康 忠 侯國俊
if是英語中出現(xiàn)頻率很高的連詞,并且它的用法也很多。學(xué)生感到很難掌握,為了讓同學(xué)們更多更好地了解其用法及其語法功能?,F(xiàn)結(jié)合教學(xué)中遇到的情況,予以歸納,以供參考。
一、if作為連詞,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,它表示的意思是“假如”“如果”等。在復(fù)合句中如果主句用將
來時,則if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
1. If itdoesntrain, we will go to the park next Sunday. 如果天不下雨,下周星期天我們將去公園。
2. If you ask him,he will help you.如果你求他,他將會幫助你。
二、if還可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。這時if當作“即使是”,“雖說”解。例如:
1. If shes poor,at least shes honest. 雖說她很窮,但至少她還是誠實的。
2. If I am wrong,you are wrong, too. 即使說我錯了,那么你也不對。
3. Ill do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. 雖然會花費我一下午的時間,我還是要做這事。
三、if作為連詞還可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句時和whether意思相同。例如:
1. Lily asked if / whether she liked it. 莉莉問她是否喜歡它。
2. She asked if / whether they had a cotton one. 她問是否他們有一件棉織的。
四、if引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,當if做“當”或“無論何時”解而不含有條件之義時,if從句中的時態(tài)與主句中的時態(tài)相同。例如:
1. If youmix yellow and blue,you get green.你將黃色與藍色混合,便會得到綠色。
2. If she wants the servant,she rings the bell.每當她需要仆人時,她便按鈴。
五、if后接否定動詞,用于感嘆句中,表示沮喪、驚奇等。例如:
I. Well,if I havent left my false teeth at home!真倒霉,我把假牙丟在家里了!
2. And if he didnt try to knock me down!(What do you think he did!He tried knock me down!)你猜他想做什么?他想把我撞倒!
六、用于虛擬語氣中,if從句中用過去式,表示不可能實現(xiàn),大概不會實現(xiàn)或提出作為考慮的假定條件。例如:
1. If you were a bird, you could fly.假使你是只鳥,你便會飛了。
2. If I asked him(if I were to ask him) for a loan,would he agree?如果我向他借貸,他會答應(yīng)嗎?
另外,if從句中用過去完成式,表示過去未實現(xiàn)的條件(例如由于不可能實現(xiàn)或某人之未能實行)。例如:
1. If they had startedearlier,they would have arrivedin time.要是他們早些動身,他們便可及時到達了。
2. If they had not started when they did,they would not be here now.如果他們那時不動身,現(xiàn)在他們就不會在此地了。
第三,在文學(xué)體栽中,if有時可省略,然后將主語與所用的限定動詞(尤其是were,had,should)倒置。例如:
1. Should it (=if it should)be necessary,I will go. 倘若有必要,我會去的。
2. Were I(=if I were) in your place,I would do the same . 如果我處于你的位置,我也會這樣干的。
3. Had I(=if I had)known earlier,I would come.如果我早一點知道,我就會來。
七、if與其它一些介詞的連用。
首先,as與if連用,它的意思是:“仿佛、好像”同樣引導(dǎo)從句。例如:
1. It isnt as if we are rich.(We are not rich.)我們不像富有的樣子。(即我們不富有)
2. It isnt as if he doesnt know the ruler.(i.e.He does know the rulers.)他不像不懂規(guī)則的樣子。(即他懂得規(guī)則)
另外as if還可以引導(dǎo)感嘆句。例如:
As if I would allow it!(i.e.I would certainly not allow it!)好像我會答應(yīng)似的!(我才不會答應(yīng)哩!)
其次, if與only連用。常表示愿望或一個未實現(xiàn)的條件,尤其用于感嘆句中。例如:
1. If only he arrives in time!他若能及時到達就好了!
2. If only she would marry me!但愿她能嫁給我!
3. If only she had known about it!(But she didnt know.) 她那時要是知道(但她不知道)這事就好了!