邱惠瑩
高考英語試題的寫作部分是對學(xué)生語言運用能力和思維品質(zhì)的綜合考查,也是學(xué)生知識能力水平的集中體現(xiàn)。因此寫出通順流暢且富有思想性的短文一直是英語學(xué)習(xí)者的追求。
應(yīng)用文寫作是書面表達(dá)的主要考查形式之一,幾十年來題材和類型都在發(fā)生變化。命題方式曾經(jīng)采用過圖畫、漫畫、圖表等,但大多以文字提示為主。題材范圍廣泛,涉及對外交流合作、參加各類活動、介紹傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)、介紹人物風(fēng)景、暢談理想愿望等。縱觀十多年來的話題,其發(fā)展趨勢呈現(xiàn)出以下特點:以往的內(nèi)容單純介紹國內(nèi)情況或國外經(jīng)歷,近幾年側(cè)重展示中國的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)和交往禮儀;注重文化融合,凸顯中國元素,增加文化自信,提倡家國情懷。
近幾年,應(yīng)用文的類型也更加靈活多樣,由寫信或發(fā)郵件轉(zhuǎn)換到通訊報道或書面通知,逐步摒棄了非正式的日記筆體和口頭通知。而且最常見的書信也是在規(guī)定主題線索的前提下,適當(dāng)增加開放性,讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性思維,展示自身的特色和觀點。概括來說,應(yīng)用文的類型可分為通知、報道、演講和書信四類,其中書信還可以按意圖進(jìn)一步劃分,如邀請約定、應(yīng)聘申請、致謝致歉、求助建議等。
下面以近幾年高考的應(yīng)用文題型為例,對幾種類型做一些深入的探討和寫作上的指導(dǎo)。
一、報告報道類
圖表類調(diào)查報告曾是一種常見的應(yīng)用文體,重點考查數(shù)據(jù)的表達(dá)方式、時態(tài)以及人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換等。近幾年新增了通訊報道,類似于描述圖畫展示的故事或記日記,時態(tài)以一般過去時為主。但通訊報道要做到語言簡練、敘述完整并適當(dāng)加以評價,避免使用第一人稱。這兩種文體都對句式要求嚴(yán)格,還應(yīng)注意詞語之間的搭配和整篇文章的流暢性。其行文格式作如下歸納:
第一段點明事件或活動及其目的宗旨,如:Toraise the awareness of..,...held/ started a(n)…,whichmade...
第二段是短文的主體,先指出事件發(fā)生的時間地點和參與人員,再敘述活動的具體實施過程以及過程中出現(xiàn)的問題和解決方案,最后說明事情的結(jié)果或收獲。寫作過程中要注意描述詳略得當(dāng),突出人物的特點或事件的高潮,適當(dāng)運用修飾詞加強感官效果。
第三段總結(jié)經(jīng)驗或得到的肩示,也可對不理想的結(jié)局表示惋惜或提出警示。受篇幅限制可在第二段末尾簡略評論,如We were inspired to value…,expect—ing that...
二、通知
通知可分為口頭和書面兩種形式??陬^通知偏重于口語化,而書面通知則要布局嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、條理清晰。以前考查過的留言條為非正式文體,稱謂較隨意,只要說明事由即可。非正式文體在近幾年考查中逐漸減少。書面通知要說明活動或事件的目的、舉行的時間地點和安排順序,最后指出具體要求和注意事項,時態(tài)以一般將來時為主,人稱通常用第三人稱??陬^通知的主體內(nèi)容與書面通知相同,只是稱呼上用第二人稱,開始用“May I have your attention, please?”引起聽眾注意,最后用“That's all. Thank you.”結(jié)束。請看筆者提供的范文:
Notice
This weekend a short film will be shown. The filmcalled Grorwzng Together tells about the development ofour school. It will help us learn more about the historyand the contributions our school has ma e to education.If you are interested to see it,please get to the AcademicHall before 7:00 p.m. on Saturday. The film lasts one anda half hours. It is believed that you will feel proud of ourschool after watching it.lf you have an opinion about thefilm, you can write it down and send to us.
Look forward to your comlng and valuable advice.
Students' Union
三、發(fā)言稿或倡議書
針對某個話題的發(fā)言稿也是近年來的??碱愋?,比如202 1年全國乙卷要求以“Be smart online learn—ers”為題寫發(fā)言稿,而2022年全國甲卷的書面表達(dá)要求為“世界海洋日”的主題征文投稿,其文體可視為倡議書;有些征文以分享經(jīng)驗或經(jīng)歷為話題,如202 1年新高考I卷的話題為“Youth and Me”;常見話題“ThePerson I Admire”以及致歡迎或歡送詞,也可以歸類于發(fā)言稿。下面以“Be smart online learners"為例說明此類文章的大體寫作思路:
Network learning has been an important means toacquire knowledge and solve problems for afew decades.But as for the vast volume of information, being smart on—line learners should be a wise decision.
On one hand, we can make full use of the extensiveeducational resources to broaden horizons.Meanwhile,we can take the initiative in study without time or spacelimit.On the other hand, there are some disadvantages ev一idently. Faced with varieties of information on the Inter—net, we can't separate beneficial materials from harmfulones.Worse still, online learning itself has somelmper—fections, so youngsters may easilyget into the traps ofevil websites.
In conclusion, we should have a clear understan ingof the advantages and disadvantages, thus making net—work learning more efficient.
這類文體要求語言簡潔而內(nèi)容豐富,列舉典型事例或從正反兩面論證觀點,既要態(tài)度鮮明又感情真摯,實例論證時需注意時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。在開頭和結(jié)尾要有概括或結(jié)論性語句,增加其號召力和說服力。
四、書信或郵件
寫言或發(fā)郵件是應(yīng)用文考查的主要類型,通常以文字提示和內(nèi)容要點作為命題形式。信件的內(nèi)容涉及中學(xué)生活的方方面面,在考查語言知識和表達(dá)能力的同時,注重生活經(jīng)驗的積累和思維的邏輯性,具有一定的開放性可以讓考生適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。信件的格式一般已經(jīng)設(shè)定,學(xué)生只需寫出中間部分,注意寫信和回信用詞上的差別。信件通常分為三段:第一段說明事件和目的;第二段主體部分列舉方法、原因或條目等;第三段表達(dá)祝愿和希冀。
信件的話題類型有以下幾種:
①邀請并約定,寫信邀請某人或團(tuán)體參加會議或比賽、文化藝術(shù)體育活動、度假出游等,同時要指明時間、地點和相關(guān)要求;
②應(yīng)聘或申請,寫給某些組織或主辦單位,申請做兼職工作或志愿者,希望參與社會實踐,發(fā)揮自身特長獲取經(jīng)驗;
③致謝或致歉,作為書信的常見內(nèi)容,得到幫助后表示感謝是必備的禮節(jié),而失約或給人造成困擾也應(yīng)表示歉意;
④求助和建議,求助的內(nèi)容涉及廣泛,包括咨詢社交經(jīng)驗、找尋書籍資料、了解旅游或跨文化交流信息等;給出必要的建議以回復(fù)某人的求助,也是書信的常見話題之一;
⑤推薦或告知,寫信向朋友推薦學(xué)校專業(yè)、旅游景點、影視節(jié)目以及書籍資料,或告知他們自己的近況,同時對其表示關(guān)心并送上祝福,這些都體現(xiàn)了人際交往的價值和樂趣。而不滿服務(wù)質(zhì)量的投訴和反映社會問題的呼吁有些偏離中學(xué)生活,尋物或招領(lǐng)啟示又偏于生活化,此類話題與應(yīng)用文的考查主旨有偏差,在近年考題中鮮有提及。
需要說明的是,書信的話題并非是單一的,可能兼有以上的兩種或更多功能,兇此不要拘泥于公式化的模板,根據(jù)要點整體謀篇布局,靈活運用不同句式,考慮時態(tài)、人稱的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換,才能交出符合要求的滿意答卷。
下面先說明信件構(gòu)成的各段落大體內(nèi)容以及常見的表達(dá)方式:
①用于文章開頭:
I'm glad/ excited to hear…
I'm writing to show /express my thanks/gratitude toyou.
I'd like to invite you to take part in…
②用于承接下文:
Here/ The following are my suggestions/ arrange—ments.
Here is my advice/ my plan/ the detailed informa—tion of...
My suggestions/ ideas are as follows.
③用于文章正文表示順序或連貫性:
Firstly,…Secondly,…Finally/ Last but not least,…
To begin with,...Besides/ Next,... (In addition,…;What's more/ worse…)
For one thing, ...For another,…
On one hand,...On the other hand,…
④用于提建議或申明觀點:
It is high time we took measures/ put an end to…
There is no easy answer/ solution to…
It's important/necessary/ essential/ beneficial forsb.to do sth.
If l were you,1 would...; Why not do...c.l You aresupposed to...
⑤用于文章結(jié)尾給出結(jié)論或表達(dá)愿望:
To sum up;As is mentioned above;
In my view/ opinion; As for me; From my point ofview; Personally,I think...
Hopefully, you could offer me the chance.l wouldappreciate it if you could offer...
If you have other questions, please tell me in ad-vance.
Looking forward to your reply/your coming/ seeingyou!
Best wishes to youl May you succeed/have a goodtime!
最后選取了近幾年應(yīng)用文中的信件為例,運用以上表達(dá)方法,筆者給出范文以供參考:
※邀請并約定(2022全國新高考I卷)Dear Caroline,
Iam Li Hua, in charge of the English program“Talk and Talk"of our School Broadcasting Station.Here I am writing to invite you to be our guest speaker.Now l will say more about the requirements.
Many students in our school want to know about thehigh school life of American students. And what do theyusually do in their summer vacation? Can you give a briefdescription on the topic? If it is convenient to you,I'dlike to arrange the show on Friday evening. If not, pleaselet me know so that we can make necessary adjustmentsto suit your schedule.
I hope you can share your valuable opinions with us.Look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
※致謝并祝愿(2019年6月浙江卷)Dear Alex,
I' ve heard that you are leaving China soon, so I'mwriting to express my sincere blessing and thanks.
I can well remem er there was a time when I hadgreat difficulty in learning English. It was with your pa-tient help that I took an interest and made progress gradu-ally. Now I often read essays aloud and easily chat onlinewith my friends in English.I hope we can keep in touchby sending emails, so that l will improve my writing abili-ty and promote our friendship.
Wish you a pleasant journey homel
Yours,
Li Hua
綜上所述,加強訓(xùn)練并不斷總結(jié)規(guī)律,才能提升寫作水平。只有掌握各種類型的格式規(guī)范,平時加強積累話題詞匯,才能寫出通順流暢、語言優(yōu)美的應(yīng)用文。