陳娜 邵勤 李曉鵬
摘要:WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是近20多年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的植物特有的最大的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族之一。WRKY的名稱來源于基因中最顯著的氨基酸序列特征WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域。WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域是一個(gè)高度保守的區(qū)域,由60個(gè)氨基酸組成,在其N端有1個(gè)保守的七肽段WRKYGQK,然后是1個(gè)分子式為C2H2或C2HC的鋅指基序。目的基因中保守的WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域同源結(jié)合位點(diǎn)稱為W box(C/TTGACT/C),幾乎所有WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子都優(yōu)先結(jié)合該位點(diǎn)。越來越多的研究證實(shí),WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物生長發(fā)育過程中扮演著重要角色。本文簡要介紹了WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族的分子結(jié)構(gòu)特征及分類,并綜述了番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在響應(yīng)生物與非生物逆境脅迫、調(diào)控生長發(fā)育、激素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)等方面的生物學(xué)功能,以期為進(jìn)一步研究番茄 WRKY基因家族的調(diào)控機(jī)制提供理論基礎(chǔ)與研究思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:番茄;WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;生物和非生物脅迫;生長發(fā)育;激素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)
中圖分類號:S641.201? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1002-1302(2023)13-0006-11
番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)是茄科茄屬一年生或多年生草本植物,原產(chǎn)于墨西哥,是世界上最重要的蔬菜作物之一,也是中國北方、南方普遍栽培的重要蔬菜[1-2]。2019年全球產(chǎn)量超過1.8×108 t,收獲面積略高于5×106 hm2。1999—2019年,全球番茄收獲面積增加了27%,產(chǎn)量增加了66%[3]。番茄富含維生素A、維生素C和維生素E,還含有大量水及鈣、煙酸等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)[4],這些營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)可以降低患癌癥、心血管疾病和骨質(zhì)疏松病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5-6]。由此可見,番茄是一種重要的高營養(yǎng)蔬菜作物。
植物可以在復(fù)雜環(huán)境中調(diào)節(jié)自身的代謝和生長發(fā)育過程,而在這些生長發(fā)育過程往往會受到轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控。有研究證實(shí),bZIP、NAC、MYB、WRKY和其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族在植物生長發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用,參與了各種脅迫應(yīng)答響應(yīng)過程[7-8]。WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子廣泛分布于陸生植物中,是植物中最大的特異轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族之一,它們具有多種生物學(xué)功能,包括參與植物生長發(fā)育、非生物和生物脅迫的響應(yīng)過程、植物次生生長和植物激素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程等[9-13]。第1個(gè)WRKY基因是從甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)中分離得到的[14],隨著植物(特別是模式植物)全基因組測序工作的推進(jìn),更多WRKY基因得到鑒定,其中大豆(Glycine max)中有182個(gè)WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子被發(fā)現(xiàn)[15],小麥(Triticum aestivum)中有171個(gè)WRKY基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)[16],玉米(Zea may)中有120個(gè)WRKY基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)[17],水稻(Oryza sativa)中有103個(gè)WRKY基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)[18],馬鈴薯(Solanum tuberosum)中有79個(gè)WRKY基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)[19],擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)有72個(gè)WRKY基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)[20],黃瓜(Cucumis sativus)中有57個(gè)WRKY基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)[21],油菜(Brassica napus)中有46個(gè)WRKY基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)[22]。隨著番茄全基因組序列的公布,Huang等在番茄中鑒定到81個(gè)WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄WRKY基因在不同發(fā)育過程中及對各種生物、非生物脅迫的響應(yīng)過程中表現(xiàn)出不同的時(shí)空表達(dá)模式[23-24]。
1 植物WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)和分類
WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域是WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子最顯著的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,該結(jié)構(gòu)域在其N末端有1個(gè)高度保守的WRKYGQK七肽序列,在其C末端有1個(gè)鋅指基序,該鋅指基序可以是C2H2型(CX4~5CX22~23HXH),也可以是C2HC型(CX7CX23HXC)[25-26]。根據(jù)WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域的數(shù)量和鋅指基序的類型,WRKY蛋白可分為3種系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不同的族:GroupⅠ的WRKY蛋白包含2個(gè)WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域和1個(gè)CX4~5CX22~23HXH鋅指基序;GroupⅡ的WRKY蛋白包含1個(gè)WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域和1個(gè)CX4-5CX22-23HXH鋅指基序;Group Ⅲ的WRKY蛋白包含1個(gè)WRKY結(jié)構(gòu)域和1個(gè)CX7CX23HXC鋅指基序。此外,通過系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析發(fā)現(xiàn),GroupⅡ的WRKY蛋白又可分為5個(gè)亞類:GroupⅡa、GroupⅡb、GroupⅡc、GroupⅡd和GroupⅡe[25-28]。
Huang等報(bào)道,番茄中有81個(gè)WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,并且除了第11號染色體,其他11條染色體中均有WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的分布[23-24]。其中5號染色體上分布的WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子最多,有16個(gè),而9號染色體上分布的WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子最少,僅有4個(gè)[23-24]。番茄的81個(gè)WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中有15個(gè)成員屬于GroupⅠ,55個(gè)成員屬于GroupⅡ,這55個(gè)成員中又細(xì)分為GroupⅡa、GroupⅡb、GroupⅡc、GroupⅡd和GroupⅡe,分別有6、9、17、6、8個(gè)成員,最后9個(gè)成員屬于Group Ⅲ[24]。
2 番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的生物學(xué)功能
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與了植物生長發(fā)育、生物與非生物逆境脅迫及激素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程,但是只有少數(shù)WRKY基因功能被驗(yàn)證,絕大多數(shù)基因功能還尚待研究。下文綜述了番茄 WRKY家族相關(guān)基因在植物生長發(fā)育、生物和非生物逆境下及激素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程的研究進(jìn)展。
2.1 番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與了植物的生長發(fā)育過程
大量基因的有序表達(dá)構(gòu)成了控制植物生長發(fā)育的基礎(chǔ),其中轉(zhuǎn)錄因子充當(dāng)協(xié)調(diào)基因表達(dá)的“開關(guān)”。WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物生長發(fā)育中發(fā)揮著重要作用[29-32]。此外,WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子也參與了番茄植株的生長發(fā)育。Spyropoulou等報(bào)道,番茄SlWRKY78在葉片、毛狀體、根和花中表達(dá),SlWRKY28是毛狀體的特異性基因,SlWRKY73在毛狀體、根和果實(shí)中表達(dá),并參與調(diào)控萜烯生物合成的過程[33]。Li等發(fā)現(xiàn),沉默SlWRKY17延遲了弱光誘導(dǎo)的花脫落,并且能夠與SlIDL6的啟動子結(jié)合[34]。Singh等從番茄中鑒定到1個(gè)主要在根中表達(dá)的WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SlWRKY23,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)SlWRKY23基因植株的葉片數(shù)量更多,但蓮座更小。轉(zhuǎn)基因株系的開花時(shí)間縮短了,這些植株也顯示出更多的花序分枝、角果和種子。此外,這些植物的角果較長,并緊密充滿種子,但種子在尺寸上較小。與對照相比,轉(zhuǎn)SlWRKY23基因擬南芥在收獲時(shí)的根系生物量下降了25%。有研究表明,SlWRKY23在植物生長調(diào)控中扮演著重要角色[35]。
葉片衰老是植物一個(gè)重要的生理過程,它可以支持氮和其他營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的循環(huán)利用,促進(jìn)包括種子、葉片和果實(shí)在內(nèi)的新器官的生長發(fā)育。由此可見,調(diào)控植物衰老對野生種群的適合度和提高作物產(chǎn)量具有重要意義。WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子已被證實(shí)參與到植物的衰老過程中[36-39]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一些WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與了番茄葉片的衰老過程。王璐通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SlWRKY16/17/22/23/25/31/33/53/54在番茄葉片中的表達(dá)量變化趨勢與葉片的成熟度呈正相關(guān),在葉片進(jìn)入衰老狀態(tài)時(shí)表達(dá)量最高,表明上述SlWRKY可能與葉片衰老相關(guān)[40]。Wang等報(bào)道,茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)和暗處理(dark)均顯著誘導(dǎo)了茉莉酸(jasmonic,acid,JA)信號中番茄SlWRKY37和SlMYC2基因的表達(dá)水平。SlMYC2直接結(jié)合到SlWRKY37的啟動子上,激活其表達(dá)。敲除SlWRKY37可以抑制JA、dark誘導(dǎo)的葉片衰老。轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析和生化試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,SlWRKY53和SlSGR1 (S. lycopersicum衰老誘導(dǎo)葉綠體保持綠色蛋白1)是SlWRKY37調(diào)控葉片衰老的直接轉(zhuǎn)錄靶點(diǎn)。此外,SlWRKY37與含有VQ基序的蛋白SlVQ7互作,該互作促進(jìn)了SlWRKY37蛋白的穩(wěn)定性和下游靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活。研究結(jié)果揭示了SlWRKY37在葉片衰老過程中的生理和分子功能,并提供了1個(gè)靶基因,通過降低JA、dark等外部衰老信號的敏感性來延緩葉片黃化[41]。
WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子也參與調(diào)控植物果實(shí)的成熟[42-44]。賈寧通過研究得出,番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SlWRKY16/17/53/54基因與番茄后熟過程緊密相關(guān),同時(shí)SlWRKY17/53基因受到后熟重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控,參與后熟調(diào)控過程并起重要作用[45]。Liu等對紫番茄靛藍(lán)玫瑰的果皮、果肉進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)錄組比較分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)2個(gè)與花青素相關(guān)的WRKY基因(SlWRKY53和SlWRKY54)僅在成熟綠色階段的果皮和果肉之間存在顯著差異表達(dá)[46]。王璐通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄SlWRKY16/17/22/23/25/31/33/53/54在番茄果實(shí)成熟過程中具有一定的時(shí)序性表達(dá)特性,但都在后熟階段顯著上調(diào)表達(dá)。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),WRKY 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可能從多個(gè)途徑(葉綠素降解、番茄紅素合成、果實(shí)成熟衰老相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子ERF/RIN等)參與番茄果實(shí)成熟衰老的調(diào)控[40]。Yuan等報(bào)道,SlWRKY35為番茄中類胡蘿卜素生物合成的正調(diào)控因子。進(jìn)一步研究得出,SlWRKY35可直接激活1-脫氧-D-木酮糖5-磷酸合酶(SlDXS1)基因的表達(dá),將代謝重編程為2-C-甲基-D-赤蘚糖醇4-磷酸(MEP)途徑,從而增強(qiáng)類胡蘿卜素的積累。主調(diào)節(jié)因子SlRIN在番茄果實(shí)成熟過程中直接調(diào)節(jié)SlWRKY35的表達(dá)。與SlLCYE過表達(dá)系相比,SlWRKY35和SlLCYE的共表達(dá)可以進(jìn)一步提高轉(zhuǎn)基因番茄果實(shí)中葉黃素的產(chǎn)生量。以上研究結(jié)果表明,SlWRKY35通過正向調(diào)控MEP途徑衍生的過程,如葉綠素、類胡蘿卜素的生物合成進(jìn)而參與番茄代謝的新型調(diào)節(jié)因子[47]。Arhondakis等從番茄中鑒定到1個(gè)WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SlWRKY22-like,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SlWRKY22-like可能參與了6種鈣傳感基因表達(dá)的協(xié)調(diào)調(diào)控,從而調(diào)控番茄果實(shí)成熟[48]。Wang等從23個(gè)番茄SlWRKYs(這些基因是與其他植物響應(yīng)乙烯相似或在果實(shí)成熟期間顯示上調(diào)的WRKY基因)中發(fā)現(xiàn)12個(gè)SlWRKYs在果實(shí)成熟過程中被乙烯處理上調(diào)表達(dá),因此被命名為SlER-WRKYs。通過進(jìn)一步研究得出,12個(gè)SlER-WRKYs中有8個(gè)可能直接調(diào)節(jié)與顏色變化相關(guān)的4個(gè)基因(SlPAO、SlPPH、SlPSY1和SlPDS)。以上研究結(jié)果表明,WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在果實(shí)成熟過程中起作用,特別是在顏色變化中起作用,并且與其他成熟調(diào)控因子的復(fù)雜調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)[49]。
以上研究結(jié)果表明,番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與了植物的生長發(fā)育過程,主要涉及根系生長、植株開花、葉片衰老及果實(shí)成熟等一系列過程,但相關(guān)研究較少,在生長發(fā)育的其他方面,如種子發(fā)育、次生壁形成等方面的研究仍是空白,因此其他番茄WRKY基因的功能仍有待探究,后續(xù)應(yīng)開展番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在調(diào)控植物生長發(fā)育方面作用的研究。
2.2 番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與非生物脅迫的響應(yīng)過程
植物在其生長發(fā)育過程中經(jīng)常受到高/低溫、鹽、干旱等非生物脅迫,這就要求植物在生理上適應(yīng)和抵抗一系列條件。植物基因表達(dá)變化、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程、生理生化變化等響應(yīng)機(jī)制是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在這些過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。近年來,越來越多的WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子被研究,重點(diǎn)是它們在非生物脅迫響應(yīng)中的調(diào)控作用[50-56]。許多研究也探討了WRKY基因在番茄植物非生物脅迫中的作用,其中鹽、干旱是影響番茄植株生長發(fā)育的主要非生物脅迫因素,番茄SlWRKY53、SlWRKY23、SlWRKY1、SlWRKY3、SlWRKY44、SlWRKY39、WRKY12和WRKY13、SlWRKY4、SlWRKY81被報(bào)道在植株抵抗鹽、干旱脅迫的響應(yīng)中具有重要作用[57-67]。例如,孫曉春等用鹽脅迫處理3個(gè)獨(dú)立的轉(zhuǎn)SlWRKY23基因株系(WRKY23-1、WRKY23-5和WRKY23-7)后發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)基因植株表現(xiàn)出明顯的抗鹽表型,同時(shí)逆性相關(guān)基因SlRD22、SlDREB2A的表達(dá)量顯著高于野生型。該結(jié)果表明,SlWRKY23基因在番茄抗鹽脅迫過程中具有正調(diào)控作用,并通過上調(diào)逆性相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)量來增強(qiáng)番茄植株的抗逆性[58]。張凝等通過克隆得到番茄SlWRKY1基因,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)SlWRKY1植株對鹽脅迫表現(xiàn)出抗逆性,在脅迫條件下,轉(zhuǎn)基因植物中積累了大量脯氨酸(proline,Pro),推測SlWRKY1基因可能通過參與番茄Pro代謝調(diào)控過程從而調(diào)控植株對鹽脅迫的抗性[59]。Birhanu等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄WRKY12、WRKY13在番茄耐鹽脅迫中起負(fù)調(diào)控作用。SOS1在WRKY13_RNAi中上調(diào),可能導(dǎo)致低Na+積累并有助于耐鹽性。APX在WRKY12和WRKY13_RNAi中的表達(dá)量上調(diào),可能有助于這2種基因型的耐鹽機(jī)制[64]。Ahammed等通過研究得出,番茄SlWRKY81通過抑制SlRBOH1衍生的過氧化氫(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)積累量來負(fù)調(diào)控氣孔關(guān)閉,從而減弱植物對干旱的耐受性。進(jìn)一步研究得出,干旱誘導(dǎo)了SlWRKY81的表達(dá)并降低了植物的光合能力。并通過光學(xué)顯微鏡、生化分析和共聚焦激光掃描顯微鏡等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SlWRKY81可能通過抑制硝酸還原酶(nitrate reductase,NR)編碼的NR基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄來抑制保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的積累以應(yīng)對干旱,從而最終抑制氣孔關(guān)閉并減弱番茄的耐旱性[66-67]。
高/低溫也是番茄生長發(fā)育過程中的主要脅迫因素,在很大程度上影響了番茄的品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量。Zhou等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),沉默番茄WRKY33基因降低了番茄的耐熱性,降低了熱誘導(dǎo)自噬相關(guān)基因(autophagy-related gene,ATG)的表達(dá)量和自噬小體的積累量[68]。Chen等從番茄基因組中鑒定出80個(gè)WRKY基因,轉(zhuǎn)錄分析結(jié)果顯示,番茄中有10個(gè)WRKY在低溫脅迫下被強(qiáng)烈誘導(dǎo)2倍以上。該結(jié)果能為以后深入研究番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控冷脅迫的分子機(jī)制奠定基礎(chǔ)[69]。Zhou等通過分子互補(bǔ)和基因沉默試驗(yàn)證實(shí),番茄2個(gè)WRKY基因(SlWRKY33A和SlWRKY33B)在植物對耐熱的脅迫響應(yīng)中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用[70]。王夢琪通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄WRKY6參與了番茄調(diào)控低溫抗性的過程[71]。王藝璇等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄81個(gè)WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中有27個(gè)能夠被低溫顯著誘導(dǎo),進(jìn)一步研究推測,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可能參與了CBFs (C-repeat binding factors)介導(dǎo)的低溫響應(yīng)途徑[72]。周靖翔從番茄中篩選到1個(gè)冷應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過程中的關(guān)鍵抗冷因子SlWRKY45,并通過病毒誘導(dǎo)的基因沉默(virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)技術(shù)沉默該基因,使得番茄果實(shí)的冷害癥狀加重,初步表明SlWRKY45在番茄果實(shí)的冷害中起著一定作用[73]。此外Guo等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄WRKY33與冷敏感性相關(guān)[74]。
另外,Ye等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SlWRKY42負(fù)調(diào)控番茄果實(shí)的蘋果酸含量和鋁(Al)抗逆性[75]。Wang等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),6個(gè)SlWRKY基因(SlWRKY3、SlWRKY6、SlWRKY16、SlWRKY37、SlWRKY39和SlWRKY71)可能參與了JA對鋁脅迫下番茄根系生長抑制的調(diào)控[76]。王茹等利用RT-PCR技術(shù)從番茄中克隆得到1個(gè)WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SlWRKY6,通過實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量 PCR分析得出,SlWRKY6基因的表達(dá)量在3種重金屬(CdCl2、CuCl2、HgSO4)脅迫下均上調(diào),研究結(jié)果可為篩選番茄中響應(yīng)重金屬脅迫功能基因的研究提供基礎(chǔ)[77]。以上研究結(jié)果表明,番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在響應(yīng)鋁、重金屬方面也有重要作用。
除此之外,番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在鹽與干旱、鹽與低溫、干旱、鹽和寒冷等復(fù)合脅迫的響應(yīng)過程中也扮演著重要角色[78-87]。例如,Li等利用同源克隆法從番茄中分離到SlWRKY基因,半定量 RT-PCR 分析結(jié)果表明,鹽和干旱處理能夠誘導(dǎo)SlWRKY的表達(dá)量上調(diào)。在煙草中過表達(dá)該基因,會使轉(zhuǎn)基因植株比野生型植株生長得旺盛,并通過提高抗氧化酶活性,降低電導(dǎo)率(EC)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,降低氧化損傷,從而使轉(zhuǎn)基因植株對鹽、干旱脅迫的耐受性提高。此外,Li等觀察到SlWRKY蛋白能夠調(diào)控下游基因,增加防御相關(guān)PR1、PR2基因的表達(dá)量[79]。Li等報(bào)道,鹽和干旱均能誘導(dǎo)番茄SpWRKY1基因的表達(dá),在煙草中過表達(dá)SpWRKY1能夠顯著提高植株對鹽、干旱脅迫的耐受性。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SpWRKY1可通過提高防御酶的活性、促進(jìn)滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)的積累、調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)信號途徑及抗性基因的表達(dá),以正向調(diào)控方式參與番茄的防衛(wèi)反應(yīng)[80-81]。Gao等報(bào)道,番茄SlWRKY8能夠被干旱、鹽和寒冷等非生物脅迫誘導(dǎo),過表達(dá)SlWRKY8的轉(zhuǎn)基因植物在干旱、鹽脅迫下表現(xiàn)出較輕的萎蔫或褪綠表型,具有更高水平的脅迫誘導(dǎo)的滲透物質(zhì)(如Pro)和更高的脅迫響應(yīng)基因SlAREB、SlDREB2A和SlRD29的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。與野生型植株相比,轉(zhuǎn)基因植物在干旱脅迫下的氣孔孔徑較小,葉片中的水分含量較高。此外,用H2O2和MDA濃度表示的氧化壓力在轉(zhuǎn)基因植物中也降低了,在脅迫下的抗氧化酶活性更高,表明SlWRKY8在植物對干旱和鹽脅迫的響應(yīng)中起著正調(diào)控的作用[87]。
以上研究結(jié)果表明,影響番茄的主要非生物脅迫因素有干旱、鹽堿、高/低溫、水分虧缺、冷害、重金屬等,而番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控這些非生物脅迫的作用機(jī)制還有待深入解析,因此,關(guān)于番茄的相關(guān)研究工作還有待深入。
2.3 番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與生物脅迫的響應(yīng)過程
除了各種非生物脅迫,在整個(gè)生命周期中,植物還經(jīng)常受到病原體的攻擊,如細(xì)菌、真菌和病毒。因此,植物在長期進(jìn)化過程中逐漸形成了復(fù)雜的抗病機(jī)制,而WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在這些機(jī)制中發(fā)揮著重要作用[88-94]。關(guān)于番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與生物脅迫抗性的研究也有報(bào)道。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄LeWRKY1、Sl-WRKY1、LeWRKY2、SlDRW1、SlWRKY33A和SlWRKY33B、SlWRKY3、SlWRKY46、SlWRKY31參與了植株對灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)抗性的響應(yīng)過程[71,95-102]。孫清鵬等通過研究得出,番茄B. cinerea可以誘導(dǎo)LeWRKY2基因的表達(dá),且在接種后4 h時(shí)其表達(dá)量達(dá)到最高值。用JA處理番茄幼苗后,LeWRKY2基因的相對含量在處理后 0~60 min與JA處理時(shí)間成正比;在處理后60~150 min 則與JA處理時(shí)間成反比,表明LeWRKY2是一種參與番茄防御反應(yīng)的早期快速反應(yīng)基因[97]。Liu等通過研究得出,B. cinerea能夠顯著誘導(dǎo)SlDRW1的表達(dá),而假單胞桿菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000,Pst DC3000)不誘導(dǎo)SlDRW1的表達(dá)。沉默SlDRW1基因會導(dǎo)致B. cinerea的嚴(yán)重程度增加,但不影響Pst DC3000引起的病害表型。此外,SlDRW1的沉默也導(dǎo)致其對氧化脅迫的耐受性下降,但不影響其對干旱脅迫的耐受性。SlDRW1基因沉默后感染B. cinerea,引起防御相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),從而減弱植株的防御反應(yīng)。上述研究結(jié)果表明,SlDRW1是番茄抗B. cinerea和氧化脅迫防御反應(yīng)的正向調(diào)節(jié)因子[98]。蔡俊通過對TPK1b(Tomato Protein Kinase 1b)啟動子的酵母單雜交釣庫試驗(yàn),篩選并鑒定到1個(gè)能夠負(fù)調(diào)控番茄對B. cinerea抗性的WRKY蛋白SlWRKY3,進(jìn)一步對SlWRKY3的抗性調(diào)控機(jī)制進(jìn)行初步解析,得出SlWRKY3能夠負(fù)調(diào)控TPK1b基因的表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響水楊酸(salicylic acid,SA)、ROS等信號,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)對番茄抗灰霉病抗性的調(diào)控[100]。Huang等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄中的SlJAZ相互作用蛋白SlVQ15與SlWRKY31相互作用,以協(xié)同、正向方式調(diào)控JA介導(dǎo)的番茄對B. cinerea的防衛(wèi)響應(yīng)過程[102]。
孫曉春等對3個(gè)獨(dú)立的轉(zhuǎn)SlWRKY23株系(WRKY23-1、WRKY23-5和WRKY23-7)接Pst DC3000后發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)基因植株表現(xiàn)明顯的抗病表型,抗病防御相關(guān)基因SlPR1、SlPR1a1的表達(dá)量顯著高于野生型,從而推測番茄中的SlWRKY23基因可能通過上調(diào)防御相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)量來調(diào)控在番茄對Pst DC3000的抗性[58]。除了SlWRKY23轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,SlWRKY80、SlWRKY1、SlWRKY39、SlWRKY8、SlWRKY22和SlWRKY25也被證實(shí)參與了番茄調(diào)控Pst DC3000的抗性響應(yīng)過程[59,87,103-105]。Sun等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄SlWRKY39可能通過激活致病相關(guān)基因SlPR1、SlPR1a1和脅迫相關(guān)基因SlRD22、SlDREB2A的表達(dá)來調(diào)控植株對Pst DC3000的抗性[104]。Gao等研究得出,過表達(dá)番茄SlWRKY8能夠增強(qiáng)植株對Pst DC3000的抗性,同時(shí)與病原相關(guān)的2個(gè)基因SlPR1a1、SlPR7的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平提高。上述結(jié)果表明,SlWRKY8可能通過調(diào)控病原相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),從而在植物對病原體的防衛(wèi)響應(yīng)中起到正調(diào)控作用[87]。
致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)也是番茄中比較重要的病害,前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄SpWRKY2、WRKY1、SpWRKY6、SpWRKY3、SpWRKY6均是植株對P. infestans抗性響應(yīng)的正調(diào)控因子[80-81,106-110]。如Cui等對接種、不接種P. infestans的番茄進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)錄組比較分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)SpWRKY3能夠被P. infestans顯著誘導(dǎo),進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SpWRKY3能夠通過誘導(dǎo)PR基因的表達(dá)并減少活性氧(reactive oxygen,ROS)積累以防止細(xì)胞膜損傷,從而增強(qiáng)了植株對P. infestans的抗性[108]。Hong等用VIGS方法沉默番茄SpWRKY6,可以降低番茄對P. infestans的抗性。相比而言,過表達(dá)SpWRKY6的番茄植株對P. infestans的抗性增強(qiáng),并伴有壞死細(xì)胞數(shù)量、病變大小和疾病指數(shù)的下降。此外,過表達(dá)SpWRKY6的轉(zhuǎn)基因番茄植株感染P. infestans后,其PR基因的表達(dá)量顯著高于野生型植株,而壞死細(xì)胞數(shù)量和ROS積累量較少且較低。上述研究結(jié)果表明,SpWRKY6通過調(diào)節(jié)ROS水平、PR基因的表達(dá)水平來減輕細(xì)胞膜損傷,是番茄抗P. infestans侵染的正向調(diào)控因子[109]。
除此之外,番茄WRKY基因(LpWRKY1、SlWRKY16、SlWRKY1/11/39/53/70、SlWRKY23、SaWRKY1、WRKY40與WRKY53、WRKY2229和WRKY33等)還被報(bào)道參與其他生物脅迫(如枯萎病、卷葉病、早疫病、青枯病等)的響應(yīng)過程[60,111-119]。另外,Huang等從番茄中鑒定到6個(gè)能夠響應(yīng)番茄黃葉卷曲病病毒(tomato yellow leaf curly virus,TYLCV)的WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(SolyWRKY41、SolyWRKY42、SolyWRKY53、SolyWRKY54、SolyWRKY80和SolyWRKY81),在SolyWRKY41和SolyWRKY54沉默后的抗性番茄葉片中,番茄TYLCV的含量顯著低于對照,表明SolyWRKY41和SolyWRKY54負(fù)調(diào)控番茄TYLCV的侵染。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),上述轉(zhuǎn)錄因子還可以通過與其他基因啟動子區(qū)域中存在的順式元件結(jié)合來與其他蛋白質(zhì)相互作用,從而調(diào)節(jié)病原體相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[120]。Aamir等通過全基因組計(jì)算分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在番茄枯萎病病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici,F(xiàn)ol)侵染期間,WRKY基因家族中有16個(gè)不同成員參與其中,其中只有4個(gè)WRKY基因(SolyWRKY4、SlWRKY31、SolyWRKY33和SolyWRKY37)的表達(dá)差異顯著,并伴隨著H2O2的產(chǎn)生和積累以及木質(zhì)化組織的增強(qiáng)[121-122]。Gharsallah等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),植株接種番茄黃化曲葉?。╰omato yellow leaf curl disease,TYLCD)病毒后,抗病材料中SlWRKY8、SlWRKY31和SlWRKY39的表達(dá)水平均顯著上調(diào),而在TYCLD和鹽聯(lián)合脅迫下的表達(dá)水平有所降低。進(jìn)一步通過建立WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的相互作用網(wǎng)絡(luò)得出,SlWRKY39、SlWRKY8和SlWRKY33似乎是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。此外,SlWRKY39、SlWRKY8與植物防御反應(yīng)的正向調(diào)控因子MPK3 (絲裂原活化蛋白激酶)互作,SlWRKY31與MAPK7共表達(dá)。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)NAC1與SlWRKY31、SlWRKY39存在共同表達(dá)。值得注意的是,SlWRKY39和SlWRKY8似乎與CNGIC基因相互作用。CNGIC是1個(gè)環(huán)核苷酸門控離子通道1型基因,可能與環(huán)腺苷酸(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,camp)誘導(dǎo)的鈣進(jìn)入細(xì)胞有關(guān),是植物脅迫反應(yīng)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的一部分。SlERF通過與其他蛋白質(zhì)相互作用參與不同的功能途徑。SlERF16連接SlWRKY31和MAPK3。SlERF80與HSFA3(熱應(yīng)激因子A3)相關(guān),而SlERF9與熱應(yīng)激因子共表達(dá)。由此可見,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)提高對非生物、生物脅迫的抗性[123]。
番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子除了在病害方面具有調(diào)控作用外,在蟲害的調(diào)控響應(yīng)中也有相關(guān)作用。如Bhattarai等報(bào)道,擬南芥轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AtWRKY72的2個(gè)番茄直系同源物SlWRKY72a、SlWRKY72b在由R基因Mi-1介導(dǎo)的抗性期間轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上調(diào)。在番茄中沉默這2個(gè)基因會導(dǎo)致Mi-1介導(dǎo)的抗性及對根結(jié)線蟲(root-knot nematodes,RKN)和馬鈴薯蚜蟲的基礎(chǔ)防御能力明顯降低,表明SlWRKY72a、SlWRKY72b在這些防御調(diào)控過程中具有重要作用[124]。Atamian等利用VIGS技術(shù)沉默SlWRKY70后,減弱了Mi-1介導(dǎo)的對馬鈴薯蚜蟲、根結(jié)線蟲RKN的抗性,表明SlWRKY70是Mi-1功能所必需的。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)SlWRKY70轉(zhuǎn)錄物可誘導(dǎo)響應(yīng)蚜蟲侵染和RKN接種。Mi-1介導(dǎo)的對害蟲的識別調(diào)節(jié)了這種轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)。如之前關(guān)于AtWRKY70的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SlWRKY70轉(zhuǎn)錄水平被SA上調(diào)并被MeJA抑制,表明WRKY70調(diào)控的某些方面在遠(yuǎn)親真雙子葉植物中是保守的[125]。Chinnapandi等發(fā)現(xiàn),根結(jié)線蟲能夠顯著誘導(dǎo)番茄SlWRKY45的表達(dá),同時(shí)WRKY45受到特定植物激素的高度誘導(dǎo),包括細(xì)胞分裂素、生長素和防御信號分子SA,而不是JA。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SlWRKY45可能通過激素信號途徑調(diào)控根結(jié)線蟲在根組織中的發(fā)育過程[126]。Birhanu等發(fā)現(xiàn),沉默番茄WRKY5會導(dǎo)致壞死病變、膜滲漏增加和細(xì)胞凋亡標(biāo)記基因的表達(dá)量增加,從而推測WRKY5可能是細(xì)胞死亡的負(fù)調(diào)控因子[64]。
目前,番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族在生物脅迫方面的研究主要集中在枯萎病、灰霉病、致病疫霉、卷葉病、早疫病和丁香假單胞菌等病害脅迫方面。此外,番茄植株在其生長發(fā)育過程中還受到晚疫病病原、黃萎病病原、綿疫病病原、細(xì)菌性潰瘍病病原、猝倒病病原等生物病害的影響,有關(guān)番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在生物脅迫方面的作用仍需要更系統(tǒng)、更深入研究。
2.4 番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與激素信號的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程
植物激素在細(xì)胞分裂和伸長、組織器官分化、開花和結(jié)果、成熟和衰老、休眠和萌發(fā)及離體組織培養(yǎng)等方面調(diào)節(jié)植物的生長發(fā)育和分化。因此,植物激素對植物的生長發(fā)育具有重要的調(diào)控作用。WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可以通過調(diào)控與脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、JA、SA、乙烯(ethylene,ET)等植物激素的合成來調(diào)控植物的生長發(fā)育或抗逆性[127-131]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄B. cinerea及JA能夠誘導(dǎo)LeWRKY1的表達(dá),而SA對該基因沒有明顯的誘導(dǎo)作用,從而推測番茄LeWRKY1可能是通過JA依賴而SA非依賴的信號途徑參與番茄對番茄B. cinerea防御反應(yīng)的應(yīng)答,且LeWRKY1的表達(dá)不依賴生物體內(nèi)JA的從頭合成[95,99,132-133]。Atamian等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄SlWRKY70是Mi-1介導(dǎo)的抗蚜蟲、根結(jié)線蟲所必需的,SlWRKY70轉(zhuǎn)錄水平被SA上調(diào)并被MeJA抑制,表明SlWRKY70可能通過激素信號途徑來調(diào)控番茄對Mi-1介導(dǎo)的抗性[125]。Mandal等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SA處理增加了SlWRKY16SlTRN1(對細(xì)胞擴(kuò)張、靜脈形成很重要的基因)的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。進(jìn)一步研究得出,SA通路的激活會誘導(dǎo)SlWRKY16的表達(dá),進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)SlTRN1基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而調(diào)控番茄植株對番茄卷葉?。╰omato leaf curl disease)的抗性[112]。Lindo等通過試驗(yàn),從番茄中鑒定到1個(gè)WRKY40轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,且該轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在存在麥角甾醇、角鯊烯的情況下負(fù)調(diào)控SA相關(guān)基因并正調(diào)控ET、JA相關(guān)基因,從而參與調(diào)控植物的生長和防衛(wèi)過程[134]。周濤等通過研究表明番茄SlWRKY6轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可能通過參與ABA途徑來響應(yīng)非生物脅迫[135]。Singh等從番茄中鑒定到1個(gè)主要在根中表達(dá)的基因SlWRKY23,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)用ET、細(xì)胞分裂素BAP和SA處理后,番茄WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SlWRKY23的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上調(diào),而用生長素(indoleacetic acid,IAA)處理后則抑制了其轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。轉(zhuǎn)基因擬南芥中SlWRKY23的表達(dá)影響了植株對ET、JA和IAA的敏感性,轉(zhuǎn)基因植株表現(xiàn)出對ET、JA和IAA介導(dǎo)的主根生長抑制的敏感性。這種超敏與介導(dǎo)對這些激素響應(yīng)的ERF1、ARF5的高度表達(dá)相關(guān)。有研究結(jié)果表明,SlWRKY23可能通過調(diào)控與激素響應(yīng)相關(guān)的基因來調(diào)控植物生長[35]。Shu等報(bào)道,SlWRKY46可能通過抑制抗氧化劑、抗病酶的活性,調(diào)節(jié)SA、JA信號通路及調(diào)節(jié)ROS穩(wěn)態(tài),在B. cinerea感染中發(fā)揮負(fù)調(diào)控作用[101]。Zhao等報(bào)道,番茄WRKY32能夠與YELLOW FRUITED-TOMATO 1 (YFT1)啟動子調(diào)控區(qū)域中的W-box、W-box-like基序結(jié)合并誘導(dǎo)其表達(dá),而YFT1已證實(shí)是ET信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑中的重要組成部分。進(jìn)一步利用RNAi技術(shù)沉默WRKY32后,番茄果實(shí)中的ET信號傳導(dǎo)減弱,從而導(dǎo)致ET釋放受到抑制,染色質(zhì)發(fā)育延遲,類胡蘿卜素積累減少,果實(shí)表型呈黃色。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄WRKY32轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是通過調(diào)控ET信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的核心成分YFT1來影響番茄果實(shí)顏色的[136]。Wang等通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄SlWRKY37在葉片衰老中具有重要的作用,并通過降低對外部衰老信號(如JA和dark)的敏感性來延緩葉片變黃[137]。Rosado等報(bào)道,番茄在避陰響應(yīng)(shade-avoidance response,SAR)過程中,遮陰誘導(dǎo)的WRKY26/45/75基因和ET重組基因在根中的表達(dá)會限制其生長發(fā)育[13]。
以上研究結(jié)果表明,番茄WRKY家族基因?qū)に氐捻憫?yīng)過程都是通過一系列信號傳導(dǎo)途徑及非常復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)來加以實(shí)現(xiàn)的,因此在后續(xù)研究中還有待深入探究其各個(gè)信號通路之間的機(jī)制及相關(guān)的生理代謝調(diào)控過程,從而為后期更好地研究番茄WRKY基因功能提供有效的信息資源。
3 展望
植物特異性的WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員已在數(shù)十種植物中被發(fā)現(xiàn),對其結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)特性和生物學(xué)功能的研究也越來越多。經(jīng)過十幾年時(shí)間,番茄中WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族的研究也取得了一定進(jìn)展。部分基因的生物學(xué)功能得到鑒定,一些基因的分子機(jī)制也得到解析,這些研究結(jié)果能夠?yàn)楹罄m(xù)研究提供一定的基礎(chǔ)。但是,番茄大部分WRKY基因的功能還有待研究,且基因的調(diào)控也不僅是單一的途徑,而是復(fù)雜的動態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò),因此對番茄WRKY家族功能的解析仍然是具有挑戰(zhàn)的重大任務(wù)。隨著分子生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使基因工程技術(shù)能夠?qū)﹃P(guān)鍵WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子進(jìn)行調(diào)控和轉(zhuǎn)化,并可用于植物關(guān)鍵性狀的改良。因此,不斷挖掘和鑒定番茄中的WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,對番茄品種分子育種和改良的進(jìn)展具有重要意義。
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