜脈-體循環(huán)分流的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生的HE分為C型,也是國(guó)內(nèi)外最常見的類型。該類HE往往具有潛在的可逆性。美國(guó)胃腸病學(xué)會(huì)實(shí)踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)[10]進(jìn)一步提出West-Haven 分級(jí),根據(jù)病情嚴(yán)重程度分為0~4級(jí),該分級(jí)方法目前應(yīng)用最廣泛。因0、1級(jí)難以區(qū)分,國(guó)際肝性腦病和氮代謝學(xué)會(huì)[11]根據(jù)有無定向障礙及撲翼樣震顫提出SONIC分級(jí),即隱匿性肝性腦?。╟over hepatic encephalopathy,CHE)和顯性肝性腦病(overt hepatic encephalopathy,OHE),其中CHE定義為有神經(jīng)心理學(xué)和/或神經(jīng)生理學(xué)異常但無定向障礙、無撲翼樣震顫的肝硬化患者。TIPS術(shù)后HE的發(fā)病機(jī)制迄今尚不完全清楚,目前普遍認(rèn)為是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果[3,12],而術(shù)中建立肝-門靜脈分流道可能為肝硬化患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)HE提供了病理基礎(chǔ),相關(guān)操作對(duì)術(shù)后HE發(fā)生的影響值得臨床關(guān)注。
2TIPS操作對(duì)HE的影響
2.1TIPS術(shù)中在門靜脈左或右支建立分流道對(duì)術(shù)后HE的影響2019年版中國(guó)門靜脈高壓經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體分流術(shù)臨床實(shí)踐指南[3]推薦應(yīng)用Viatorr支架,術(shù)中栓塞自發(fā)性門體分流及曲張靜脈,及從門靜脈左支建立分流道等措施可以降低TIPS術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生率。有研究[13]認(rèn)為自脾臟和腸系膜上靜脈的回流血液沒有完全混合,分別進(jìn)入門靜脈的左右分支,右支主要接受腸系膜上靜脈血,左支主要接受脾靜脈血,因此穿刺門靜脈左支分流后進(jìn)入體循環(huán)的血氨水平較穿刺右支低。還有研究[14]基于二氧化碳的孔隙造影法:使用碘造影劑替代傳統(tǒng)成像的造影方法,該研究納入慢性肝病患者經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝穿刺門靜脈,并置管于脾靜脈,采用機(jī)械注射系統(tǒng),以總量30 mL、5 mL/s的速度注射顯影劑,出現(xiàn)了門靜脈主干左右血液混合差異的情況?;谏鲜鲇^點(diǎn),目前國(guó)內(nèi)部分介入醫(yī)生在手術(shù)操作時(shí)會(huì)選擇門靜脈左支作為穿刺靶點(diǎn)建立分流道。然而,在2015年10月Viatorr支架進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)以前,國(guó)內(nèi)的TIPS手術(shù)主要采用Fluency覆膜支架建立分流道,由于該支架支撐力及軸向彈性張力強(qiáng),若術(shù)中支架在肝靜脈端釋放位置過低或未在門靜脈端留夠長(zhǎng)度,均會(huì)導(dǎo)致“蓋帽”引起支架功能障礙。該支架分流的血液來自門靜脈主干,其術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生與穿刺靶點(diǎn)的位置(門靜脈左支或右支)是否相關(guān)值得商榷。此外,國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者脾靜脈和腸系膜血流在門靜脈主干匯集后,存在血流左、右分層的情況也還存在爭(zhēng)議[15]。國(guó)外早有研究[16]認(rèn)為肝硬化因肝血竇閉塞,竇周纖維化,門靜脈循環(huán)受阻,導(dǎo)致門靜脈壓力增高,繼之入肝血流減少、血流速度減慢,肝功能分級(jí)與門靜脈流速有關(guān),肝損傷越明顯,門靜脈流速越低。在內(nèi)臟高動(dòng)力循環(huán)狀態(tài)下,門靜脈流速進(jìn)行性減低提示肝實(shí)質(zhì)病變程度的加重和門靜脈血流阻力的增加。雖然筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)在TIPS術(shù)中通過高壓注射系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行造影時(shí)同樣觀察到了門靜脈左、右支存在分層的現(xiàn)象,但并不能以此來推斷自然狀態(tài)下肝硬化患者門靜脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài),同時(shí)肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者脾靜脈和腸系膜血流在門靜脈主干匯集后流速減慢,在自身狀態(tài)下要達(dá)到血流左右分層,需要界定門靜脈主干在血流匯集后是否存在兩種不同的血流速度,目前尚無相關(guān)報(bào)道。2020年國(guó)內(nèi)研究[17]收集120例采用Viatorr支架行TIPS治療的肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者資料,術(shù)中門靜脈造影顯示,52例患者從門靜脈左支建立分流道,68例患者從門靜脈右支建立分流道,門靜脈左支分流組與右支分流組比較,術(shù)后HE發(fā)生率的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.159,P=0.69)。2020年國(guó)內(nèi)另一研究[18]納入15例乙型肝炎肝硬化伴上消化道出血行TIPS治療的患者,術(shù)中分別采集門靜脈左支、右支及主干的血液,其血漿氨分別為:左支(96.4±17.6) μmol/L、右支(113.5±18.4) μmol/L、主干(106.9±38.7) μmol/L,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。該研究為肝硬化門靜脈左右支血液細(xì)菌代謝產(chǎn)物的比較提供了重要證據(jù)。
總之,目前TIPS術(shù)中在不同門靜脈分支建立分流道對(duì)術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生是否產(chǎn)生影響還存在爭(zhēng)議[18],在沒有充分依據(jù)的狀況下,從該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展來看,如果一味選擇門靜脈左支作為穿刺靶點(diǎn),會(huì)增加術(shù)中的技術(shù)難度,不利于該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用。此外肝硬化患者普遍存在肝裂隙增寬,門靜脈左支鄰近分叉局部可能裸露在肝實(shí)質(zhì)之外,術(shù)中穿刺門靜脈左支可能增加腹腔出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.2TIPS術(shù)中置入不同內(nèi)徑支架對(duì)術(shù)后HE的影響
門靜脈主要接受含氨豐富的腸系膜上靜脈血液回流,因此支架直徑越大,門體分流血液量越多,體循環(huán)血液中血氨水平越高,術(shù)后HE 發(fā)生率越大[13]。Teng等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)病毒性肝硬化失代償期患者的生存率而言,金屬覆膜支架顯著高于裸支架(P<0.000 1);金屬覆膜支架亞組分析中發(fā)現(xiàn),不同支架直徑影響HE的發(fā)生率,6 mm支架的HE發(fā)生率明顯低于7 mm及8 mm支架(6.4% vs 37.6% vs 45.7%,P<0.01)。Wang等[20]認(rèn)為,同10 mm的支架相比,8 mm的覆蓋支架不但不會(huì)損害分流的功能,還會(huì)降低HE發(fā)生率。隨后相關(guān)研究[7]也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。研究[21]表明,門體分流支架直徑大于8 mm是術(shù)后發(fā)生HE的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并且支架尺寸大小與術(shù)后HE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高低呈正相關(guān)。然而,選用大直徑的支架,勢(shì)必增加分流道的血流量,減少門靜脈對(duì)肝組織的灌注,肝功能可能受到影響[22]。研究[23]表明目前采用8 mm內(nèi)徑的支架分流,既能有效減壓,也不會(huì)影響肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者術(shù)后的肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能,HE的發(fā)生可能與患者術(shù)前肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能較差有關(guān)。也有研究[24]認(rèn)為分流支架從小直徑緩慢擴(kuò)張至8 mm能夠更加有效地緩解患者門靜脈高壓,降低術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生率。本中心前期研究[22-23,25]表明,控制支架內(nèi)徑可顯著降低HE的發(fā)生率,應(yīng)用8 mm內(nèi)徑的Viatorr支架建立分流道效果更佳,其門靜脈的裸支架區(qū)可以保障門靜脈血流通暢,避免更多的未經(jīng)肝代謝的血液直接進(jìn)入體循環(huán)。隨著可調(diào)控內(nèi)徑支架應(yīng)用于臨床,臨床操作者可根據(jù)不同肝硬化患者的治療目標(biāo)和需求選擇置入支架內(nèi)徑的大小。
2.3TIPS術(shù)中門靜脈壓力梯度變化對(duì)術(shù)后HE的影響TIPS術(shù)后HE發(fā)生可能與分流血液量及門靜脈壓力梯度相關(guān),這與支架直徑大小相關(guān)[26],支架直徑越大,門靜脈壓力梯度下降越明顯。Yao等[27]認(rèn)為發(fā)現(xiàn)門靜脈壓力梯度是TIPS術(shù)后HE發(fā)生的一個(gè)重要因素。研究[28]表明,TIPS術(shù)后門靜脈壓力降低越多,對(duì)肝硬化患者門靜脈高壓并發(fā)癥的療效越好,但HE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。TIPS術(shù)后門靜脈壓力梯度每降低1 mmHg,TIPS術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生概率會(huì)增加1.2倍[29]。最近的EASL指南[30]雖然不建議TIPS支架小到6 mm,但認(rèn)為控制支架的內(nèi)徑,控制門靜脈壓力梯度的變化,可以減少TIPS術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生。目前TIPS公認(rèn)的治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是術(shù)后門靜脈壓力梯度下降至12 mmHg以下,或基線水平的50%以下[31]。國(guó)外研究[32]認(rèn)為門靜脈壓力梯度下降至10 mmHg以下,可以明顯增加術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生,為避免HE的發(fā)生,使用直徑6 mm覆膜支架,并通過添加普萘洛爾彌補(bǔ)門靜脈壓力梯度下降的“不足”可以獲得滿意療效。由于國(guó)內(nèi)外肝硬化的病因存在差異,肝臟的大小也不相同,最近的研究[23]表明采用8 mm內(nèi)徑Viatorr支架建立分流道,在基線一致的情況下門靜脈壓力梯度下降至12 mmHg或基線50%以下,不同病因肝硬化患者HE的發(fā)生率存在差異,乙型肝炎肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生率低于酒精性肝硬化患者及原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化患者。筆者認(rèn)為HE的發(fā)生可能與TIPS 術(shù)后肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能的變化有關(guān),其原因除圍手術(shù)期的治療外,還應(yīng)考慮與后續(xù)的病因治療及患者管理相關(guān)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)并未制訂適合國(guó)人的TIPS門靜脈壓力梯度的治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn),合理控制TIPS分流后的門靜脈壓力梯度,個(gè)體化選擇,可能是未來研究的一個(gè)方向。
3結(jié)語及展望
美國(guó)及北美TIPS指南[33-34]并無在門靜脈不同分支建立分流道術(shù)后HE發(fā)生存在差異的評(píng)述,根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)研究結(jié)果看,筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為在門靜脈不同分支建立分流通道對(duì)術(shù)后HE有影響的結(jié)論尚存爭(zhēng)議,仍需進(jìn)一步深入研究。目前普遍認(rèn)為用8 mm內(nèi)徑支架治療肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者,不僅能達(dá)到理想的分流效果,術(shù)后HE發(fā)生率較采用10 mm內(nèi)徑建立分流道的患者明顯降低,但對(duì)于老年肝硬化患者及肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能差的肝硬化患者如何選擇合適內(nèi)徑支架建立分流通道,隨著可控內(nèi)徑支架逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床,有待進(jìn)一步研究。支架內(nèi)徑大小與門靜脈壓力梯度變化呈正相關(guān),由于國(guó)內(nèi)外肝硬化的病因存在差異[35],如何根據(jù)患者的情況選擇相應(yīng)內(nèi)徑的支架,合理控制TIPS分流后門靜脈壓力梯度,減少TIPS術(shù)后HE的發(fā)生,值得未來繼續(xù)探索,同時(shí)也期待新的抗HBV藥物能更好地改善乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的病因治療,讓更多乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS術(shù)后獲得Baveno Ⅶ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義的肝硬化“再代償”[31]。由于HE的發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,與臨床操作、術(shù)后患者管理等諸多因素有關(guān),未來的研究還需要更大的樣本量和多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:其七負(fù)責(zé)收集文獻(xiàn),論文撰寫;姚欣負(fù)責(zé)收集文獻(xiàn),參與論文撰寫;楊國(guó)棟負(fù)責(zé)論文分析及修改;秦建平負(fù)責(zé)立題,擬定寫作思路,論文修改及最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2022-11-04;錄用日期:2022-12-05
本文編輯:王瑩
引證本文:QI Q, YAO X, YANG GD,? et al. Research advances in the influence of intraoperative factors during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on the development of hepatic encephalopathy[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(8): 1966-1971.