英文摘要

（1）Symbiosis of Uncertainty：Challenges and Paradigm Renewal of Social Work Action Research in our Time

LIU Yuhang" WEN Jun ·1·

Social work action research is confronted with intertwined internal and external uncertainties that impair its ability to effectively diagnose and resolve social problems，thereby impacting its role in fostering social development. Despite these challenges，this field uniquely recognizes and addresses uncertainties. This study systematically examines the multiple uncertainties inherent in social work action research， analyzes the associated challenges， and proposes a renewed paradigm centered on managing uncertainty.

As a pivotal research paradigm，social work action research contends with numerous uncertainties arising from practice contexts， service recipients，researchers，collaborative efforts，and evolving knowledge technologies. Although the paradigm acknowledges“uncertainty”，its development has not kept pace with rapid social changes，resulting in ontological，methodological，epistemological，and axiological dilemmas.

Ontologically，social work action research adopts a pluralistic stance，encouraging diverse perspectives such as positivism，constructivism，and postmodernism. However，the proliferation and interaction of various uncertainties challenge the conventional frameworks of social work action research. The tendency towards fragmentation and microcosmization in response to social development uncertainties has eroded its overall effectiveness.

Epistemologically，it emphasizes contextuality，interactivity，plurality，and reflexivity in knowledge production，which follows a cyclical process involving planning，implementation，reflection，and theory construction. Nevertheless，the rapid emergence of uncertainties frequently disrupts this cycle，posing significant adaptation challenges for researchers.

Methodologically，social work action research advocates for the selection of appropriate methods tailored to specific research problems and contexts，characterized by diversity，integration，and practicality. This adaptability provides resilience in the face of uncertainty but also encounters challenges in method integration and risks of rigidity and overapplication. Additionally，new research methods and tools，while offering convenience，introduce potential risks.

Axiologically，social work action research emphasizes critical practice，with a focus on participation，reflection，and liberation. Although it considers uncertainty，the emphasis is often on risk factors，neglecting the positive aspects of uncertainty. The persistent pursuit of certainty can inadvertently reproduce uncertainty，exacerbating the tension between“deterministic uncertainty”，“instrumental rationality” and“value rationality”.

Addressing these challenges requires enhancing internal and external integration and fostering multi-agent cooperation in social work action research. Optimizing cognitive paths and models，improving the application of new research tools and methods，and fostering a profound shift in thinking and values regarding uncertainty are essential. As humans become both the primary sources of and key actors in managing uncertainty，a return to human subjectivity and a commitment to a people-oriented practice and theoretical orientation are imperative. This approach necessitates not only analyzing human-related uncertainties but also harnessing their positive potential to enhance researchers’ capabilities in uncertain situations.

（2）From the“Iron Triangle”of Policies to a Complete Set of Roles：Policy Networks under the“Comprehensive Social Work Framework”（1987—2022）

ZHANG Guodong ·21·

In the new historical period，the development of social work actively aligns with high-quality advancement and the pursuit of common prosperity，steering its policy formulation towards more scientific，refined，and institutionalized directions.It shows a trend of diversification and complexity in the formulation of departments. Under the construction of the “comprehensive social work framework” framework，the development of social work tends to be more balanced，and the institutional setup is further improved. It is necessary to improve the “integrated construction”，which is of great significance for promoting the development and role of social work and forming a new pattern. The policy knowledge hidden in the cooperation network composed of institutional departments needs to be continuously mined and discovered.

The development of social work in China has its particularities，mainly because the “indigenous social work” with traditional civil affairs characteristics cannot meet the needs of social development，and the intervention of professional social work is required. In its development，there is a mix of discussions on “professionalization，administrativeization，and socialization”，and at the policy level，it also reflects the “indigenization practice” of social work. This study is conducted under the “comprehensive social work framework”，focusing on the research of policy networks，based on the modernization of the national governance system where social work participates in “collaboration，participation，and shared”. It broadens the scope of the definition of social work policy to capture and refine the main thematic characteristics during the policy evolution process.

This research investigates the transformations within the social work policy network over time，identifying potential patterns of departmental cooperation quantitatively，and recognizing the roles and their interrelationships within the policy network. Employing counterfactual reasoning，this study discusses trends from the perspective of policy network stability. By integrating the frameworks of recognition and implementation，the characteristics of network structural evolution，role dynamics，and the logic behind network formation are elucidated，speculating on the role and position of the Central Department of Social Work within this network. These inquiries are crucial both theoretically and practically.

This study uses the theory and methods of policy networks to research the social work policy network composed of central departments. With the application of network analysis in policy analysis，it is possible to reveal network characteristics，identify departments with significant power within the network，recognize and analyze different types of cooperation among government departments and their evolutionary characteristics，and on the basis of the cooperation among government departments，characterize the development features of a certain policy field，and then predict the possible trends of government department cooperation in the future. In the research，the whole network and individual network are distinguished，using network analysis indicators such as centrality，betweenness，network density，breadth of connection，and strength of connection，combined with strategic coordinate diagrams，counterfactual reasoning，etc.，to analyze the structural characteristics and positional relationships of the social work policy network constituted by central government departments.

By collecting and organizing policy texts on social work issued by central departments in cooperation from 1987 to 2022，dividing them into stages，and using network analysis indicators and strategic coordinate methods to analyze the characteristics and roles of each stage，as well as counterfactual reasoning for trend analysis of the stability of the policy network，the study finds：（1）The number of cooperative policies has increased from few to many，the scope of policy actors has been continuously expanding，and the policy network has evolved from simple to complex；（2）A few central departments have formed a core cooperative relationship，with the Ministry of Civil Affairs，the Ministry of Finance，and the National Development and Reform Commission gradually forming the “Iron Triangle” of policies；（3）Over time，the number of departments with practical application characteristics of social work has been increasing；（4）Through counterfactual reasoning of key nodes in the network，the stability of the policy network has been continuously strengthened.

Finally，based on the discussion of the recognition and implementation of social work，it is believed that the national development positioning has shaped the structure and the evolution of the positional relationships in the policy network；the functional setting of the Social Work Department of the CPC Central Committee will fill the vacancy of the “gatekeeper” role in the policy network，making the roles in the policy network complete，verifying the scientific nature of the institutional setting；the formation process of the policy network is the process of social work participating in the modernization of the national governance system，and also the process of the localization of social work practices.

（3）What is a Good Death：Qualitative Meta-Analysis Research on the Cognitive Understanding of“Good Death”in the Chinese Sociocultural Context

XU Biao" SHAO Yifan" ZHANG Yin ·47·

Amidst ongoing social and economic development，population aging has emerged as a global trend. As the elderly population grows，so does the prevalence of chronic diseases requiring long-term care，presenting a significant global health challenge. The long-term and irreversible nature of chronic diseases often leads to patients experiencing a long period of pain and medical intervention at the end of life，and finally unable to obtain a good quality of death. Under this global trend，hospice care and palliative care，as the last link of elderly care services，have received widespread attention and flourished. The ultimate goal of both is to achieve a good death.

However，because a good death is subjective and situational，and is the result of the joint shaping of diverse cultural backgrounds and social values，it needs to comprehensively consider the differences between regions，cultures and people，so there is no unified consensus on its definition and content in the world. At present，existing studies have conducted extensive discussion and discourse construction on the concept of a good death from a variety of perspectives，different groups and various conditions，revealing the differences in its multiple understandings and practices. On the other hand，current research on a good death is often limited to specific cultures or populations，resulting in a lack of connection between different studies and the phenomenon of “isolation”，which deepens the difficulty of theoretical dialogue and knowledge accumulation. At the same time，since the theories related to hospice care originated from the West，the current research conclusions on the concept of a good death are more in line with the Western social culture. At the same time，since the theories related to hospice care originated from the West，the current research conclusions on the concept of a good death are more in line with the Western social culture. However，China’s unique traditional cultural background，such as Confucianism and Taoism，has profoundly influenced Chinese people’s views on life，death and a good death. Although many scholars have carried out extensive and profound research on the “good death” in traditional Chinese culture，there is a lack of comprehensive research on the concept of a good death in Chinese social and cultural contexts. Based on the above background，in order to explore the concept of a good death more comprehensively and integrate the discourse construction of the current literature on a good death，this study adopts the qualitative meta-analysis method. Based on the inclusion of a small amount of foreign literature，this study selects，extracts and summarizes more studies related to the traditional Chinese concept of a good death. Our research aims to combine the international common cognition of a good death with the cognition of a good death in Chinese social and cultural context，form a more comprehensive framework of a good death with unique cultural context，and provide academic support and practical guidance for promoting the practice of hospice care in China.

After detailed analysis of relevant literature，this study divided a good death into four types from the two dimensions of individual value orientation and time span at the end of life：Holistic Satisfaction Death，that is，a good death in which the patient’s physical，mental，social and spiritual well-being are satisfied；Autonomous Dignified Death，that is，due to the short time span at the end of life，patients can only decide the way of treatment and death by themselves，and cannot obtain other care；Culturally Conforming Death，that is，individuals make decisions at the end of life less considering their special needs and more reflecting social and cultural expectations；Crisis Response Death，that is，in the face of sudden death，the emphasis on the funeral ceremony after death. Through in-depth analysis of these four types，we found that there are similarities between the comprehensive satisfaction type and autonomous dignity type of good death and the good death defined by foreign literature and the World Health Organization. These two types of good death emphasize respect and comprehensive satisfaction of patients’ individual needs. The cultural compliance type and the sudden coping type reflect the particularity of the Chinese social and cultural situation and are the result of the joint shaping of Chinese social values and traditional cultural norms. Therefore，in the process of hospice care and the realization of a good death，we should comprehensively consider the needs of patients in the four aspects of “physical，mental，social and spiritual”，as well as the needs of social norms and cultural rituals. By emphasizing holistic care，respecting individual wishes，and conforming to social norms，the overall quality of death in China can be improved and progress in achieving a good death can be driven.

（4）The Theological Origins of Western Social Work Theory：Taking Theologian Thomas von Aquin as an Example

ZHANG Wei ·70·

Western social work theory primarily stems from the theological and philosophical teachings of the late medieval scholar，Thomas Aquinas. His ethos of Christian benevolence，encapsulated in the principle of “l(fā)oving others，” forms the foundational values of contemporary social assistance behaviors. The benevolence thought of “l(fā)oving others” proposed by him，as a Christian ethics，has become the value foundation of contemporary helping behavior. Thomas derived the“Creed of Giving alms or Helping the Poor”from the“Creed of Benevolence and Mercy”，inspiring people to help those in need. His advocacy of “benevolence，mercy，giving alms and helping the poor” does not only refer to helping people with blood ，but also includes helping strangers without blood or acquaintance relationships. Based on the Bible，Thomas established a system of charitable acts from the perspectives of human physical instinct and spiritual nature，dividing charitable acts into seven physical acts of kindness and seven spiritual acts of kindness. The seven acts of physical kindness are：providing food for the hungry，water for the thirsty，clothing for the naked，shelter for the homeless，visit and care for the sick，comfort prisoners，and bury the dead. The seven acts of spiritual kindness are：teaching ignorant people，counseling desperate people，comforting sad people，transforming guilty people，ignoring rude people，enduring difficult people，and praying for everyone. “Seven acts of physical and spiritual kindness”embody the spirit of medieval charity and relief doctrine. However，it should be emphasized that Thomas’ theoretical ideas are more regarded as the origin of “direct giving and charity”，and its core is not the beneficiaries but the donors，because giving to the poor and aiding the poor can help wealthy sinners return to the path to heaven. As a result，the beneficiaries who were in distress in the medieval social order became useful people，and their existence was essential for wealthy sinners to save their souls. The poor who received aid became an inherent part of the medieval divine order. Poverty and hardship are seen as religious and ethical，rather than economic and social. Therefore，Thomas was not interested in how to eliminate poverty. His position has been denied and criticized by later generations.

Thomas’s views have influenced Christian social doctrine for hundreds of years. Christian social doctrine mainly studies various phenomena and institutional organizations of human social life，especially economic life，and expresses opinions from the perspective of the church. Christian social doctrine proposes three major social principles：the principle of humanity，the principle of solidarity and the principle of subsidiarity. The principle of humanity is that everyone has dignity，which is inviolable. The principle of solidarity refers to promoting the common life and health of humanity through solidarity and mutual assistance，emphasizing equal opportunities and social justice. The “Subsidiarity Principle” can be traced back to Thomas’ viewpoint. It mainly includes two layers of connotation：first，from the individual to the family，to the social organization，and then to the state，at the bottom-up level of self responsibility；second，from the state to the social organization，to the family，and then to the individual，at the top-down level of assistance and support. The core idea is that self responsibility needs to start from the individual and start from the bottom up. When an individual is in material or mental distress and needs help，the first one to come forward should be the family. Only when the entire family is unable to help themselves，will the social level come forward to assist. The state only comes forward when the society also needs help. Therefore，assistance and support are top-down，but the purpose of the higher-level social unit coming forward to assist the lower level social unit is not to replace its function，but to assist or assist it in restoring its original function，hence the “Subsidiarity Principle”. This principle has become the core guiding principle for constructing social security and social work systems in developed Western countries. The three principles followed by contemporary Western welfare states in building a social security system are the principle of relief，the principle of insurance，and the principle of welfare. Among them，the insurance principle embodies the spirit of solidarity and mutual assistance，while the relief principle embodies the essence of the subsidiarity principle. The principle of relief first appeared in the 17th century，characterized by the use of national fiscal revenue to provide assistance to a very small number of people in greatest need. Relief benefits are closely related to income status，and the source of finance is taxation；The insurance principle，which emerged in the 19th century，is characterized by companies and individuals paying insurance premiums，insurance benefits being linked to payment obligations，and the main source of finance being insurance premiums （and state subsidies）； The welfare principle emerged after World War II and is linked to the rights of citizens. As long as they are citizens of the country，they can enjoy welfare benefits regardless of their income status，and the source of finance is also taxation.

（5）Relational Connection，Mutual Embodiment of Interests and Value Integration：The Mechanisms of Publicity Growth in Poverty-Alleviation Relocated Community

ZHANG Ruoshan" ZHAO Wanlin ·90·

Poverty alleviation through relocation is a key strategy in China’s efforts to combat poverty. As of 2021，the country has established 35 000 resettlement areas with 2.66 million housing units，relocating over 9.6 million individuals. The successful completion of relocation does not signify the end of the relocation process for the purpose of poverty alleviation. From a sustainability perspective，the objective of poverty alleviation and social adaptation for the relocated population has shifted from achieving the goal of “migrating out of the village”（bandechu）to “being rooted in resettlement community”（wendezhu）and “being able to get rich”（nengzhifu）. From the perspective of relocated communities，the advancement of community publicity and the effective governance and subsequent development of communities have emerged as significant theoretical and practical concerns that require our attention. However，as a novel-subject community，the relocated community for poverty alleviation is confronted with the predicament of the dual alienation inherent in the resident relationship and the residence-community relationship，which presents a significant obstacle to the advancement of community publicity. In light of this，this article seeks to elucidate the manner in which the publicity of a relocated community is constructed. The Q community，a recently established relocated community in the western Hubei province，initially experiences the aforementioned dual form of alienation. However，it ultimately demonstrates the capacity to cultivate a sense of community publicity，thereby offering a typical case study for examining the processes of publicity formation within a relocated community. The first author conducted a continued field survey in the Q community，comprising semi-structured interviews with over 60 individuals，including members of the local staff，personnel from the Civil Affairs Bureau，and members of the relocated population，who provides us with substantial corpus of data. It can be seen from the case that the key to promoting the growth of publicity in a relocated community lies in the integration of the private （the needs and interests of individual residents）and the public （the public interest of the community）. In the case of this article，the integration of residents’ individual interests and the community’s public interests was achieved through three core mechanisms，including relational connection，mutual embodiment of interests，and value integration. Firstly，through the creation of new social spaces and the fostering of new activities，Community council enables residents and the wider community to be familiar with each other. This，in turn，paves the way for the growth of publicity. The familiarization of resident helps the community to overcome the dilemmas of double alienation. However，this kind of superficial relationship is not sufficient to directly enhance community publicity. Consequently，the Q community has further employed the points system of governance （jifenhzi zhili）and family-development services to facilitate the formation of ties of interest between residents and the community. Ultimately，through the sustained engagement with shared interests and emotions，Community Q has fostered a community spirit that encompasses the notion of “family and community as one”（jiasheyiti）. The concept of “jiasheyiti” is exemplified by the pivotal role of the family unit as a mediator. The provision of family development services by community committees and social work stations to residents represents a form of public care for the family in the private sphere. This results in the community becoming a “community caring for the family”. Conversely，in response to proactive care from the community，residents tend to regard the community as an extanded family. In light of these observations，it can be posited that the Q community has，to a certain extent，achieved a synthesis of the public and private spheres，accompanied by an expansion of the community’s collective identity. The findings of this article prompt a reconsideration of the potential for community publicity within the Chinese socio-cultural context. Specifically，in the process of promoting the growth of community publicity，it is precisely the traditional ethics that are regarded as “private” that let “public” and “private” no longer purely antagonistic，but rather mutually inclusive and mutually fulfilling. Alternatively，they can be accommodated and fulfilled in conjunction with one another. The growth of community publicity can be understood as a process whereby the community and its residents internalize each other’s interests and needs. This form of publicity is not an abstract concept；rather，it is firmly rooted in the daily lives of residents and gradually expands in tandem with the unfolding of daily life. Further research could investigate the institutional dimension of publicity growth of resettlement communities.

（6）How do Social Work Organizations Stick to the Bottom Line of Professionalism in the Context of Project System：Discourse Analysis Based on Two Projects of H Social Work Office in City B

LI Shimeng ·109·

As China's social management system undergoes reform and innovation，social work has not only gained status and resources but also faces challenges to its professional autonomy due to the government's project-based service purchasing system. On the one hand，this purchasing mechanism provides resources and opportunities for social work organizations；on the other hand，it negatively affects the professional autonomy of social work，making social work organizations unable to give full play to their professional roles. Previous studies have shown that social work agencies have experienced de-professionalization under the project system，such as establishment and labor corporatization，but the question that makes people wonder is whether social work organizations，which are affected by professional factors such as professional leadership，professional licensing and professional supervision，still have professionalism in the process of professional services？ If so，how is its professionalism manifested in practice？

Actually，from Foucault’s discourse analysis of knowledge in the humanities to Abbott’s strategy of professional discourse analysis inspires us that the constitution of knowledge does not obey some objective law，but rather constructs the position and relationship of objects through a discourse system，which demonstrates its differentiation from other discourse statements in the field of practice through a series of diagnostic，reasoning，and therapeutic sessions，thus forming different degrees of professional attributes. When we try to analyze the professionalism of the service model of Chinese social work agencies，we cannot analyze their professional autonomy only on the basis of resource power and service tasks，but we also need to enter the field of professional discourse and analyze the different knowledge configurations formed by the professional discourse system and the other discourse systems in the specific professional practice process.

Therefore，this study builds a specific discourse analysis framework based on Foucault’s Archaeology of Knowledge and Abbott’s Jurisdiction Theory，which is used to compare administrative discourse and social work professional discourse in the two programs of H Social Work Firm，and it can be found that the differences between the two and the uniqueness of social work professional discourse. Facing the mobility risk management of the newly employed，the discourse strategy of the administrative system is intermittent supervision and mandatory punishment；whereas the discourse strategy of Social Work Office H is a combination of administrative supervision and professional care，which changes the daily life of the newly employed by establishing interpersonal interactions between the newly employed and the surrounding environmental organizations，so as to incorporate the newly employed into the new pattern of social governance of co-construction，co-administration，and sharing. For the relief of the needy，the discourse strategy of the administrative system is to deliver welfare resources to the needy while fearing waste of resources and welfare fraud，and treating the needy as passive subjects in the relief strategy and supervision strategy；however，the H Social Work Firm，which has taken over the project of the street and town support centers for the needy，has jumped out of the “giving” and “receiving” strategies to provide the needy with the best services. On the other hand，H Social Work Office，which undertook the project of the support center for the needy groups in the towns and districts，went beyond the unidirectional transmission of “giving” and “receiving” and adopted the discourse strategy of the dominant perspective and ecological perspective，emphasizing on the subjective mobility，tapping and stimulating the potentials of the service recipients，and promoting the self-realization of the service recipients，so as to achieve the effect of the social assistance that can help the people.

In general，the two projects of H Social Work Firm lead us to discover that social work possesses a series of social work professional action processes similar to what Abbott calls diagnosis，reasoning，and treatment sessions，which both demonstrate different differentiation strategies from administrative work in the field of practice and are able to respond to the realities of different service groups. With the help of discursive practice strategies，although social work agencies cannot get rid of the resource dependence and performance assessment constraints of government-purchased services，or even the professional degradation phenomenon of administrativeization，standardization，and labor corporatization，the social work professional discourse system formed through professional education and qualification exams can still play a role in the day-to-day professional activities of social work agencies by transforming the administrative discourse and promoting the discourses of caseworkers，positive action and social integration. positive action and social integration in the daily professional activities of social work organizations. Although it cannot enhance the status and image of the social work profession，it can at least form professional toughness and hold on to the professional bottom line.

（7）How is Service Learning of Social Work Possible in a Professional Context？：Taking the Implementation of Special Subject Course on Demonstration Construction of Social Work Stations in Rural Towns in Northern Guangdong as an Example

LIAO Qineng ·132·

Service learning is an educational model developed to bridge the gap between traditional classroom learning and community service，grounded in experiential education philosophy and participatory action research. Through cooperation between the school and the community，the services provided to the community are combined with the curriculum，allowing students to participate in organized service actions to assist the community in solving needs and at the same time cultivate students’ sense of social responsibility，and allow students to improve their professional knowledge，skills and problem-solving abilities to achieve a win-win situation between student growth and community development. Because service learning has the potential to bridge the gap between curriculum learning and social practice，service learning was first used in the curriculum reform of “school service to the community” in the United States，and then gradually expanded into the field of practical teaching and pre-vocational education in many practical majors.

China’s social work professional education has achieved rapid and significant development since its restoration and reconstruction，and has made great achievements in many aspects. At the same time，social work education and research still lag behind social service practice.In the context of the high-quality development of social work in China，service learning is regarded as an optional teaching mode helping to bridge the separation between social work theory and practice，education and practice，and can continuously improve the practical ability and practical effectiveness of social workers （students）. However，there is still a lack of specialized discussion and experience-based research on how service learning is possible in a professional context，that is，how curriculum learning and community service are organically combined to achieve the dual goals of improving teaching and service effectiveness.The author believes that the service-learning teaching model based on experiential education theory is also suitable for social work adult learning in a professional context that emphasizes “l(fā)earning by doing”. It can even be said that service learning for social workers in a professional context can，to some extent，overcome practical issues of service learning in an school context such as the incompatibility of service learning course design and teaching system ，the lack of trustworthy community partners，and the lack of experienced supervision.

This article adopts the method of action research to study the typical educational practice process carried out by the author. Taking the implementation process of the special course on the demonstration construction of township social work service stations in northern Guangdong Province，China as a case，this article explore the dilemma，process and operating mechanism of social work service learning in the professional context.Through action research，this article found that service learning of social work in a professional context is not achieved overnight. There are often gaps in knowledge understanding，practical operation and value recognition between the professional course teaching promoted by educators （supervisors）and the professional learning and practice of social workers. Social work service learning in a professional context needs to start from the problem situations of service learners （social workers）. Then social work educators organically combine and effectively carry out core processes such as targeted course learning （thematic training），planned service development （specialized services）and conscious reflective evaluation （professional supervision）to enable service learners （social workers）to subtly acquire new practical methods，and gradually understand the theoretical guidance and practical value behind these methods and strategies，and finally so that these practical methods can continue to be used，tested，improved and innovated in regular social work practice. Only in this way can the practical value of practical methods to improve the effectiveness of social work practice and the professional confidence of social workers be demonstrated.

All in all，service learning has unique application value in promoting social work practice courses to take root. It helps service learners （social workers）bridge the above three major gaps in service learning. Assisting service learners to achieve a deep understanding of course knowledge，gradually build practical knowledge，and continuously obtain the value of service learning are the basic essence of the social work service learning mechanism oriented towards the cultivation of practical professional talents. In addition，the key to the success or failure of social work service learning lies in whether social work educators （supervisors）can successfully play the roles of service learning promoters，collaborators of reflection and evaluation，and co-producers of practical knowledge. Finally，educators’ own professional development is particularly important to improve the effectiveness of social work service learning.